Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NETWORK THEORY
Objective:
The overall objective of teaching this semester course on Network Theory is to given
the Under Graduate Engineer a through good knowledge of electrical engineering
through Network Theory circuits for second year second semester EEE Students. This
subject is Continuous to Electrical Circuits. At the end of the second year second
semester the student would develop an in depth knowledge of Three phase circuits (star
and delta connection for balanced and unbalanced loads), Transient operation of the
circuits for D.C and as well as A.C. Networks, Network Functions, Two port Network
Parameters(Z,Y,ABCD and h-parameters),Filter and Fourier series functions for A.C.
Circuits .Equipped with this knowledge the student would be able to analyze many
engineering problems by tracing the various elements in the set processes in terms of the
electrical equivalents.
The subject of Network Theory would constitute a basic building block for electrical
engineers , in the understanding of electric power and its Transient state and steady state
characteristics. Such understanding would also help the engineer to design his system
after analyzing the circuit under all conditions.
Before commencement of the subject the student should have a knowledge of :
Vector calculus
Complex arithmetic
Various functions like trigonometric and exponential etc.
Knowledge about solution of Differential equations in time domain and Laplace
transform methods.
Differentiation and Integration of different functions.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2) Inductor
3) Capacitor
2.
3.
Give the difference between ideal voltage source and practical voltage source. e
4.
Give the difference between ideal current source and practical current source.
5.
6.
7.
8.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Explain about different Active and Passive elements with their voltage current
relationships.
Problems :
1.
Reduce the network shown below to a single voltage source in series with a
resistor between terminals A & B.
10V
12V
R1
3A
1k
Is1
100mA
R1
2
1k
R1
1k
V2
10V
+
R1
1k
V2 2A
10V
Is1
100mA
5V
V2
10 V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A & B in the following
network.
R1
1k
3
5
R1
1k
R1
1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
The students are further advised to solve different problems in the Text Books mentioned.
Previous Examination Questions :
1.
Determine Currents and Voltages of the resistances in the following network using
source transformation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
3.
4.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Objective: The objective of this unit is to make the students familiar with network
reduction Techniques of electrical circuits and introduce him/her in the following topics:
Kirchoffs laws applied to electrical ckts.
Network reduction techniques : Series, Parallel, Series Parallel, Star Delta
transformation
Star-delta Transformation
Nodal Analysis
Mesh Analysis
Important points and definitions :
There are two different laws that first expressed by Kirchhoff used in network
analysis 1) Kirchhoffs current law 2) Kirchhoffs voltage law
Current law states that the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction or a
point is zero. (it is based on law of conservation of charge).
Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of potential raises and potential drops
around a closed loop is zero
Two elements are said to be connected in series if the current passing through
them is same and voltage across each element is different (both are not same
elements).
Two elements are said to be connected in parallel if voltage across both the
elements are same and current passing through them is different (both are not
same elements).
Start to Delta and Delta to Star transformations are very important techniques
used in network reduction techniques.
If three resistors R1, R2, R3 are connected in Star then equivalent delta network is
given by
R 12 R 1 R 2
R1 R 2
R3
R1
R13
R1
1k
RR11
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R1
1k
R12
R 12 R 31
R 12 R 23 R 31
R1
1k
R2
B.V.R.I.T. Course File ----------------------------------------------------------------------R3
R32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
R 23 R 2 R 3
R2 R3
R1
R2
R 12 R 23
R 12 R 23 R 31
R 31 R 3 R 1
R 3 R1
R2
R3
R 23 R 31
R 12 R 23 R 31
Mesh and Nodal analysis are two basic techniques used in finding solution of
electrical networks.
Use nodal analysis to find the power dissipated in the 6 ohm resistor in the
following circuit.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
3.
4.
5.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
v Vm Sint
where v =
Vm =
instantenous value
maximum value
= angular frequency
One complete set of positive and negative values of alternating quantity is known
as cycle.
Time period : The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is
called its time period (T).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
A leading alternating quntity is one which reaches its maximum value earier as
compared to the other quantity.
A lagging alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum value later than
the other quantity.
The r.m.s value of an alternating current is given by that steady (dc) current which
when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as
produced by the alternating current . When flowing through the same circuit of
the same time.
1 T 2
v dt
T 0
1/ 2
1
T/2
T/2
In case of R-L-C circuit current either lags or leads depending on the effect of
inductance and capacitance.
10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
If inductive effect is more then current lags otherwise if capacitive effect is more
current leads.
Three types of powers are there in case of ac circuits. 1. Apparent power 2. Active
power 3. Reactive power.
The product of voltage and current in the circuit gives apparent power (VI)
The product of voltage and in phase component of current gives active power
(VI Cos )
The product of voltage and quadrature component of current gives reactive power
(VI Sin )
2.
3.
Give the RMS and average values, form factor and peak factor of sinusoidal ac
voltage, half wave and full wave sinusoidal waves.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Define admittance.
13.
Define susceptance.
11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In the following fig. If voltage meter reads 60V, find reading of ammeter.
12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
3.
Determine the branch and total active and reactive powers in the parallel
circuit shown.
13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Text Books for Unit 2 :
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Locus diagram: It is the curve in the complex plane traced by a point as one of the
parameter of the circuit is varied.
1
2 LC
14
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Band width: Band width of any system is the range of frequencies for which the
current or o/p voltage is 70.7% of its value at resonant frequency.
R
2L
It is also given by f2 f1
Where f2 = upper cutoff frequency
f1 = lower cutoff frequency
fr
f 2 f1
I XC
I XL
(or)
V
V
fr
f 2 - f1
Define Q-factor.
2.
Define bandwidth.
3.
Give the relation between resonant frequency and lower and upper cut off
frequencies.
4.
5.
6.
In a series RLC circuit operating below the resonant frequency the current
___________
7.
8.
9.
A certain series resonant circuit has a bandwidth of 1000Hz. If the existing coil is
replaced by a coil with a lower Q, What happens to the bandwidth?
10.
In a parallel resonant circuit, why does the current lag behind the source voltage
at frequencies below resonance?
15
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Essay Type questions and problems:
1.
2.
3.
2.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Objective :
The objective of this unit is to make the students familiar with magnetic circuits
,Faradays laws and introduce him/her in the following topics :
Faradays La ws of Electro magnetic Induction
Self and Mutual Inductances
Magnetic circuit analysis (series and parallel)
Important points and definitions :
The different terms we come across in magnetic circuits are : Reluctance, MMF,
Permeance, Flux density, Magnetic field intensity, Self inductance, Mutual
inductance, dot convention, coefficient of coupling.
First law states that whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes an
emf is always induced in it.
Second law states that the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change
of flux linkages.
2.
3.
4.
17
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Essay Type questions :
1.
2.
3.
Problems:
1.
A ring has a mean diameter of 21cm and cross sectional area of 10cm 2. The ring is
made up of semi circular sections of cast iron and cast steel with each joint having
a reluctance equal to an air gap of 0.2mm. find the ampere turns required to
produce a flux of 8x10-4wb. The relative permeabilities of cast steel and cast iron
are 800 & 166 respectively. Neglect fringing and leakage effects.
2.
The students are further advised to solve different problems in the Text Books mentioned.
Previous Examination Questions :
1.
2.
An iron ring has a mean length of 50cm has an air gap of 1mm and a winding of
200 turns. If Relative permeability is 400 when a current of 1A flows in the
winding determine the flux density. Neglect leakage and fringing.
3.
A cast steel electromagnet has an air gap of length 2mm and an iron path of length
30cm Find the MMF needed to produce a flux density of 0.8T in the gap. The
Relative Permeability of steel is 1000.
4.
18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
3.
19
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
4.
Objective :
The objective of this unit is to make the student familiar with graph theory, various
network analysis techniques and duality of electrical networks. This unit introduces the
student with the following topics :
Introduction to network topology a technique used for analyzing and solving large
electrical networks.
Loop analysis and nodal analysis methods.
Duality and dual networks.
Important points and definitions:
Network topology or graph theory deals with graph of network and provides
information that helps in the formation of network equations.
Representation of network with each element replaced by line segment with all
the nodes are in the network is called a graph.
A tree is a connected sub graph of network which consists of all the nodes of
original graph with no closed path.
The removed branches from the graph to form a tree is called cotree. The
branches of co-tree are links.
An incidence matrix is one which gives the information about the interconnection
of various branches.
For a given tree of a graph, addition of each link between any two nodes forms a
loop called the fundamental loop or tie set.
A cut set is a minimum set of branches of a connected graph such that the removal
of these branches causes the graph to be cut into exactly two parts.
20
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
A fundamental cut set is one which consists of only one tree branch and remaining
links.
Mesh and Nodal analysis are two basic techniques used in finding solution of
electrical networks.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
For the network graph shown obtain cut set matrix, by selecting a tree
3.
Using mesh analysis determine the voltage Vs which gives a voltage of 50V
across the 10 ohms resistor.
22
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
4.
Use nodal analysis to find the power dissipated in the 6 ohm resistor in the
following circuit.
5.
10V
12V
R1
3A
1k
Is1
100mA
R1
2
1k
R1
1k
V2
10V
+
R1
1k
V2 2A
10V
5V
V2
10 V
Is1
100mA
23
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Previous examination questions:
1.
For the network graph shown obtain cut set matrix, by selecting a tree
2.
Find the currents in all the branches of the network by using nodal analysis.
Text Books :
1.
2.
3.
4.
24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Tellegens theorem is valid for any lumped network which may be linear or non
linear, passive or active, time varying or time in variant.
Thevinin theorem is very useful when if we want to find out current in a particular
branch or voltage across a particular branch of a given network.
Thevinin theorem states that any linear active network with output terminals AB
can be replaced by a single voltage source V in series with a single Resistance
R. Where V is the open circuit voltage measured at the terminals AB. The
equivalent resistance R is the driving point impedance of the network at the
terminals AB when all internal sources are set equal to zero.
25
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Nortons theorem : It states that any linear active network with output terminals
AB can be replaced by a single current sources I in parallel with a single
Resistance R. Where equivalent current source I is the current through a short
circuit applied to the terminals of active network. The shunt Resistance R is the
driving point impedance of the network at the terminals AB.
Given a linear active network the Resistances R of the Thevinins and Norton
equivalent circuits are identical.
Super position theorem : It states that the response in any element of a linear
bilateral network containing two or more sources is the sum of the responses
obtained by each source acting separately and with all the other sources set equal
to zero.
Reciprocity theorem: It states that in a linear bilateral, single source network the
ratio of excitation to response is constant when position of excitation and response
are interchanged.
Millmans theorem : It states that in any network, if the voltage soruces V1, V2 . . .
Vn in series with internal resistances R1, R2 . . . Rn respectively are in parallel,
then these sources may be represented by a single voltage source V in series with
R.
26
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Where V '
V1G 1 V2 G 2 . . . Vn G n
G1 G 2 . . . G n
R'
1
G1 G 2 . . . G n
I1 R 1 I 2 R 2 . . . I n R n
R1 R 2 ... R n
G'
1
R1 R 2 ... R n
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
3.
4.
27
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
5.
In the following circuit find the current in 2 ohm resistor by applying super
position theorem..
6.
In the network shown below replace the parallel combination of j10 and
3+j4 impedances with a compensation source
28
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Previous examination questions:
1.
Text books :
1.
2.
3.
4.
29
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
In a given network, the algebraic sum of the powers delivered by all sources is
equal to the algebraic sum of the powers absorbed by all elements.
Tellegens theorem is valid for any lumped network which may be linear or non
linear, passive or active, time varying or time in variant.
Thevinin theorem is very useful when if we want to find out current in a particular
branch or voltage across a particular branch of a given network.
Thevinin theorem states that any linear active network with output terminals AB
can be replaced by a single voltage source V in series with a single impedance
Z. Where V is the open circuit voltage measured at the terminals AB. The
equivalent impedance Z is the driving point impedance of the network at the
terminals AB when all internal sources are set equal to zero.
Nortons theorem : It states that any linear active network with output terminals
AB can be replaced by a single current sources I in parallel with a single
impedance Z. Where equivalent current source I is the current through a short
circuit applied to the terminals of active network.. The shunt impedance Z is the
driving point impedance of the network at the terminals AB.
Given a linear active network the impedances Z of the Thevinin and Norton
equivalent circuits are identical.
Super position theorem : It states that the response in any element of a linear
bilateral network containing two or more sources is the sum of the responses
obtained by each source acting separately and with all the other sources set equal
to zero.
Reciprocity theorem : It states that in a linear bilateral, single source network the
ratio of excitation to response is constant when position of excitation and response
are interchanged.
30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
by a current source I = V/Z. Currents and voltages in all other parts of the network
remain unchanged after the substitution of the compensation source.
Millmans theorem : It states that in any network, if the voltage soruces V1, V2 . . .
Vn in series with internal resistances R1, R2 . . . Rn respectively are in parallel,
then these sources may be represented by a single voltage source V in series with
R.
Where V '
V1 Y1 V2 Y2 . . . Vn Yn
Y1 Y2 . . . Yn
Z'
1
Y1 Y2 . . . Yn
I1 Z 1 I 2 Z 2 . . . I n Z n
Z1 Z 2 . . . Z n
Y'
1
Z1 Z 2 . . . Z n
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
31
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
Essay type questions and problems :
1. State and explain super position theorem.
2. State and explain Maximum power transfer theorem.
3. State Reciprocity and compensation theorems.
4. Find thevinin equivalent circuit for the following network between terminals
AB.
5. In the network shown below replace the parallel combination of j10 and
3+j4 impedances with a compensation source
32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
2.
33
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Network Thoery
3.
Text books :
3. Electrical Circuits Schaum series
4. Network Theory Sudhakar and Schaum mohan
5. Electrical Technology BL Teraja
6. Engg. Ckt. Analysis Hayth & Kymberly
******
34