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2.
(FDD)Frame
Type 1
10 ms
10
1
2
7
6
(TDD) Frame
Type 2
10 ms
10
1
2
7
6
3.
1.4
10
15
20
12
12
12
12
12
12
15
25
50
75
100
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
72
180
300
600
900
1200
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17.
The
18.
PCI Planning:
In PCI planning we usually consider the Primary Sync Signal (PSS) and Secondary Sync Signal (SSS) where every cell has a unique PCI. A PCI is a
combination of one of the three unique (orthogonal) PSS sequences and one of 168 cell group identity (or SSS) sequences that make a range of 0 to
503 unique identities. To minimize interference, the thumb rule is to ensure that neighboring cells shall not transmit the same PSS. This ensures that
sync signal and reference signals do not interfere with each other.
MIB stands for Master Information Block it is transmitted on BCCH channel while sib transmited on sch
channel because the message contain in SIB is large message
There are two parts in SI static part and dynamic part. Static part is called as MIB and is transmitted
using BCH and carried by PBCH once every 40ms. MIB carries useful information which includes
channel bandwidth, PHICH configuration details; transmit power, no. of antennas and SIB scheduling
information transmitted along with other information on the DL-SCH.
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22.
23.
Which event trigger during the reselection from LTE to 3G and vice versa
B2 event, 2d,2f
24.
What is ANR?
In the general ANR procedure, the eNB instructs the LTE terminal to take quality
measurements of neighboring cells on a periodic basison the same frequency, for
instance (Fig. 3). While doing so, the device may detect a PCI that is not listed in the
neighbor list. When sending the measurement report to the network, the device uses the cell
identity to indicate the cell it is reporting, including the newly detected cell with a PCI of 27.
After receiving the measurement report, the eNB instructs the terminal to report the ECGI,
while reading the BCCH channel info of that cell. In the next step, the UE reports the
example ECGI of 46, which the eNB will use to update its neighbor relation table (NRT).
This table contains for each cell the neighbor relation (NR), determined by the target cell
identifier (TCI), which comprises ECGI and PCI.
For each TCI, three attributes will be set: no remove, no handover, and no X2. The first
stipulates that the eNB shall not remove this cell from the NRT. The second stipulates that
no handover shall be initiated to this cell, whereas attribute three excludes the
establishment of the logical X2 interface to this identified cell and its serving eNB. The
operation and maintenance (OAM) center controls the listed attributes. It is the only
authority that can delete entries from the NRT.
As indicated earlier, ANR enables intra-frequency and inter-frequency neighbor cell
detection for LTE. For the latter, the network needs to inform the device about which
frequencies to measure. It also requires the scheduling of measurement gaps, which enables
the terminal to retune its receiver to the instructed frequencies and take the required signal
quality measurements.
Feature group indicators (FGIs) indicate ANR support. The FGI for LTE as of 3GPP Release
8 is a 32-bit map, where each bit indicates the devices support of a specific feature. This
bitmap is submitted to the network during the initial registration and attach procedure as
part of the UE capability transfer.
25.
ii)
iii)
ii) ANR with OAM Support
UE based ANR
eNB retrieves the IP address from MME to further setup the x2 interface.
Neighbors also update their own table with new eNB information
Now like "UE based ANR", UE will detect unknown PCI and report it to the eNB
eNB doesn't request for ECGI and does not need support from MME
eNB setups x2 interface with the help of mapping table created in second step above
26.
What is QCI?
LTE provides different QoS for a given application by putting it into the different bearer .each bearer has its own QCI
(QoS Class Identifier) which introduce a particular service for a particular application. as far as I know 9 different
QCIs have been defined in LTE based on priority,packet loss and delay
27.
SC-FDMA
For Uplink single carrier frequency division multiple access technique is used
28.
What is MIMO?
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO(pronounced as "my-moh" or "me-moh"), is a
method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmit and receive antennas to
exploit multipath propagation
29.
Now you almost automatically think about 'MIMO', but in reality 'multiple antenna' does not
automatically mean 'MIMO'. For example, you have two downlink antenna. You can use
these two antenna in various ways. Of course, one ways is to use it as 2 x 2 MIMO, but this
is not the only way. You can use the two antenna in diversity configuration rather than
MIMO configuration. Or you can just use only one of the antenna and sometimes you would
like to use various different multiplexing, precoding methods etc.
In LTE, they give a special name for each of the way of transmission and it is called
'Transmission Mode'. For example, what we normally call 'SISO' (Single Transmission
Antenna and Single Reciever Antenna) is called 'TM1(Transmission Mode 1)'. What we
normally call 'Diversity' is called 'TM2'. What we call 'MIMO' but no feedback from UE is
called 'TM3'. MIMO and UE feedback from UE (CQI, PMI, RI) is called 'TM4'.
A good summary of each Transmission Mode can be as following table from 36.213.
30.
Just adding to what others have said, Open Loop MIMO is represented by Transmission Mode 3 (TM3)
and Closed loop by TM4 ..
Think of Openloop MIMO as your entry-level poor man's Mimo.. Before TM3, the other transmission
modes - TM1 and TM2 are not even Mimo. TM1 is single antenna transmission (SISO) and TM2 is
Transmit Diversity (Well, two antenna transmission but the same information is transmitted by the two
antennas)..
With TM3, we enter the MIMO space but we keep things simple by not incorporating any PMI feedback
mechanism. TM4 makes it more efficient but complicated by adding the feedback.
From a practical point of view, it is quite common to have the default eNodeB settings configured with
TM4.
You can see the TM mode used in the below log snippet (from rrcconnectionsetup message or
rrcconnectionreconfig)
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33.
37. The granularity of CQI report can be divided into three levels: wideband, UE selected subband, and higher
layer configured subband. The wideband report provides one CQI value for the entire downlink system
bandwidth. The UE selected subband CQI report divides the system bandwidth into multiple subbands,
selects a set of preferred subbands (the best M subbands), then reports one CQI value for the wideband
and one differential CQI value for the set (assume transmission only over the selected M subbands). The
higher layer configured subband report provides the highest granularity. It divides the entire system
bandwidth into multiple subbands, then reports one wideband CQI value and multiple differential CQI values,
one for each subband.
38. If closed loop MIMO is used, PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) and RI (Rank Indication) are also reported.
PMI indicates the codebook (pre-agreed parameters) the eNB should use for data transmission over multiple
antennas based on the evaluation of received reference signal. RI indicates the number of transmission
layers that the UE can distinguish. Spatial multiplexing can be supported only when RI>1. For spatial
multiplexing, CQI is reported based on per codeword. The maximum number of codeword in LTE is two.
39. There are seven transmission modes in LTE, each one is corresponding to certain multiple antenna
techniques. For each transmission mode, certain combination of CQI report is defined in the specs, based
on periodic/aperiodic, wideband/UE selected subband/higher layer configured subband, No PMI/single
PMI/multiple PMI. Since RI changes slower than CQI/PMI, it is reported with a longer interval on periodic
report. It is reported together with CQI/PMI on aperiodic report since the resource on PUSCH is less limited.
40.
This is a stand-alone uplink physical channel. This PUCCH control signaling channel
comprises following:
41.
42.
HARQ ACK/NACK
CQI-channel quality indicators
MIMO feedback - RI(Rank Indicator),PMI(Precoding Matrix Indicator)
scheduling requests for uplink transmission
BPSK or QPSK used for PUCCH modulation
What is UE disconnection Timer?
What is DRX?
Even while there is no traffic between the network and UE, UE has to keep listening to
Network. At least it should be ready to decode PDCCH. It means UE has to be "ON" all
the time even when there is no traffic. But being ON all the time would drain the battery.
You may ask "Then why don't UE shut down (getting into a sleep mode) when there is
no traffic ?". Sounds good, but what if Network tries to send some data to UE while the
UE is in the sleep mode ?
Then what would be the ideal solution for this ?what is the ideal solution to save battery
consumption and still does not lose chance of receiving the data that Network sent to
UE ?
One of the solution for this is let UE get into sleeping mode for a certain period of time
and wake up again checking if there is any data coming from the network and getting
into sleeping mode again if there is no data and wake up again... repeating this cycles.
This kind of periodic repetition of "sleep mode and wake up mode" is called DRX
(Discontinuous Reception".
Does it sound simple ? It may..but in reality implementing DRX may not be as simple as
you may expected because there should be well designed synchronization between UE
and Network. In worst case, Network tries to send some data while UE is in sleep mode
and UE tries to wake up when there is no data to be received. To prevent this kind of
worst case scenario, UE and Network has a well defined agreement about when UE
has to be in sleep mode and when UE has to wake up. This agreement is defined in
3GPP TS36.321 Section 5.7 for connected mode, and TS36.304
Section 7.1 for idle mode.
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47.
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51.
HARQ retransmission can provide more help. Generally speaking, HARQ will try 3 times to get the block
through (original + 2 retransmissions), after which the transmission is considered to have failed.
52.
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54.
55.
What is beamforming
Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processingtechnique used in sensor arrays for
directional signal transmission or reception.[1] This is achieved by combining elements in a phased
array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while
others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and
receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity.
Heterogeneous
56.
Upon
Upon
Upon
Upon
Upon
granularity
2nd phase
3rd
What is LTE?
2. What's the difference between 2G, 3G & LTE?
3. What's the benefit of LTE?
4. What's technology applied in LTE? (Both in UL and DL).
5. What is LTE Architecture?
The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:
The evolved packet core communicates with packet data networks in the outside world such as the
internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem. The interfaces between the
different parts of the system are denoted Uu, S1 and SGi as shown below:
The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below.
The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet core
and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB is a
base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is communicating
with a mobile is known as its serving eNB.
LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are following
two main functions supported by eNB:
The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and
digital signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.
The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.
Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to
nearby base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet forwarding
during handover.
A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can only
be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group.
50Mbps UL