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know the mass of the calibrant peaks quite accurately. The four compounds
above have been used in mass spectrometer calibration.
How many of acetic acids 90 masses can we separate and measure? This
depends on the resolution of the mass spectrometer being used and on the
relative abundances of the masses. With R=M/M, unit resolution can be
estimated as Runit= M/0.5. For acetic acid, unit resolution would be 120. Is this
enough resolution to separate the 99 isotopic combinations?
Table 2 shows the masses for a selection of abundant species in acetic acids
isotope cluster. A mass spectrometer operating at unit resolution would see the
six species listed in Table 2 as three peaks, one at m/z 60, one at m/z 61, and
one at m/z 62. In order to separate the three species shown at mass 61, a
much higher resolution, approximately 122000, would be needed
(61.02/0.0005=122000). Most mass spectrometers can resolve acetic acid to
unit resolution, but not to isotopic resolution. The masses and relative
abundances were calculated using the values shown in Table 3.
The arithmetic behind the fourth entry in Table 2 is as follows:
A=
To obtain a complete isotope distribution, calculations for all combinations need
to be done. Most people end up discarding the very low abundance ones. This
means some rounding error may be present in some calculations. Clearly, it is
easier to use a computer program already set up to calculate abundances, and
computer is really helpful when isotopic patterns for larger molecules are
needed. Thanks to the World Wide Web, anybody with a molecular formula can
obtain calculated isotopic cluster numbers. Perhaps the most comprehensive
site is the one designed by Mark Winter at the University of Sheffield. For the
other interesting software that mass spectrometrists use, Kermit Murray at
Emory University has compiled a good section on software.
The molecular weight of acetic acid is the average of the values shown in Table
2 weighted by abundance. The practical consequence of this calculation is that
the molecular weight does not correspond exactly to any of the peaks in acetic
acids isotope cluster.. its monoisotopic peak-the peak containing only the
lowest stable isotope for each element.
This discrepancy between measured mass values and calculated molecular
weights can be seen in the mass spectrum for the peptide bradykinin shown in
Figure 2. The MALDI mass spectrum shows an isotopic cluster for protonated
bradykinin. An arrow in the figure indicates where the value for the formula
weight (C50H74N15011) falls; its deviation from the monoisotopic peak is quiet
noticeable.
Table 4 contains the calculated unit resolution isotopic pattern for bradykinin.
To see the 10 isotope compositions found in the fourth peak in the cluster, a
resolution over 1,000,000 would be needed. Please note that the second peak
Proteins are not the only large biomolecules. Nucleic acids are often larger,
while carbohydrates and lipids come in all sizes. The above discussion shows
that care must be used in assigning mass values to large molecules. Currently
it is possible with FTMS to make mass measurements with great precision.
However, what is known about isotope abundances limits calculation from
formulas of numbers with the same number of significant figures and limits the
precision of the periodic table. Obtaining detailed elemental isotopic ratios for
specific samples or careful calibration with compounds whose monoisotopic
masses can be used will be necessary for reporting mass spectrometric
experimental results with numerous significant figures, especially for large
molecules. Meanwhile, being able to work with and calculate details of small
molecule isotope clusters is the first step in preparing students for the
challenge of large molecule calculations.
(7) afirma que el cociente 13C/12C en protenas vara entre 12.0107 y 12.0111.
De inhibidor de tripsina de soya A, clculo de los ratios promedio de masa usar,
altos y bajos resulta en una diferencia de 0.4 Da (20090.3 y 20090.7).
Una forma de hacerlo experimentalmente es quemar una protena y compara
la relacin de 13C/12C del CO2 producido con CO2 estndar, cuyo cociente
13C/12C se conoce. Dado el gran nmero de protenas conocidas hoy en da,
esto puede ser un poco imprctico. Sin embargo, el mensaje de inicio toma de
inhibidor de tripsina de soja y glucgeno fosforilasa "b" es tener cuidado con
cifras significativas cuando se trata de molculas grandes.
A pesar de las limitaciones de la cifra significativa de abundancias isotpicas
conocidas, existen dos enfoques de espectrometra de masa experimentales
para calibrar espectros de molcula grande que resuelven las limitaciones de
cifra significativa en abundancias isotpicas. Marshall y colaboradores han
demostrado la viabilidad del cultivo de protenas en medios isotpica
doblemente empobrecido con 99.95% glucosa 12C y 99.99% sulfato de amonio
14N (9). En los clsteres isotpicos para biomolculas obtenidos de dichos
experimentos, los picos ms altos de la masa se disminuyen grandemente. Por
ejemplo la protena de unin a FK506 aislada del medio producida un espectro
es que el ion ms abundante es el ion monoisotopic.
Agotar el presente en una protena de 13C plantea la pregunta de cmo
calcular un valor para el pico ms alto en los clsteres isotpicos.
Sin embargo, varias de estas protenas podran utilizarse para calibrar los picos
encontrados en protenas normales. Verde y compaeros de trabajo han
demostrado la viabilidad de calibracin interna con una protena cuyo pico
monoisotopic est presente, en asignar un valor al pico ms alto en un grupo
bien resuelto de una protena ms grande. Esta tcnica y el mtodo de
Marshall protenas doblemente agotado rendimiento precisa valores
experimentales pero no calculados valores de picos ms altos en grupos de
molculas grandes. Y debe tenerse en cuenta que la precisin del experimento
FTM con grandes molculas permite diferencias entre los valores
experimentales para las muestras y calibradores para ser significativo incluso
si el clculo del valor actual est limitada por la falta de cifras significativas en
los datos de abundancia de istopos.
Conclusin
Las protenas no son las nica grandes biomolculas. Los cidos nucleicos son
a menudo ms grandes, mientras que los carbohidratos y lpidos en todos los
tamaos. La discusin anterior muestra que el cuidado debe ser utilizado en
asignar valores de masa a grandes molculas. Actualmente es posible con FTM
para hacer masas medidas con gran precisin. Sin embargo, lo que se conoce
acerca de la abundancia isotpica limita el clculo de frmulas de nmeros con