Luca Formaggia, Fausto Saleri, Alessandro Veneziani-Applicazioni Ed Esercizi Di Modellistica Numerica Per Problemi Differenziali (UNITEXT La Matematica Per Il 3+2) - Springer (2005)

A Francesca,
Paola,
Laura
L. Formaggia
F. Saleri
A. Veneziani
Applicazioni ed esercizi
di modellistica numerica
per problemi differenziali
12 3
LUCA FORMAGGIA
FAUSTO SALERI
ALESSANDRO VENEZIANI
MOX - Dipartimento di Matematica F. Brioschi
Politecnico di Milano
Limmagine di sfondo della copertina rappresenta una simulazione numerica del campo
di moto attorno a una imbarcazione da canottaggio da competizione (per gentile concessione di CD ADAPCO Ltd. e Filippi Lido s.r.l.). Nei riquadri: in basso, geometria semplificata e griglia di un disco freno per automobili; in alto, griglia di un modello di
carotide fornito da D. Liepsch e dalla F.H. di Monaco di Baviera (gentile concessione di
K. Perktold e M. Prosi). Entrambe le griglie sono state generate con il codice Netgen di
J. Schberl (http://nathan.numa.uni-linz.ac.at/netgen/usenetgen.html).
Springer-Verlag fa parte di Springer Science+Business Media

springer.it
Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano 2005
ISBN 10 88-470-0257-5
ISBN 13 978-88-470-0257-9
Questopera protetta dalla legge sul diritto dautore. Tutti i diritti, in particolare quelli relativi alla traduzione, alla ristampa, alluso di figure e tabelle, alla citazione orale, alla trasmissione radiofonica o televisiva, alla riproduzione su microfilm o in database, alla diversa
riproduzione in qualsiasi altra forma (stampa o elettronica) rimangono riservati anche nel
caso di utilizzo parziale. Una riproduzione di questopera, oppure di parte di questa, anche
nel caso specifico solo ammessa nei limiti stabiliti dalla legge sul diritto dautore, ed soggetta allautorizzazione dellEditore. La violazione delle norme comporta le sanzioni previste
dalla legge.
Lutilizzo di denominazioni generiche, nomi commerciali, marchi registrati, ecc, in
questopera, anche in assenza di particolare indicazione, non consente di considerare tali
denominazioni o marchi liberamente utilizzabili da chiunque ai sensi della legge sul
marchio.
Riprodotto da copia camera-ready fornita dagli Autori
Progetto grafico della copertina: Simona Colombo, Milano
Stampato in Italia: Signum Srl, Bollate (Milano)

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4.5
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
/$
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
2.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
@

" 67
h = 0.1 h = 0.05

2.5
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.9
1.8
0.5
1.7
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
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" 67
h = 0.01 h = 0.005 -

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1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
@

" 67
h = 0.001

2
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
1.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

@

" :B

h = 0.1 h = 0.05
67
L2 (0, 1) 67
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2
Computed Solution
Exact Solution
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
Computed Solution
Exact Solution
1.8
1.6
/,
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
@

" :B

h = 0.01 h = 0.005
# %
% 1 #
$ $
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% (&0
7 .":
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Soluzione Numerica
Soluzione Esatta
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Soluzione Numerica
Soluzione Esatta
1.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
@

"
4 %6

h = 0.1
h = 0.05
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1
0.9
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
@

" 67

h = 0.1 )
1015
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h = 0.1"
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0.5 106 "
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20
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2
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1
1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
1.5
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
1000
1000.2
1000.4
1000.6
1000.8
1001
4

"
6%
7

a = 1 b = 2
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2

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a = 1000 b = 1001
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a = 1 b = 2

" 6 $ )
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a = 1 b = 2

h = 0.05
% (&0 "
# P

1
0.9
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.8
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
1
1.2
1.4
4

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1.6

1.8
a=1
b=2

:B
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;
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(

0 1 # % $

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$
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0 < x < 1,
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$
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1 "

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= x

#
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h = 0.01"
= 0.1 = 0.01 = 1
h = 0.1

& //

# 5 / (
%
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x (0, 1)
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#/
1
| u vdx| || ||L ||u ||L2 ||v||L2 || ||L ||u||V ||v||V ,
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#

u u %
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a(u, u) =
1
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1
1
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1
0
1
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2
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0
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u = e/
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#
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L (0, 1)

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x x/
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1 " ' "
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1
H 1" 5
5 "

0.7
0.6
0.7
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0,
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2 u

= 0.1, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

# )

6 # ( # #
1

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/ # ) (

% # "
E % #
1 /
j i dx
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{i } ( # Vh " ( '
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5 ( % # % 1

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u

uh u %

uh = h e/ . > e/ 1 %L
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(
uh " = h %

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uh = h e
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0

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u
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.
=
u
e/
A # %L ( &
%
# % 1

B"

H
3"
uh

h "
$ /
% 5
0/
;

0.7
0.7
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2 u

= 0.1, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h
.

# )

= 0.01
-
1
1.8
0.9
1.6
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.8
1.4
0.7
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2 u

= 0.01, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

# )

%" 6
= 0.1 = x

= 1
(
u"
= 0.1

7 ."B4

"
L
5h

# 1 % # L T 4"9 4"49
h = 0.1 h = 0.01

20.4081 2014.9633" 0 L2 &
1
0.015137 0.00015581 ( 100 H
0.62769 0.064534 ( 10" E
"

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= 1 ) 1
(

7 ."BB"

= 0.01
L $
50h"

h = 0.1
$
1 7 ."B3 "
h = 0.01

1
0.9
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
4

h = 0.05
00
-.
4 %6
0.04
0.04
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.035
0.8
h = 0.1
-
.
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.035
0.03
0.03
0.025
0.025
0.02
0.02
0.015
0.015
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.005
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

2
= 0.1, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .

)

#

h = 0.1
h = 0.01
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h = 0.1
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h = 0.05"
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5585 h = 0.1 1.74 106 h = 0.01"
(

11
;

0.7
0.7
Soluzione Calcolata
Soluzione Esatta
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Soluzione Calcolata
Soluzione Esatta
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2 u

! -h = 0.1

h = 0.01
.
900
900
800
700
700
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
0
0.2
0.4
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
800
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2
= 0.1, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .
h = 0.01

)
&
3
x 10
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x 10
0
0
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2
= 0.01, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 - .
4
h = 0.1

1
h = 0.1
h = 0.01
h = 0.001
K(A) 5584.9988 1743198.1509 224080749.234
eL2
75.7181
0.86903
0.0087028
eH 1
2016.603
224.4889
22.4743
8

= 0.1 = 1

7 ."B9
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= 1 7
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- " %

$
= 1
-
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= 0.01 = 1
h = 0.1/ (
%
$

+ , ' "
#
h = 0.01
40
10
7 ."B;"
40
x 10
10
x 10
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2

= 0.01, = 1 h = 0.1 -
. h = 0.01 -
.
* 5
= 1
%
M % %

E # ."8 ."9 7 ."BD" E # ."9
## "

h
%
-
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*

= 0.01
&
$ + ,
>1
#

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1
1
;

h = 0.1
h = 0.01
h = 0.001
K(A) 3.917901e + 34 3.526591e + 42 1.282097e + 44
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0.00049809
0.00010876
1.2482e 06
eH 1
0.049641
0.02894
0.0032238

8

= 0.01 = 1
h = 0.1
h = 0.01
h = 0.001
0,01F ! */,** F! ! 1/ ,0F!*

/0$F!1 0 $, F 0 0 !F
!!0F! ,,,0!$!F! $1/1F ,
8

= 0.01 = 1
K(A)
eL2
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0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
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0.8
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Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

2
"
67
h = 0.2 -

. h = 0.1 -.
1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
Soluz Numerica
Exact Solution
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2

"
67
h = 0.025 -

. h = 0.01 -.
1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2

"
67

h = 0.2 -
. h = 0.1 -.
*
;

1
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
Soluz Numerica
Soluz Esatta
0.9
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2

"
67

h = 0.05 -
. h = 0.025 -.
% L B 1

h<
6
= 0.024494897.
10000
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1 7 ."38 ."39 %

0 <
%
h = 0.01
h" 6

h = 0.025
7 ."39 "
."33 "

7 ."3:
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R ( ## 1
% 7 ."3D" &

in $ Cin "
1 %$ $ 1 1
( "
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up

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down '

=
#

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)

( + ,
"
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1

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/
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9"
10 m % 2
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uy]T
3
ux = uM (2 y)y m/s uy = 0 Cup = 10g/m Cin = 100g/m3
Cdry = 1g/m3 = 0.1" h = 0.1
1 %
m"
/

= 0.5 = 106 uM = 10H

= 0.1 = 300 uM = 2H
0 < & 1

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y
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up
111111
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in
111111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000000000000000000
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1 /
C + (uC) + C = 0 (x, y) ,
C = Cin su in ,
C = Cf su up ,
C n = 0 su down ,
C n + C = Cdry su r .
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# # (&
D = in up #

1
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D
1
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#" %
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v V"
(

C H 1 () ( ."392

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2
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# 0 < $
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1 "
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7!
00@ # 0# 0#A# << 0 64
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#

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Pe =
10 0.1
= 5 105 .
2 106
( #

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%
$ 1 "
7 .".4 % #
) / "
% #
"
0.01/(6 0.1) 33.3
Pe = 2000
# # 7 .".B"
!
;

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= 0.5
= 106
67

% 1 11
= 1

= 108

4
+;

4
in
)

G
&

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= 300

"

= 0.1
in
67

% * 11

$
%

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= 300
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= 0.1

11 K

&

in

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Parte II
Problemi tempo-dipendenti

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n
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u = RW
%
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F nj1/2 = RFnj1/2 =
##
1
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H(Unj1 + Unj )
H (Uj1 Unj ),
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n = 0, 1, . . . , M
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j
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h
j = 2, . . . , N 1,
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1
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h
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N
lT1 Un+1
N
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!
t n
n
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5
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F nN +1/2 = HUnN ,
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T
n
T n
n
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1 # = $

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7

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2

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n
n
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7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11,
11, 12, 12, 12 ]
J = [1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 4,
5, 7, 8, 10, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 7, 8, 10, 11, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
9, 11, 12]
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114., 115., 116., 117., 118., 119., 120., 121., 122., 123., 124., 125., 126.,
127., 128., 129., 130., 131., 132., 133., 134., 135., 136., 137., 138., 139.,
140., 141., 142., 143., 144., 145., 146., 147., 148., 149., 150., 151., 152.
, 153., 154., 155., 156., 157., 158.],
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E = [104., 109., 113., 114., 0., 118., 119., 120., 125., 0., 126., 130., 131., 0.,
135., 136., 137., 142., 0., 143., 147., 148., 0., 151., 152., 153., 156., 0., 157.],
F T = [102., 106., 0., 107., 103., 116., 111., 108., 122., 0., 112., 0., 123., 117.,
133., 128., 124., 139., 0., 129., 0., 140., 134., 150., 145., 141., 155., 0., 146.].
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5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 6, 8, 11, 12, 7, 8, 11, 8, 9, 10, 12, 9, 11 ]
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102., 103., 104., 106., 107., 108., 109., 111., 112., 113., 114., 116., 117.,
118., 119., 120., 122., 123., 124., 125., 126., 128., 129., 130., 131., 133.,
134., 135., 136., 137., 139., 140., 141., 142., 143., 145., 146., 147., 148.,
150., 151., 152., 153., 155., 156., 157.]

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Springer - Collana Unitext

a cura di
Franco Brezzi
Ciro Ciliberto
Bruno Codenotti
Mario Pulvirenti
Alfio Quarteroni
Volumi pubblicati
A. Bernasconi, B. Codenotti
Introduzione alla complessit computazionale
1998, X+260 pp, ISBN 88-470-0020-3
A. Bernasconi, B. Codenotti, G. Resta
Metodi matematici in complessit computazionale
1999, X+364 pp, ISBN 88-470-0060-2
E. Salinelli, F. Tomarelli
Modelli dinamici discreti
2002, XII+354 pp, ISBN 88-470-0187-0
A. Quarteroni
Modellistica numerica per problemi differenziali (2a Ed.)
2003, XII+334 pp, ISBN 88-470-0203-6
(1a edizione 2000, ISBN 88-470-0108-0)
S. Bosch
Algebra
2003, VIII+380 pp, ISBN 88-470-0221-4
C. Canuto, A. Tabacco
Analisi Matematica I
2003, X+376 pp, ISBN 88-470-0220-6
S. Graffi, M. Degli Esposti
Fisica matematica discreta
2003, X+248 pp, ISBN 88-470-0212-5
S. Margarita, E. Salinelli
MultiMath - Matematica Multimediale per lUniversit
2004, XX+270 pp, ISBN 88-470-0228-1
A. Quarteroni, R. Sacco, F. Saleri
Matematica numerica (2a Ed.)
2000, XIV+448 pp, ISBN 88-470-0077-7
2002, 2004, 2005 ristampa riveduta e corretta
(1a edizione 1998, ISBN 88-470-0010-6)
A partire dal 2004, i volumi della serie saranno contrassegnati da un
numero di identificazione
13. A. Quarteroni, F. Saleri
Introduzione al Calcolo Scientifico (2a Ed.)
2004, X+262 pp, ISBN 88-470-0256-7
(1a edizione 2002, ISBN 88-470-0149-8)
14. S. Salsa
Equazioni a derivate parziali - Metodi, modelli e applicazioni
2004, XII+426 pp, ISBN 88-470-0259-1
15. G. Riccardi
Calcolo differenziale ed integrale
2004, XII+314 pp, ISBN 88-470-0285-0
16. M. Impedovo
Matematica generale con il calcolatore
2005, X+526 pp, ISBN 88-470-0258-3
17. L. Formaggia, F. Saleri, A. Veneziani
Applicazioni ed esercizi di modellistica numerica
per problemi differenziali
2005, VIII+396 pp, ISBN 88-470-0257-5
Annotazioni

Luca Formaggia, Fausto Saleri, Alessandro Veneziani-Applicazioni Ed Esercizi Di Modellistica Numerica Per Problemi Differenziali (UNITEXT La Matematica Per Il 3+2) - Springer (2005)

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