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  • Nervous System Sample

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    medpgnotes
    52 Ansichten18 Seiten
    Contents : Development of nervous system Anatomy of nervous system General features of anatomy of nervous system Anatomy of brain Sulcus of brain Blood supply of brain and spinal cord Venous system of brain Lobes of brain Areas of brain Thalamus Limbic system Hypothalamus Ventricles of brain Cerebellum Afferent and efferent Cranial nerve Spinal cord Physiology of nervous system General features of physiology of nervous system Nerve fibres Cerebrospinal fluid Muscles Muscle contraction Nerve and action potential Nerve conduction and inhibition Synaptic potentials Blood brain barrier Memory Thermal regulation Temperature regulation in neonates Neurotransmitters Pain Appetite Tracts in nervous system Pyramidal tract Reflex Physiology of autonomic nervous system Brain death Headache Cluster headache Tension headache Migraine Basilar migraine Ophthalmoplegic migraine Syncope Aphasia General features of aphasia Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia Seizure General features of seizure Absence seizure Myoclonic seizures Post traumatic seizures Febrile seizures Status epilepticus Infantile spasm General tonic clonic seizures Partial seizures Neonatal seizures Infantile tremor syndrome Antiepileptic drugs Motor neuron diseases Upper motor neuron disease Lower motor neuron disease Motor neuron disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Spinal cord disorders Sensations Brown Sequard syndrome Conus medullaris Spinal cord compression Friedrich’s ataxia Subacute combined degeneration Tabes dorsalis Syringomyelia Spinal muscular atrophy Spinal cord edema Cerebrovascular diseases General features of cerebrovascular diseases Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial hemorrhage Hemiballismus Lacunar infarct Subarachnoid hemorrhage Carotid stenosis Anterior choroidal artery syndrome Millard Gubler syndrome Lateral medullary syndrome Posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct Medial medullary syndrome Weber syndrome Benedict syndrome Nothnagel syndrome Claude syndrome Parinaud syndrome Foville syndrome Miller gubler syndrome Balint’s syndrome Pontine stroke Extrapyramidal symptoms Head injury General features of head injury Glasgow coma scale Glasgow coma scale Features of head injury Fracture anterior cranial fossa Fracture middle cranial fossa Basilar fracture Management of head injury Features of increased intracranial tension Management of increased intracranial tension Subdural hematoma Extradural hemorrhage CSF leak Diffuse axonal injuries Herniation Diseases of nervous system General features of disease of nervous system Developmental diseases of brain and cranium Vein of Galen malformation Features of parkinsonism Management of parkinsonism Huntington’s chorea Pseudotumour cerebri Hydrocephalus Supranuclear palsy Intracranial calcification Multiple sclerosis Kluver Bucy syndrome Cerebellar diseases Meningitis and encephalitis General features of meningitis Neonatal meningitis Meningococcal meningitis Listeria meningitis Hemophilus influenza meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis Neisseria meningitis Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis Tubercular meningitis General features of encephalitis Enterovirus encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis Nervous system tumours General features of nervous system tumours Astrocytoma Meningioma Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Hydrocephalus Craniopharyngioma Sturge Weber syndrome Von Hippel Lindeau syndrome Neurofibroma Neuropathy General features of neuropathy Types of neuropathy Drugs associated with neuropathy Autonomic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy Entrapment neuropathy Gullian Barre syndrome Myopathy General features of myopathy Myasthenia gravis Lambert eaton syndrome Thymoma Ducchne muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophies Myotonic dystrophy Episodic weakness Channelopathies For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com You can send your queries to medpg

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    Contents : Development of nervous system Anatomy of nervous system General features of anatomy of nervous system Anatomy of brain Sulcus of brain Blood supply of brain and spinal cord Venous system of brain Lobes of brain Areas of brain Thalamus Limbic system Hypothalamus Ventricles of brain Cerebellum Afferent and efferent Cranial nerve Spinal cord Physiology of nervous system General features of physiology of nervous system Nerve fibres Cerebrospinal fluid Muscles Muscle contraction Nerve and action potential Nerve conduction and inhibition Synaptic potentials Blood brain barrier Memory Thermal regulation Temperature regulation in neonates Neurotransmitters Pain Appetite Tracts in nervous system Pyramidal tract Reflex Physiology of autonomic nervous system Brain death Headache Cluster headache Tension headache Migraine Basilar migraine Ophthalmoplegic migraine Syncope Aphasia General features of aphasia Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia Seizure General features of seizure Absence seizure Myoclonic seizures Post traumatic seizures Febrile seizures Status epilepticus Infantile spasm General tonic clonic seizures Partial seizures Neonatal seizures Infantile tremor syndrome Antiepileptic drugs Motor neuron diseases Upper motor neuron disease Lower motor neuron disease Motor neuron disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Spinal cord disorders Sensations Brown Sequard syndrome Conus medullaris Spinal cord compression Friedrich’s ataxia Subacute combined degeneration Tabes dorsalis Syringomyelia Spinal muscular atrophy Spinal cord edema Cerebrovascular diseases General features of cerebrovascular diseases Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial hemorrhage Hemiballismus Lacunar infarct Subarachnoid hemorrhage Carotid stenosis Anterior choroidal artery syndrome Millard Gubler syndrome Lateral medullary syndrome Posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct Medial medullary syndrome Weber syndrome Benedict syndrome Nothnagel syndrome Claude syndrome Parinaud syndrome Foville syndrome Miller gubler syndrome Balint’s syndrome Pontine stroke Extrapyramidal symptoms Head injury General features of head injury Glasgow coma scale Glasgow coma scale Features of head injury Fracture anterior cranial fossa Fracture middle cranial fossa Basilar fracture Management of head injury Features of increased intracranial tension Management of increased intracranial tension Subdural hematoma Extradural hemorrhage CSF leak Diffuse axonal injuries Herniation Diseases of nervous system General features of disease of nervous system Developmental diseases of brain and cranium Vein of Galen malformation Features of parkinsonism Management of parkinsonism Huntington’s chorea Pseudotumour cerebri Hydrocephalus Supranuclear palsy Intracranial calcification Multiple sclerosis Kluver Bucy syndrome Cerebellar diseases Meningitis and encephalitis General features of meningitis Neonatal meningitis Meningococcal meningitis Listeria meningitis Hemophilus influenza meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis Neisseria meningitis Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis Tubercular meningitis General features of encephalitis Enterovirus encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis Nervous system tumours General features of nervous system tumours Astrocytoma Meningioma Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Hydrocephalus Craniopharyngioma Sturge Weber syndrome Von Hippel Lindeau syndrome Neurofibroma Neuropathy General features of neuropathy Types of neuropathy Drugs associated with neuropathy Autonomic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy Entrapment neuropathy Gullian Barre syndrome Myopathy General features of myopathy Myasthenia gravis Lambert eaton syndrome Thymoma Ducchne muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophies Myotonic dystrophy Episodic weakness Channelopathies For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com You can send your queries to medpg

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    52 Ansichten18 Seiten

    Nervous System Sample

    Hochgeladen von

    medpgnotes
    Contents : Development of nervous system Anatomy of nervous system General features of anatomy of nervous system Anatomy of brain Sulcus of brain Blood supply of brain and spinal cord Venous system of brain Lobes of brain Areas of brain Thalamus Limbic system Hypothalamus Ventricles of brain Cerebellum Afferent and efferent Cranial nerve Spinal cord Physiology of nervous system General features of physiology of nervous system Nerve fibres Cerebrospinal fluid Muscles Muscle contraction Nerve and action potential Nerve conduction and inhibition Synaptic potentials Blood brain barrier Memory Thermal regulation Temperature regulation in neonates Neurotransmitters Pain Appetite Tracts in nervous system Pyramidal tract Reflex Physiology of autonomic nervous system Brain death Headache Cluster headache Tension headache Migraine Basilar migraine Ophthalmoplegic migraine Syncope Aphasia General features of aphasia Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s aphasia Seizure General features of seizure Absence seizure Myoclonic seizures Post traumatic seizures Febrile seizures Status epilepticus Infantile spasm General tonic clonic seizures Partial seizures Neonatal seizures Infantile tremor syndrome Antiepileptic drugs Motor neuron diseases Upper motor neuron disease Lower motor neuron disease Motor neuron disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Spinal cord disorders Sensations Brown Sequard syndrome Conus medullaris Spinal cord compression Friedrich’s ataxia Subacute combined degeneration Tabes dorsalis Syringomyelia Spinal muscular atrophy Spinal cord edema Cerebrovascular diseases General features of cerebrovascular diseases Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial hemorrhage Hemiballismus Lacunar infarct Subarachnoid hemorrhage Carotid stenosis Anterior choroidal artery syndrome Millard Gubler syndrome Lateral medullary syndrome Posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct Medial medullary syndrome Weber syndrome Benedict syndrome Nothnagel syndrome Claude syndrome Parinaud syndrome Foville syndrome Miller gubler syndrome Balint’s syndrome Pontine stroke Extrapyramidal symptoms Head injury General features of head injury Glasgow coma scale Glasgow coma scale Features of head injury Fracture anterior cranial fossa Fracture middle cranial fossa Basilar fracture Management of head injury Features of increased intracranial tension Management of increased intracranial tension Subdural hematoma Extradural hemorrhage CSF leak Diffuse axonal injuries Herniation Diseases of nervous system General features of disease of nervous system Developmental diseases of brain and cranium Vein of Galen malformation Features of parkinsonism Management of parkinsonism Huntington’s chorea Pseudotumour cerebri Hydrocephalus Supranuclear palsy Intracranial calcification Multiple sclerosis Kluver Bucy syndrome Cerebellar diseases Meningitis and encephalitis General features of meningitis Neonatal meningitis Meningococcal meningitis Listeria meningitis Hemophilus influenza meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis Neisseria meningitis Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis Tubercular meningitis General features of encephalitis Enterovirus encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis Nervous system tumours General features of nervous system tumours Astrocytoma Meningioma Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Hydrocephalus Craniopharyngioma Sturge Weber syndrome Von Hippel Lindeau syndrome Neurofibroma Neuropathy General features of neuropathy Types of neuropathy Drugs associated with neuropathy Autonomic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy Entrapment neuropathy Gullian Barre syndrome Myopathy General features of myopathy Myasthenia gravis Lambert eaton syndrome Thymoma Ducchne muscular dystrophy Muscular dystrophies Myotonic dystrophy Episodic weakness Channelopathies For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com You can send your queries to medpg

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    von 18

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    medpgnotes

    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    CONTENTS
    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 8
    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 8
    GENERAL FEATURES OF ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 8
    ANATOMY OF BRAIN ................................................................................................................................................. 9
    SULCUS OF BRAIN ................................................................................................................................................... 10
    BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD ......................................................................................................... 10
    VENOUS SYSTEM OF BRAIN .................................................................................................................................... 11
    LOBES OF BRAIN ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
    AREAS OF BRAIN ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
    THALAMUS .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
    LIMBIC SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
    HYPOTHALAMUS ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
    VENTRICLES OF BRAIN ............................................................................................................................................ 14
    CEREBELLUM ........................................................................................................................................................... 14
    AFFERENT AND EFFERENT ....................................................................................................................................... 15
    CRANIAL NERVE ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
    SPINAL CORD ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
    PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 18
    GENERAL FEATURES OF PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................. 18
    NERVE FIBRES .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
    CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ........................................................................................................................................... 21
    MUSCLES ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
    MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................................................................................... 23
    NERVE AND ACTION POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................................. 25
    NERVE CONDUCTION AND INHIBITION ................................................................................................................... 27
    SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS ............................................................................................................................................ 28
    BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ........................................................................................................................................... 28
    MEMORY ................................................................................................................................................................. 28
    THERMAL REGULATION .......................................................................................................................................... 29
    TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN NEONATES ........................................................................................................... 30
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS............................................................................................................................................ 30
    PAIN ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    APPETITE ................................................................................................................................................................. 31
    TRACTS IN NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 31
    PYRAMIDAL TRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 32
    REFLEX ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32
    PHYSIOLOGY OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM .................................................................................................. 33
    BRAIN DEATH .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
    HEADACHE .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
    CLUSTER HEADACHE ............................................................................................................................................... 33
    TENSION HEADACHE ............................................................................................................................................... 34
    MIGRAINE ............................................................................................................................................................... 34
    BASILAR MIGRAINE ................................................................................................................................................. 35
    OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE .............................................................................................................................. 35
    SYNCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
    APHASIA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
    GENERAL FEATURES OF APHASIA ........................................................................................................................... 35
    BROCAS APHASIA ................................................................................................................................................... 35
    WERNICKES APHASIA ............................................................................................................................................. 36
    SEIZURE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
    GENERAL FEATURES OF SEIZURE ............................................................................................................................ 36
    ABSENCE SEIZURE ................................................................................................................................................... 37
    MYOCLONIC SEIZURES ............................................................................................................................................ 37
    POST TRAUMATIC SEIZURES ................................................................................................................................... 38
    FEBRILE SEIZURES .................................................................................................................................................... 38
    STATUS EPILEPTICUS ............................................................................................................................................... 39
    INFANTILE SPASM ................................................................................................................................................... 39
    GENERAL TONIC CLONIC SEIZURES ......................................................................................................................... 39
    PARTIAL SEIZURES ................................................................................................................................................... 39
    NEONATAL SEIZURES .............................................................................................................................................. 40
    INFANTILE TREMOR SYNDROME ............................................................................................................................. 40
    ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS ............................................................................................................................................ 40
    MOTOR NEURON DISEASES ........................................................................................................................................ 42
    UPPER MOTOR NEURON DISEASE .......................................................................................................................... 42
    LOWER MOTOR NEURON DISEASE ......................................................................................................................... 42
    MOTOR NEURON DISEASE ...................................................................................................................................... 43

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS ....................................................................................................................... 43


    SPINAL CORD DISORDERS ........................................................................................................................................... 43
    SENSATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
    BROWN SEQUARD SYNDROME ............................................................................................................................... 44
    CONUS MEDULLARIS ............................................................................................................................................... 45
    SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION .................................................................................................................................. 45
    FRIEDRICHS ATAXIA................................................................................................................................................ 45
    SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION ................................................................................................................. 46
    TABES DORSALIS ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
    SYRINGOMYELIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
    SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY ................................................................................................................................. 46
    SPINAL CORD EDEMA .............................................................................................................................................. 47
    CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES .................................................................................................................................... 47
    GENERAL FEATURES OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES ......................................................................................... 47
    INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM ..................................................................................................................................... 49
    INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE ............................................................................................................................... 49
    HEMIBALLISMUS ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
    LACUNAR INFARCT .................................................................................................................................................. 50
    SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE ............................................................................................................................. 50
    CAROTID STENOSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 51
    ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL ARTERY SYNDROME .......................................................................................................... 51
    MILLARD GUBLER SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................ 51
    LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME .......................................................................................................................... 51
    POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY INFARCT ............................................................................................. 52
    MEDIAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME ........................................................................................................................... 52
    WEBER SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................................. 52
    BENEDICT SYNDROME ............................................................................................................................................ 52
    NOTHNAGEL SYNDROME ........................................................................................................................................ 52
    CLAUDE SYNDROME................................................................................................................................................ 52
    PARINAUD SYNDROME ........................................................................................................................................... 52
    FOVILLE SYNDROME................................................................................................................................................ 53
    MILLER GUBLER SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................... 53
    BALINTS SYNDROME .............................................................................................................................................. 53
    PONTINE STROKE .................................................................................................................................................... 53

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS ............................................................................................................................... 53


    HEAD INJURY ............................................................................................................................................................... 53
    GENERAL FEATURES OF HEAD INJURY .................................................................................................................... 53
    GLASGOW COMA SCALE ......................................................................................................................................... 54
    GLASGOW COMA SCALE ......................................................................................................................................... 54
    FEATURES OF HEAD INJURY .................................................................................................................................... 55
    FRACTURE ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA ................................................................................................................... 55
    FRACTURE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA ....................................................................................................................... 55
    BASILAR FRACTURE ................................................................................................................................................. 55
    MANAGEMENT OF HEAD INJURY ............................................................................................................................ 55
    FEATURES OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL TENSION ............................................................................................... 55
    MANAGEMENT OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL TENSION ....................................................................................... 56
    SUBDURAL HEMATOMA ......................................................................................................................................... 56
    EXTRADURAL HEMORRHAGE .................................................................................................................................. 57
    CSF LEAK .................................................................................................................................................................. 57
    DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURIES ..................................................................................................................................... 58
    HERNIATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 58
    DISEASES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 59
    GENERAL FEATURES OF DISEASE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................................................................ 59
    DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES OF BRAIN AND CRANIUM .......................................................................................... 60
    VEIN OF GALEN MALFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 61
    FEATURES OF PARKINSONISM ................................................................................................................................ 61
    MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSONISM ........................................................................................................................ 62
    HUNTINGTONS CHOREA ........................................................................................................................................ 63
    PSEUDOTUMOUR CEREBRI ..................................................................................................................................... 63
    HYDROCEPHALUS .................................................................................................................................................... 64
    SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY ........................................................................................................................................... 64
    INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATION ............................................................................................................................... 64
    MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 64
    KLUVER BUCY SYNDROME ...................................................................................................................................... 65
    CEREBELLAR DISEASES ............................................................................................................................................ 65
    MENINGITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS ................................................................................................................................. 66
    GENERAL FEATURES OF MENINGITIS ...................................................................................................................... 66
    NEONATAL MENINGITIS .......................................................................................................................................... 66

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS .............................................................................................................................. 67


    LISTERIA MENINGITIS .............................................................................................................................................. 67
    HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA MENINGITIS................................................................................................................... 67
    CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS .................................................................................................................................. 68
    NEISSERIA MENINGITIS ........................................................................................................................................... 68
    STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA MENINGITIS .......................................................................................................... 68
    TUBERCULAR MENINGITIS ...................................................................................................................................... 68
    GENERAL FEATURES OF ENCEPHALITIS ................................................................................................................... 69
    ENTEROVIRUS ENCEPHALITIS .................................................................................................................................. 69
    HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS ............................................................................................................................. 70
    NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOURS ..................................................................................................................................... 70
    GENERAL FEATURES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOURS .......................................................................................... 70
    ASTROCYTOMA ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
    MENINGIOMA ......................................................................................................................................................... 73
    EPENDYMOMA ........................................................................................................................................................ 74
    MEDULLOBLASTOMA .............................................................................................................................................. 74
    HYDROCEPHALUS .................................................................................................................................................... 75
    CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA .......................................................................................................................................... 75
    STURGE WEBER SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................... 75
    VON HIPPEL LINDEAU SYNDROME .......................................................................................................................... 76
    NEUROFIBROMA ..................................................................................................................................................... 76
    NEUROPATHY .............................................................................................................................................................. 77
    GENERAL FEATURES OF NEUROPATHY ................................................................................................................... 77
    TYPES OF NEUROPATHY .......................................................................................................................................... 78
    DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROPATHY .............................................................................................................. 78
    AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY .................................................................................................................................... 79
    DIABETIC NEUROPATHY .......................................................................................................................................... 79
    ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY .................................................................................................................................. 79
    GULLIAN BARRE SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................... 79
    MYOPATHY .................................................................................................................................................................. 80
    GENERAL FEATURES OF MYOPATHY ....................................................................................................................... 80
    MYASTHENIA GRAVIS .............................................................................................................................................. 81
    LAMBERT EATON SYNDROME ................................................................................................................................. 82
    THYMOMA .............................................................................................................................................................. 82

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    DUCCHNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY ........................................................................................................................ 82


    MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES ....................................................................................................................................... 83
    MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 83
    EPISODIC WEAKNESS .............................................................................................................................................. 84
    CHANNELOPATHIES................................................................................................................................................. 84

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    KEY TO THIS DOCUMENT


    Text in normal font Must read point.
    Asked in any previous medical entrance
    examinations
    Text in bold font Point from Harrisons
    text book of internal medicine 18th
    edition
    Text in italic font Can be read if
    you are thorough with above two.

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    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Maximum development of brain occurs during
    Continuous development of neurons from stem cells
    In Postnatal period, greatest growth in grey matter of
    CNS
    Myelination in cranial nerve starts at
    Alar plate forms
    Basal plate forms
    Myelencephalon forms
    Metencephalon forms
    Dentate nucleus from
    Germinal matrix, unique vascular bed
    present in region of choroid plexus
    regresses completely by
    Derived from neuroepithelial cells

    Infancy
    Hippocampus & Olfactory bulb
    Length of Axon
    6 months (sensory nerves earlier)
    Sensory area
    Motor area
    Medulla oblongata
    Pons and cerebellum
    Spongioblast of mantle zone
    32 weeks

    Astrocytes

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM


    GENERAL FEATURES OF ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Betz cells in
    Cajal horizontal cells in
    Mortinotti cells in
    Mantle layer in
    Marginal layer in
    LMN involves
    Arachnoid villi protrudes mainly in
    D receptors are maximally seen in
    Gate system for pain control is located at
    Example for multipolar neuron
    NOT form posterior surface of pons
    Circle of Willis NOT formed by
    Middle cranial fossa is supplied by
    th
    Branches of 5 nerve supplying durameter
    Dura is supplied by
    Dura NOT supplied by
    NOT supplying durameter
    Neuroglial cells

    Compound granular corpuscle is derived from


    Function of microglia in CNS
    Microglia is stained with

    Layer 5
    Layer 1
    Layer 6
    Grey matter
    White matter
    Peripheral nerves, Anterior horn cells, Anterior nerve
    root
    Superior sagittal sinus
    Nucleus acumbans
    Substantia gelatinosa, Dorsal root ganglion
    Purkinje cells
    Inferior medullary velum
    Anterior choroidal artery
    Maxillary nerve, Mandibular nerve
    Ant and post ethmoidal, Mandibular
    5,10,12 nerve
    4 nerve
    Auriculotemporal nerve
    Protoplasmic astrocytes are found in grey matter,
    Oligodendrocytes are derived from ectoderm, Microglia
    are mesodermal in origin
    Microglial cell
    Phagocytosis
    Hortega carbonate

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    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Damage to nerve tissue is repaired by
    Brain lipid binding proteins is expressed by
    Myelin sheath in CNS is synthesized by
    Gitter cells/hortega cells
    NOT a neural cells
    NOT true about neuropeptide
    Citelli angle
    Facial index is a rough index of development of
    Transaction through lower end of medulla through
    pyramids

    Astrocyte
    Mature astrocytes
    Oligodendroglia
    Microglia, Lipid laded microglial cell, Modified CNS
    macrophages
    Ependymal phagocytes
    Its level decreases during starvation
    Sinodural angle
    Brain
    Incoordination, Spasticity, Increased tendon reflex

    ANATOMY OF BRAIN
    Fibres passing through crus cerbri
    Cells NOT present in cerebral cortex
    Genu of internal capsule carries
    Fibres passing through genu of internal capsule
    Corticospinal fibers pass through which
    part of internal capsule
    Association fibres
    NOT an association fibre
    Splenial fibres connecting two occipital
    lobes
    Tapetum
    Cistern ambiens
    Ventral striatum contains
    Corpus callosum

    Induseum Griseum is
    Sommer sector area
    Areas of hippocampus
    Hippocampal formation include
    NOT a part of hippocampal complex
    Area immediately lateral to anterior perforating
    substance
    Trapezoid body is present in
    Interpeduncular fossa contains
    Cortical representation of body in cerebrum is
    Substances promoting growth and survival of neurons
    Serotonin in brain mainly seen in
    Biondi ring tangles are found in
    Cranial structure insensitive to pain
    Healthy female, got pregnant for first time. LSCS done
    for fetal distress. Mild hypertension during pregnancy. 2
    days after delivery she had headache and seizures. CT

    Corticonuclear , Corticospinal
    Bipolar
    Sensory fibres to thalamus and brain
    Corticonuclear
    Anterior two third of posterior limb
    Uncinate, Cingulum, Longitudinal fasciculus
    Forceps major
    Forceps major
    Connects both parietal lobe
    Between splenium of corpus callsoum and
    tectum of midbrain
    Nucleus acumbens, olfactory tubercle
    Unite far area of two sides of brain, Connect two frontal
    lobe, Unites two hemisphere, Superiorly related to
    indusium griseum
    Dorsal to Corpus callosum
    CA1 area of hippocampus
    Cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus
    Dentate gyrus, Subicular complex, Entorhinal complex
    Amygdaloid nucleus
    Limen insulae
    Pons
    Mamillary body, Posterior perforated substance,
    OCCULOMOTOR nerve, Trochlear nerve, Tuber cinerum
    Vertical
    Neurotrophins
    Raphae nucleus
    Choroid plexus cells
    Choroid plexus
    Sagittal sinus thrombosis

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    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    shows 2*3 cm parasagittal hematoma. No proteinuria
    NOT true about dural sinus

    Below meningeal layer

    SULCUS OF BRAIN
    Limiting Sulcus of Cerebrum
    Rolando fissure
    Central Sulcus is a
    Complete Sulcus
    Complete sulcus
    Sylvius
    Structure lying in lateral sulcus

    Central Sulcus
    Central sulcus
    Operculated sulcus
    Calcarine sulcus
    Collateral sulcus, calcarine sulcus
    Lateral sulcus
    Superficial middle cerebral vein

    BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD


    Vertebral artery

    Cranial branches of vertebral artery

    Branches of basilar artery

    Vertebral artery traverse


    Foramen transversorium transmit
    Anterior spinal artery is a branch of
    Artery of adamkiewicz
    Vertebral artery does NOT tranverse
    Unpaired vessel in CNS
    Branches of basilar artery
    Posterior cerebral artery supply
    Posterior cerebral artery does NOT supply
    Visual area of cortex is supplied by
    Occipital lobe is supplied by
    Medulla oblongata is supplied by
    NOT a blood supply of medulla
    Nearest relation of optic nerve
    Heubner artery

    Branch of subclavian artery, Accompany sympathetic


    ganglion, Passes through foramen transversorium of
    cervical vertebrae
    Posterior inferior cerebellar artery,
    medullary artery, meningeal branches,
    anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal
    artery
    Pontine arteries, labyrinthine arteries,
    anterior inferior cerebellar artery,
    superior cerebellar artery, posterior
    cerebellar artery, cortical branches,
    central branches, choroidal branch
    Foramen magnum, Subarachnoid space, Foramen
    transversorim
    Vertebral artery
    Vertebral artery
    Radicular vessels to anterior spinal artery (T11 L2)
    Intervertebral foramen
    Basilar artery
    Pontine, Labyrinthine, Posterior cerebral artery
    Midbrain, thalamus, striate cortex
    Pons
    Posterior cerebral artery
    Posterior cerebral artery
    Anterior spinal artery, Basilar artery, Posterior inferior
    cerebellar artery, Vertebral artery
    Superior cerebellar artery, Bulbar artery
    Internal carotid artery
    Recurrent branch of anterior cerebral
    artery

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    10

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    VENOUS SYSTEM OF BRAIN


    Deep venous system of brain
    Superior Cerebral Vein drains into
    Superficial middle cerebral vein drains
    into
    Inferior cerebral vein drains in to
    Great cerebral vein
    Basal vein is formed by

    Internal cerebral vein, Great cerebral vein, Basal vein


    Superior Sagittal Sinus
    Superior sagittal sinus and transverse
    sinus
    Superior sagittal sinus
    2 cm
    Deep middle cerebral vein and anterior
    cerebral vein

    LOBES OF BRAIN
    Neurophysiological defects present in right lobe
    involvement are
    NOT a Neurophysiological defects present in right lobe
    involvement
    Left lobe is responsible for
    Left paracental lobule injured. Paresis of
    Lobe of brain associated with psychiatric
    illness
    Witzelsucht syndrome (pathological joking)
    Euphoria, uncontrolled laugh, joking,
    making pun
    MRI feature of Mesial temporal sclerosis
    PET feature of mesial temporal lobe
    epilepsy
    Lesion of medial temporal lobe is associated with
    Lesion for Prosopagnosia
    Prosopagnosia is characterized by
    Occipital lobe is a part of
    Stria of Gennari in

    Visuospatial defect, Anosognosia, Dysgraphia


    Dyscalculia
    Written and spoken language
    Right leg and perineum
    Frontal lobe
    Frontal lobe tumors
    Right prefrontal cortex
    Atrophy of mamillary body, atrophy of fornix, atrophy
    of hippocampus
    Hypometabolism on interictal PET
    Auditory amnesia
    Inferior temporal lobe
    Inability to identify faces
    Cerebrum
    Occipital lobe

    AREAS OF BRAIN
    Brocas area
    Brocas area
    Motor area of brodmans area
    Frontal eye motor area
    NOT frontal eye motor area
    Area of brain responsible for self stimulation reward on
    induction
    Primary motor area of cerebral cortex
    First centre activated by voluntary skillful movements
    Most important area in organising and planning

    Inferior frontal lobe


    44,45
    4
    6,8,9
    2
    Medial forebrain bundle
    Precentral gyrus
    Neocortex
    Supplementary motor area

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    11

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    complex sequential skilled movements
    Sensory impairment in extensive damage to primary
    somatosensory area
    Pain sensation
    Increased baroreceptor discharge
    Skilled voluntary movement is initiated at
    Swallowing centre is located in
    Sudden onset of dysphagia ,vomiting, vertigo, horners
    syndrome
    Presence of ataxic nystagmus indicates a lesion in
    Gustatory cortex is situated in
    Field of Forel H2
    Copper is present in
    Iron in
    Zinc in
    Calamus scriptoris
    Red nucleus is situated at

    Pressure, Sensory localization, Exact weight


    determination
    Secondary somatosensory area
    Inhibits Rostral ventro lateral medulla
    Cortical association areas
    Medulla
    Medulla
    Medial longitudinal fasciculus
    Inferior parietal gyrus
    Lenticular fasciculus
    Locus cereleus
    Red nucleus
    Hippocampus
    Similar to fountain pen, lower part of 4th
    ventricle
    Midbrain at superior colliculus

    THALAMUS
    Basal ganglia nucleus
    Nucleus of basal ganglia
    NOT a basal ganglia nucleus
    NOT a part of basal ganglia
    Major afferent to Basal Ganglia to
    Highest density of glutamate receptors in basal ganglia
    Functions of basal ganglia
    Role of basal ganglia in motor function
    Primarily glutaminergic
    Efferent bundle of substantia nigra transmits dopamine
    to
    Major neurotransmitter in substantia nigra
    Selective lesion of globus pallidus causes
    Thalamic nuclei are
    Solitario thalamic
    Sensory nucleus of thalamus
    Motor nucleus of thalamus
    Region for memory in thalamus
    Region for emotion in thalamus
    Region for visual memory in thalamus
    Epithalamus
    NOT a part of epithalamus
    Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

    Caudate nucleus, Amygdaloid nucleus, Lentiform


    nucleus
    Caudate nucleus
    Dentate nucleus
    Thalamus
    Striatum
    Putamen
    Skilled movements
    Planning
    Subthalamic nucleus>putamen
    Corpus striatum
    Dopamine
    Hypokinesis
    Relay centre
    Ventral posteromedial thalamic nuclei
    Ventral posterolateral and ventral
    posteromedial
    Ventral anterior and ventral lateral
    Anterior nucleus
    Medial nucleus
    Lateral nucleus (pulvinar nucleus)
    Pineal body, Posterior commissure, Trigonum
    habenulae
    Geniculate bodies
    Medial lemniscus, spinal leminscus, spinothalamic tract,
    trigeminothalamic tract

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    12

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Thalamic nuclei projecting to neocortex
    Thalamic nuclei NOT projecting into neocortex
    B/L Babinsky is associated with
    Injury to thalamus does NOT cause

    Intralaminar nuclei, Pulvinar nuclei, Anterior thalamic


    nuclei
    Reticular nuclei
    Thalamic Hemorrhage
    Miosis

    LIMBIC SYSTEM
    Window of limbic system
    Nucleus that lies immediately medial and
    deep to uncus
    Main output of amygdala is conveyed
    through
    Function of limbic system
    Reward centre
    Involved in emotion
    Hippocampus lesion affect

    Amygdala
    Amygdala
    Stria terminalis
    Emotion, Memory, Higher function
    Medial forebrain bundle
    Limbic system, Hippocampus
    Explicit memory/declarative memory, Transformation
    of short term to long term memory

    HYPOTHALAMUS
    Site of synthesis of vasopressin
    Key regulators of sleep are located in
    Special sense NOT having relay in hypothalamus
    NOT a function of hypothalamus
    Osmoreceptors are located in
    OVLT
    First response of osmoreceptors to
    hyperosmality
    Osmometer is based on
    Area posterema is associated with
    Subfornical organ is associated with
    Substance having effect on thirst
    mechanism
    Thirst centre is stimulated by
    Cell bodies of orexinergic neurons present in
    Feeding centre
    Feeding centre is stimulated by
    Satiety centre
    Satiety centre is stimulated by
    Lesion affecting ventromedial hypothalamus manifest
    with
    Part of hypothalamus most closely related to sexual
    activity in males
    Drinking can be induced by
    Sham range

    Hypothalamus
    Hypothalamus
    Smell
    Increase in heart rate with exercise
    Anterior Hypothalamus
    Osmoreceptor
    Vasopressin secretion
    Freezing point depression
    Vascular tonicity
    Thirst
    Angiotensin
    OVLT, subfornical organ
    Lateral hypothalamic area
    Lateral hypothalamus
    Neuropeptide Y, orexin A and B, ghrelin
    Ventromedial nucleus
    Leptin, peptide XY, POMC
    Hyperphagia
    Preoptic nucleus
    Osmotic stimulation of supraoptic nucleus
    Caused by hypothalamic stimulation, NOT abolished by
    decortications, Pathological rage reaction, Association

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    13

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    Sham rage occurs due to lesion in


    Lesion of anterior hypothalamus causes
    Lesion of posterior hypothalamus causes

    with sympathetic stimulation


    Diencephalon
    Hyperthermia
    Hypothermia

    VENTRICLES OF BRAIN
    Cavity of telencephalon
    Cavity of diencephalon
    Cavities of diencephalon
    Cavity of mesencephalon
    Cavity of rhombencephalon
    CSF from lateral to third ventricle
    Lateral Ventricle is connected to third ventricle by
    Floor of third ventricle formed by
    NOT seen in floor of third ventricle
    Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
    Obstruction to flow of CSF at aqueduct of sylvius will
    lead to enlargement of
    Fourth ventricle
    th
    Nucleus found in floor of 4 ventricle
    Floor of fourth ventricle is formed by

    Lateral ventricle
    Third ventricle
    Interthalamic adhesions join lateral walls, Lamina
    terminalis contain anterior communicating artery
    Aqueduct
    Fourth ventricle
    Foramen of munro
    Interventricular Formen of Monro
    Infundibulum, Mamillary body, Optic chiasma
    Occulomotor nerve
    rd
    th
    Connects 3 to 4 ventricle
    Both lateral and third ventricle
    Rhomboid fossa forms floor
    Abduscens, Dorsal vagal nuclei, Facial , Hypoglossal
    Post surface of pons, Sulcus limitans, Post surface of
    medulla

    CEREBELLUM
    Cerebellum
    Phylogenetically older cerebellum
    Phylogenetically newer cerebellum
    NOT true about cerebellum
    Glomeruli are present in
    Somata of golgi cells of cerebellum are located in
    Flocconodular lobe is a component of
    Flocconodular lobe has direct connections with
    Flocculonodular lobe has direct connection with
    Vetibuloocular reflex concerned with
    Efferent tracts from cerebellum arise from
    Most lateral and deep cerebellar nucleus
    Dentate nucleus is a part of
    Neocerebellum to Ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus
    through
    Two main afferent to cerebellar cortex
    Cerebellar component that would be
    abnormal in a degenerative disease that
    affects spinal sensory neuron

    3 layers, 4 nucleus and 5 cells. Climbing fibres and


    afferent input. Climbing fibres excite purkinje cells
    Vestibulocerebellum
    Neocerebellum
    Mossy fibres inhibit purkinje cells
    Cerebellum
    Granular Layer
    Archicerebellum
    Vestibular nucleus
    Vestibular nucleus
    Flocconodular node
    Deep cerebellar nuclei
    Dentate
    Cerebellum
    Dentate nucleus
    Climbing fibres & Mossy fibres
    Mossy fibers

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    14

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Cerebellar rosette
    Only output from cerebellar cortex
    Cells particularly sensitive to ischemic damage in brain
    Cerebellar connection to other parts of brain
    All cerebral cells are inhibitory except
    Purkinje cells from cerebellum end in
    Axons of Purkinje cells and efferents from Cerebrum
    NOT a cell in cerebellum
    Cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to
    Largest & most lateral cerebellar peduncle
    Afferent tract to middle cerebellar peduncle
    Middle cerebellar peduncle transmits
    Efferents in superior cerebellar peduncle
    arise mainly from
    Inferior cerebellar peducle
    NOT passing through inferior cerebellar peduncle
    Vestibulocerebellar tract terminates at
    Function of Spinocerebellar tract
    Cerebellum
    Role of cerebellum in motor function
    Lesion of Cerebellum is associated with
    Lesions of lateral cerebellum
    Focal cerebellar lesion is associated with
    NOT a feature of cerebellar disease
    NOT a cerebellar sign

    Mossy fibres, granule cells, golgi cells


    Purkinje cells
    Purkinje cells of cerebellum
    Purkinje cells
    Granule cells
    Cerebellar nuclei
    Cerebellum
    Bipolar
    Midbrain, Pons, medulla
    Middle cerebellar peduncle
    Pontocerebellar
    Pontocerebellar fibres
    Dentate nucleus (deep nucleus)
    Posterior spinocerebellar, Cuneocerebellar,
    Vestibulocerebellar, Olivocerebellar
    Pontocerebellar, Anterior spinocerebellar
    Flocculus, Nodulus
    Smoothens and coordinate movements
    Coordination, Planning of movements, Decreased tone,
    Excitatory effect from deep nuclei
    Smoothens and coordinates ongoing movements
    Incoordination, Intention tremor, Ataxia
    Intention tremor, incoordination,ataxia
    HIV,PML
    Hypertonia
    Staccato speech

    AFFERENT AND EFFERENT


    Somatic efferent / general somatic efferent
    Does NOT contain somatic efferent
    Visceral Efferents carried by
    General visceral efferent
    General visceral efferent
    GVE is absent in
    Special Visceral Efferent
    Special visceral efferent nuclei
    Bronchial efferent/ special visceral efferent
    Efferent of Cranial nerve from
    Somatic afferent arise from
    General somatic afferent
    Special somatic afferent
    General visceral afferent/Special visceral
    afferent

    Occulomotor, trochlear, abduscent, hypoglossal


    Facial
    Nucleus ambigus, Salivatory Nucleus, Edinger Westphal
    Nucleus
    Dorsal nucleus of vagus
    Occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
    Edinger westphal nucleus
    Nucleus ambiguous (Branchial muscles)
    Nucleus tractus solitarius, Nucleus anbiguous, CVLM,
    RVLM
    Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, cranial
    accessory
    Basal Plate
    Alar Lamina of Neural tube
    Trigeminal nerve
    Vestibulocochlear nerve
    Nucleus tractus solitarius

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    15

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM

    CRANIAL NERVE
    Cranial nerves in posterior fossa
    Cranial nerves in pontomedullary
    junction
    Cranial nerves present in apex of petrous temporal
    bone
    Site of lesion affecting 5,6,7 cranial nerves
    Nerve arising from medulla
    th
    th
    th
    7 , 9 and 10 cranial nerves end in
    Nucleus common to 9,10,11 cranial nerve
    Fibres from nucleus ambiguous joins with
    Brain stem nuclei derived from alar plate
    Brain stem nuclei NOT derived from alar plate
    Cranial nerve carrying parasympathetic fibres
    MC nerve involved in intracranial aneurysm
    Neuroepithelium type of sensory receptors
    Neuroepithelim type of sensory receptors NOT seen in
    Neuroepithelium is a type of receptor in
    Olfactory epithelium is
    Olfactory nerve first relays in
    Nerve having receptors as dendrite
    Information from olfactory bulb travels
    via the lateral olfactory stria to
    Lesion developed from Olfactoty Mucosa
    Optic tract related to
    Largest intracranial course
    Smallest cranial nerve
    Cranial nerve decussating with brain
    Only cranial nerve to emerge from dorsal aspect of
    brain stem
    Does NOT carry parasympathetic outflow
    Trochlear nerve supplies
    Number of trigeminal nucleus
    Ends in Posteromedial ventral nucleus of Thalamus
    Trigeminal nerve extends lower down up to Level of
    Trigeminal nerve
    Branches of fifth nerve supplying duramater
    Recurrent Tentorial nerve is a branch of
    Recurrent branch of ophthalmic nerve
    Nucleus of masseteric reflex
    Afferent component of corneal reflex by
    Passes through meckel cave
    Unilateral trigeminal nerve palsy
    Unilateral trigeminal nerve injury tested by
    Not supplied by trigeminal nerve
    Between labyrinthine artery and anterior
    inferior cerebellar artery

    3 to 12
    6, 7 and 8
    5,6
    CP angle, Pons
    Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Dorsal horn of grey matter
    Nucleus tractus solitaries
    Nucleus ambiguous
    IX, X, XI cranial nerves
    Inferior olivary, Substantia nigra, Dentate
    Hypoglossal
    3,7,9,10
    Occulomotor, Abduscent
    Visual, olfactory, gustatory
    Auditory
    Olfactory
    Pseudostratified
    Temporal Cortex
    Olfactory nerve
    Piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal
    complex
    Esthesioneuroepithelioma
    Lateral geniculate body
    Trochlear
    Trochlear nerve
    Trochlear
    Trochlear nerve
    Trochlear
    Contralateral superior oblique
    4
    Trigeminal nucleus
    C2
    Four nuclei, Carries sensation from face and scalp,
    Composed of spinal nerve root, Has motor branch
    Anterior ethmoidal, posterior ethmoidal, mandibular
    Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve
    Tentorium cerebelli
    Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
    Trigeminal nerve
    Trigeminal nerve
    Mandible deviates to same side
    Elevation and lowering of jaw
    Stylohyoid
    Abduscent artery

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    16

    ANATOMY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Cranial nerve passing through petrous
    apex
    Cranial nerve NOT containing parasympathetic fibres
    Vestibular nerve
    Efferents from cochlear nucleus arise for
    Concerned with auditory pathway
    Facial colliculus seen in
    Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) detects
    Glossopharyngeal Nerve supplies
    Glossophayngeal nerve gives
    Glossopharyngeal nerve does NOT supply
    Vagus nerve carry
    Vagus nerve innervates

    Better predictor of vagal tone


    Vagus nerve stimulation does NOT cause
    NOT true about vagus
    Muscle spared by complete transection of cranial part
    of accessory nerve
    In complete unilateral damage to Hypoglossal nerve

    VI
    VI
    Nucleus supplied by PICA, anastomotic connection with
    facial nerve, Vestibular ganglion aka scarpa ganglion
    Superior olivary nucleus
    Trapezoid body
    Lower pons
    Inferior vestibular nerve
    Posterior one-third of tongue
    Tympanic Nerve, Pharyngeal plexus, Tonsillar branches
    Constrictors of Pharynx
    Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres
    Right two thirds of transverse colon,
    stimulates peristalsis and relaxes
    sphincter
    Heart rate
    Bronchodilatation
    Carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
    Stylopharyngeus
    Atrophy on affected side, Deviation of tongue towards
    the site of lesion, Deviation of Larynx to the
    contralateral side during swallowing

    SPINAL CORD
    Nucleus pulposus is a remnant of
    Length of human adult spinal cord
    Spinal cord

    Spinal cord

    Spinal cord normally ends at


    In adult spinal cord ends at
    Spinal cord of infants end at
    Subarachnoid space ends at
    Spinal nerve pairs
    These ventral spinal rootlets are more prone to injury
    during decompressive operations because they are
    shorter and exit in a more horizontal direction
    Posterior column of spinal cord
    Cell bodies of second order neuron of pain located in
    Regions of spinal cord involved first in
    Prominent spine
    Part of vertebral canal showing secondary curves with
    concavity backwards

    Notochord
    46 cm
    In adults spinal cord ends at lower of L1 vertebra. In
    newborn may extend up to L3. Cauda equina extends
    from lumbar vertebra to coccyx
    Central canal lies in grey matter, Efferents leave from
    anterior horn, Denticulate ligaments suspend medulla
    in subarachnoid space
    Lower border of L1
    L1, L2
    L3
    S2
    31
    C5

    Nucleus gracilis, Nucleus cuneatus


    Spinal cord
    Dorsal root ganglion
    C7
    Cervical

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    17

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