Definition Of Child Abuse, According To Experts and my opinion

1. Kempe, et al (1962) in Soetjiningsih (2005) provide an understanding of violence against

children is the emergence of the wrong treatment is physically extreme to children
anak.Sementara Delsboro (in Soetjiningsih, 1995) states that a child who gets harsh physical
treatment, which done in such a way so as to attract the attention of a body and produce
services that protect the child.
2. Fontana (1971) in Soetjiningsih (2005) provide an understanding of violence against children
with a broader definition which include malnutrition and neglect of children as the early
stages of the syndrome, abuse, and physical abuse are at a late stage of the most severe end of
the spectrum maltreatment by parents or guardians.
3. David Gill (in Sudaryono 2007) defines child abuse to include abuse, neglect and exploitation
of children, where this is the result of erroneous human behavior towards children. Forms of
violence against children is certainly not only in the form of physical violence, such as
assault, murder, and rape, but also non-physical violence, such as economic violence,
psychological, or religious violence.
4. Violence against children according to Andez (2006) are all forms of actions that injure and
harm the physical, mental, and sexual abuse including insults include: Neglect and illtreatment, exploitation, including sexual exploitation and trafficking / sale of children. While
the Child Abuse is all forms of violence against children are committed by those who should
be responsible for the child or those who have authority over the child, which should be in
trust, such as parents, close relatives, and teachers.
5. While Nadia (2004) provide pengeritian violence against children as a form of persecution
both physically and psychologically. Physical abuse are actions that harm children's rough,
and all forms of physical violence on other children. While the psychic persecution are all
acts of degrading or belittling a child. Alva added that maltreatment in children is mostly done
by a parent or caregiver who is supposed to be a mentor for children to grow and develop.
6. According to WHO (2004 in Lidya, 2009) violence against children is an act of abuse or
maltreatment of children in the form of physical harm, emotional, sexual, neglect nurturing
and exploitation for the benefit of commercial real or even not to harm the health, survival,
dignity or development, violence was obtained from the responsible person, trustworthy or
ruling in the protection of the child.
MY OPINION ABOUT CHILD ABUSE IS
Definition of children abuse is everything that made the child suffer, both physically,
psychologically and mentally. Violence against children can a make him depressed and stressed. Even
most of the children who received harsh treatment from his parents they were afraid of his own
parents. Violence against children is sometimes happens because of the trivial little thing. My opinion
in child abuse is when the child is one too far parents should beat their children but it is only used as a
warning only, not too excessive and could be resolved in a good way.

Definition Of Water Pollution, According To Experts and my opinion

According to the ministerial decree No. Environment Population 02 / MENKLH / 1988.

"Water pollution is entered or the inclusion of living creatures, substances, energy, and / or changes in
the order of (the composition of water) by human activities and natural processes so that the quality of
water becomes less or no longer works in accordance with his desired."
According to Achmad Lutfi, 2009: 01 basically Indonsia river water pollution is caused by several
factors such as:
1. The development of industries in Indonesia
This Denwasa industries in Indonesia is growing, both in number, technology, production levels and
waste generated. Industries, especially near the river flow will tend to throw waste into the river that
can pollute water ecosystems, due to the disposal of industrial waste into the river can cause changes
in the chemical composition, bacteriological, physical and water. Pollutants produced by the plant can
be:
Metal Weight: timbale, copper, zinc etc.
Heat: High water temperature is difficult to absorb oxygen which eventually will shut off the water
biota.
2. Not to control household waste Settlement
Household waste that has not been controlled is one of the factors that cause environmental pollution,
especially water stream. Because of household waste generated some organic and inorganic
substances are discharged and flowed through the gutters and eventually empties into the river. In
addition in the form of organic and inorganic substances, from household waste can also carry germs
that can be transmitted to animals and humans, causing extensive epidemic in the community.

3. Disposal of agricultural waste without treatment processes.

Agricultural waste is usually dumped into the river without treatment processes, which can pollute the
river water due to agricultural wastes contain various contaminants such as fertilizers and pesticides.
The use of fertilizers in agricultural areas will pollute the water that comes out of agriculture because
of the water it contains food for algae and aquatic plants such as water hyacinth that algae and aquatic
plants are growing rapidly which can cover the surface of the water and adversely affect fish and
components Other biotic ecosystem.
The use of pesticides could also hit aquatic ecosystems because pesticides are toksit and will turn off
the water animals, birds and even humans.
4. Pollution of river water by natural processes
Natural processes also affect the river water pollution example, the occurrence of volcanic eruptions,
erosion and climate.
Volcanic eruption and erosion can carry a variety of materials such as sediment pollution one /
sediment such as soil and sludge which can cause the water to become cloudy, sunlight is reduced,
and the water is less able to assimilate the trash.

Climate also affects the level of pollution of river water for example in the dry season the water
volume in the rivers will be reduced, so the ability of the river to neutralize the material contamination
is also reduced.
From the description of the cause of water pollution in Indonesia over the river, polluting materials
can be grouped into:
Garbage is in the process of decay require oxygen is garbage containing organic compounds, such
as junk food industry, industrial waste sugar cane, garbage of aquatic plants such as water hyacinth
dead, household waste (food scraps, human waste and livestock manure) , etc. For the decomposition
of the waste requires a lot of oxygen, so if trash in the water, then the water will be deprived of
oxygen.
Pollutants are the cause of disease contamination material that contains software viruses and
bacteria eg coli bacteria. These pollutants come from household waste, hospital waste or from the
feces of animals / humans.
Pollutant organic compounds / minerals eg heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead
(Pb), copper (Cu), inorganic salts.
Organic pollutants can not be broken down by microorganisms that organic compounds from
pesticides, herbicides, polymers such as plastics, detergents, synthetic fibers, industrial waste and
waste oil.
Pollutants in the form of food plants such as nitrate compounds and phosphate compounds.
Pollutants in the form of a radioactive substance that is usually derived from waste from nuclear
power plants and other nuclear experiments.
Pollutants such as sediment / soil and sediment such as mud on a riverbank erosion or solid
particulates / lava ejected by the volcano erupted.
Pollutants in the form of conditions (eg heat), derived from waste power plants or industrial waste
which use water as a coolant.

MY OPINION ABOUT WATER POLLUTION IS

as a clean society do not dispose of waste in rivers, lakes or other waterways, because it causes the
water is contaminated and can poison all living things within her like a fish and others. And a change

of circumstances in a shelter of water such as lakes , rivers , oceans and ground water due to
human activities . Lakes, rivers , oceans and groundwater is an important part of the human
life cycle and is one part of the hydrological cycle. In addition to water flow also drain
sediment and pollutants . A wide range of very helpful functions of human life . The
utilization of lakes , rivers , oceans and ground water is for agricultural irrigation , drinking
water raw materials , as the drain rainwater and wastewater , even real potential as a tourist
attraction . Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes , storms , earthquakes etc. It also
resulted in major changes to water quality , it is not considered as pollution