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Chapter 3
Exercises
1
Element
Period
Group
(a)
helium
18
(b)
chlorine
17
(c)
barium
(d)
francium
5 B
6 C
13 (a)
The electron in the outer electron energy
level (level 4) is removed to form K+. The net
attractive force increases as the electrons in
the third energy level experience a greater
effective nuclear charge.
(b)
P3 has an electronic configuration of
1s22s22p63s23p6 whereas Si4+ has an
electronic configuration of 1s22s22p6. P3 has
one more principal energy level than Si4+ so
its valence electrons will be further from the
nucleus and it will have a larger ionic radius.
(c)
The ions have the same electron
configuration, 1s22s22p63s23p6: both have
two complete shells; the extra protons in Na+
attract the electrons more strongly.
14 Phosphorus exists as molecules with four atoms:
P4. Sulfur exists as molecules with eight atoms:
S8. There are stronger London dispersion forces
between the larger S8 molecules as there are
more electrons.
15 D
16 C
18 B
19 C
20 D
21 B
(ii)
The atomic radii decrease from Na to
Cl. This is because the number of inner,
shielding, electrons is constant (10) but
the nuclear charge increases from +11
to +17. As we go from Na to Cl, the
increasing effective nuclear charge pulls
the outer electrons closer.
9 A
10 B
11 C
12 D
23 D
25 C
26 D
27 D
29 A
30 B
31 D
28 A
32
34
Ti3+
SiO2
(quartz)
(s)
SO2
(c) Oxide
MgO
(g)
pH of
solution
Equations
alkaline
MgO(s) +H2O(l)
Mg(OH)2(aq)
SiO2
neutral oxide
(quartz) is insoluble
P4O10
acidic
SO2
acidic
36 B
37 D
38 (a)
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2
(b)
1s22s22p63s23p63d10
(c)
The element does not form ions with partially
filled d orbitals.
39 Calcium has one oxidation state: +2 (typical of
Group 2). Chromium has common oxidation states
of +2, +3 and +6. Calcium(II) and chromium(VI)
have noble gas electron configurations, which
are typically stable. However, the extremely high
charge density of chromium(VI) makes it unstable
and other oxidation states are more common. The
chromium(II) oxidation state has lost its outer 4s
electron and one 3d electron. Chromium(III) forms
when the atom loses its 4s electron and two 3d
electrons.
40 C
41 C
42 D
43 C
44 (a)
Zn
(ii)
MnO4: +7
(iii)
CrO42: +6
(iv)
[FeCN6]4: +2
SO2(l) + H2O(l)
H2SO3(aq)
(b)
The N atoms adopt a square planar
arrangement.
(ii)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l)
2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
35 D
45 (a)
+2
Zn2+
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)
4H3PO4(aq)
Ni2+
(s)
(s)
4s
Sc3+
MgO
P4O10
3d
(c)
The planar structure allows oxygen molecules
easy access to the iron ion, which can accept
a lone pair of electrons from an oxygen
moledule and form a coordinate bond. This
bond is not strong, so the process is easily
reversible. This allows the complex to absorb
oxygen where oxygen is in high concentrations
(i.e. in the lungs) but release oxygen in tissues
with low oxygen concentrations.
46 (a)
Ni (b)
V2O5
(c)
Pt or Pd
47 (a)
Homogeneous catalysts are in the
same state of matter as the reactants;
heterogeneous catalysts are in a different
state from the reactants.
(b)
They provide a surface for the reactant
molecules to come together with the correct
orientation.
(c)
They can be easily removed by filtration from
the reaction mixture and re-used.
48 D
49 D
52 (a)
difference in nuclear charge of metal (ion)
(b)
difference in oxidation number
(c)
difference in ligand
53 Fe2+ has configuration [Ar]3d6 and Zn2+ is
[Ar]3d10. Colour in transition metal complexes
is due to the splitting of the d subshell into two
sets of d orbitals with different energy levels;
(a) [Ar]3d6
(b)
The splitting would be greater for [Fe(CN)6]4.
56 (a)
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ is yellow and [Cr(H2O)6]3+
is green; the colours they show are
complementary to the colours of light they
absorb; colour is caused by transitions
between the two sets of d orbitals in the
complex; the different metals in the two
complexes cause the d orbitals to split
differently as they have different nuclear
charges and this results in different
wavelengths (colours) of light being
absorbed.
(b)
The oxidation state of the central ion is
different in the two complexes and this
affects the size of the d orbital splitting
due to the different number of electrons
present in d orbitals. Fe2+ has the electron
configuration [Ar]3d6 and Fe3+ has the
electron configuration [Ar]3d5.
Practice questions
For advice on how to interpret the marking below
please see Chapter 1.
1 C
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 A
6 B
7 D
8 C
9 D
10 D
11 C
12 C
[1]
(b)
greater positive charge on nucleus / greater
number of protons / greater core charge [1]
[1]
[1]
17 (a)
Na: 11 p, 11/2.8.1 e and Na+: 11 p, 10/2.8
e OR Na+ has 2 shells/energy levels, Na has
3 / OWTTE[1]
13 (a)
the amount of energy required to remove
one (mole of) electron(s)
[1]
[1]
15 (a)
solution becomes yellow/orange/brown/
darker[1]
18 (a)
in the solid state ions are in fixed positions /
there are no moveable ions / OWTTE[1]
(b)
2O2 O2 + 4e / O2 12O2 + 2e[1]
(b)
no colour change / nothing happens as
fluorine is more reactive than chlorine /
OWTTE[1]
Allow alkaline.
16 (a)
atomic number / Z
[1]
(b)
Across period 3: increasing number of
protons / atomic number / Z / nuclear
charge[1]
(ii)
Na2O + H2O 2NaOH / Na2O +
H2O 2Na+ + 2OH[1]
Do not accept
19 (a)
first ionization energy: M(g) M+(g) + e/e
OR the (minimum) energy (in kJ mol1) to
remove one electron from a gaseous atom
OR the energy required to remove one mole
of electrons from one mole of gaseous
atoms[1]
periodicity: repeating pattern of (physical
andchemical) properties
[1]
(b)
2.8.8[1]
(c)
17 p in Cl nucleus attract the outer level
more than 11 p in Na nucleus / greater
nuclear charge attracts outer level more [1]
(d)
S has one proton less/smaller nuclear
charge so outer level held less strongly /
OWTTE[1]
2
(e)
the radii of the metal atoms increase (from
Li Cs) (so the forces of attraction are less
between them) / OWTTE[1]
20 (a)
complex (ion) / the charge is delocalized
over all that is contained in the brackets [1]
(b)
colour is due to energy being absorbed
when electrons are promoted within the
split d orbitals OR the colour observed is
the complementary colour to the energy
absorbed / OWTTE[1]
4 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f76s2 or
[Xe]4f76s2
5 EDTA acts as a hexadentate ligand and
is attached to the central metal ion by six
coordination bonds, therefore the complex
formed (the chelate) is very stable as to break
it apart involves breaking all six of these
coordination bonds. The entropy change is
positive as there are more particles on the
right-hand side. See Chapter 6 for more details
regarding energy and entropy.
6 The broad absorption spectrum of the complex
ions should be contrasted with the sharp lines
of atomic spectra (discussed in Chapter 2). Both
phenomena are due to electronic transitions,
but the spectrum of a complex ion is affected
by the surrounding ligands as the complex ion
also has vibrational and rotational energy levels.
This allows the complex ion to absorb a wider
range of frequencies due to the large number
of vibrational and rotational excited states also
available. Because the absorption of complex
ions is measured in solution, interactions with the
solvent further increase the number of energy
levels present in the complex ion and the number
of associated frequencies it can absorb, resulting
in the broad absorption bands observed.
Challenge yourself
1 Ytterbium, yttrium, terbium, erbium
2 Two liquids, 11 gases