Electrical and

Electronics Instruments
Prepared By,
Manikandan S
Asst. Prof / EEE
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Requirements of Measuring Instruments

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Classification

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Operating Forces of Indicating

Instruments
1. Deflecting Force
2. Controlling Force
3. Damping Force

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Controlling System
1. Gravity Control

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Spring Control

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Damping System

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Types of Damping System

1. Air Friction Damping
2. Fluid Friction Damping
3. Eddy current Damping

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Air Friction Damping

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Fluid Friction Damping

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Eddy Current Damping

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Analog Ammeter and Voltmeter

Types of Instrument
1. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) type
Instrument.
2. Moving Iron type Instrument
3. Electro Dynamometer type Instrument
4. Hot wire type Instrument
5. Thermocouple type Instrument
6. Induction type Instrument
7. Electrostatic type Instrument
8. Rectifier type Instrument
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PMMC Instrument

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Torque Equation

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Moving Iron Instruments

Classification
1. Moving Iron Attraction Type Instruments
1. Moving Iron Repulsion Type Instruments

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Moving Iron Attraction Type

Instruments

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Moving Iron Repulsion Type

Instruments
Radial Vane Type

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Coaxial Vane Type

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Errors in MI Instrument
1.
2.
3.
4.

Hysteresis Error
Temperature Error
Stray Magnetic Fields
Frequency Error

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Measurement of Iron Loss

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Magnetic Measurement

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Testing Types

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Magnetic Force Measurement

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Frequency Measurement

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Mechanical Resonance

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Electrical Resonance Type

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Weston Frequency Meter

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Digital Frequency Meter

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Electronic Frequency Counter

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Analog Phase Meter

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Digital Phase Meter

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Energy Meter

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Phasor Diagram

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Poly Phase Energy Meter

Two Element Energy Meter

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Three Element Energy Meter

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Basic DC Ammeter

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Multi range Ammeter

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Universal or Ayrton Shunt

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DC Voltmeter

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Multi Range Voltmeter

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Potential Divider Arrangement

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Multimeter

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DC Voltmeter Selection

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DC Ammeter Section

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Ohm Meter Section

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Electro Dynamometer Type Instrument

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Construction

Fixed Coil
Moving Coil
Control System
Moving System
Damping System
Shielding
Cases and Scales
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Digital Voltmeter

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Classification

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Servo Potentiometric Type

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Successive Approximation Type

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Linear Ramp Type DVM

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Staircase Ramp Type DVM

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Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM

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Digital Multimeter

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Watt Meter

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Electro dynometer Watt Meter

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Torque Equation

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Two Wattmeter Method

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Two Element Method

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