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OBJECTIVE
The members of a structure are subjected to internal forces like axial forces, shearing forces, bending and torsional
moments while transferring the loads acting on it. Structural analysis deals with analysing these internal forces in the
members of the structures. At the end of this course students will be conversant with classical method of analysis.
UNIT I
Principles of virtual work for deflections Deflections of pin-jointed plane frames and rigid plane frames Willot
diagram - Mohrs correction
UNIT II
Influence lines for reactions in statically determinate structures influence lines for members forces in pin-jointed
frames Influence lines for shear force and bending moment in beam sections Calculation of critical stress resultants
due to concentrated and distributed moving loads.
Muller Breslaus principle Influence lines for continuous beams and single storey rigid frames Indirect model
analysis for influence lines of indeterminate structures Beggs deformeter
UNIT III
ARCHES
Arches as structural forms Examples of arch structures Types of arches Analysis of three hinged, two hinged and
fixed arches, parabolic and circular arches Settlement and temperature effects.
UNIT IV
Continuous beams and rigid frames (with and without sway) Symmetry and antisymmetry Simplification for hinged
end Support displacements.
UNIT V
Distribution and carry over of moments Stiffness and carry over factors Analysis of continuous beams Plane rigid
frames with and without sway Naylors simplification.
TUTORIAL
15
TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS
1.
Comprehensive Structural Analysis Vol. 1 & Vol. 2, Vaidyanadhan, R and Perumal, P, Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi, 2003
2.
Structural Analysis, L.S. Negi & R.S. Jangid, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi, Sixth Edition, 2003
3.
Punmia B.C., Theory of Structures (SMTS ) Vol II laxmi Publishing Pvt ltd, New Delhi, 2004
REFERENCES
1.
internal strain energy stored by M acting on the real deformation d in element dx over the beam equation (14)
P' D
We
2
L M' M dx
M'd
; Ui
dU i
2
2 EI
0
0
0
Where, M= bending moment due to real load P. From principle of conservation of energy We=Wi
P ' D L M'M dx
2
2 EI
0
P
C
A
Fig.6a
x
P
P
D
a
Fig.6b
x
L
If P=1 then
M' M dx
EI
0
(16)
P' P dx
(17)
AE
Where,
= Deflection in the direction of unit load
P = Force in the ith member of truss due to unit load
P = Force in the ith member of truss due to real external load
n = Number of truss members
L = length of ith truss members.
Use
of
virtual
load
Castigliones Theorems:
in
virtual
work
theorem
for
computing
displacement
is
called
Castigliano published two theorems in 1879 to determine deflections in structures and redundant in statically
indeterminate structures. These theorems are stated as:
1st Theorem: If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial derivatives of total
strain energy with respect to the deflection at any point is equal to the load applied at that point
U
Pj j 1,2,..... N (18)
j
2nd Theorem: If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial derivatives of total
strain energy with respect to a load applied at any point is equal to the deflection at that point
U
j j 1,2,....... N (19)
Pj
The first theorem is useful in determining the forces at certain chosen coordinates. The conditions of equilibrium of
these chosen forces may then be used for the analysis of statically determinate or indeterminate structures. Second
theorem is useful in computing the displacements in statically determinate or indeterminate structures.
Bettis Law:
It states that If a structure is acted upon by two force systems I and II, in equilibrium separately, the external
virtual work done by a system of forces II during the deformations caused by another system of forces I is equal
to external work done by I system during the deformations caused by the II system
II
Fig. 7
A body subjected to two system of forces is shown in Fig 7. W ij represents work done by ith system of force on
displacements caused by jth system at the same point. Bettis law can be expressed as Wij = Wji, where Wji represents
the work done by jth system on displacement caused by ith system at the same point.
Trusses
ThreeDimensionalStructures
Conditions of Equilibrium and Static Indeterminacy
A body is said to be under static equilibrium, when it continues to be under rest after application of loads. During
motion, the equilibrium condition is called dynamic equilibrium. In two dimensional system, a body is in equilibrium
when it satisfies following equation.
Fx=0 ;
Fy=0 ;
Mo=0 ---1.1
To use the equation 1.1, the force components along x and y axes are considered. In three dimensional system
equilibrium equations of equilibrium are
Fx=0 ;
Fy=0 ;
Fz=0;
Mx=0 ;
My=0 ;
Mz=0;
----1.2
To use the equations of equilibrium (1.1 or 1.2), a free body diagram of the structure as a whole or of any part of
the structure is drawn. Known forces and unknown reactions with assumed direction is shown on the sketch while
drawing free body diagram. Unknown forces are computed using either equation 1.1 or 1.2
Before analyzing a structure, the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be computed using equations
of equilibrium alone. If all unknown reactions can be uniquely determined from the simultaneous solution of the
equations of static equilibrium, the reactions of the structure are referred to as statically determinate. If they cannot be
determined using equations of equilibrium alone then such structures are called statically indeterminate structures. If
the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of equations of equilibrium then the structure is statically
unstable.
The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of unknown forces and the
number of equilibrium equations available to solve for the unknowns. These extra forces are called redundants.
Indeterminacy with respect external forces and reactions are called externally indeterminate and that with respect to
internal forces are called internally indeterminate.
A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two-dimensional structures are given below:
NUK= Number of unknown forces
NEQ= Number of equations available
IND= Degree of indeterminacy
IND= NUK - NEQ
Indeterminacy of Planar Frames
For entire structure to be in equilibrium, each member and each joint must be in equilibrium (Fig. 1.9)
NEQ = 3NM+3NJ
NUK= 6NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ = (6NM+NR)-(3NM+3NJ)
IND= 3NM+NR-3NJ
----- 1.3
Three independent reaction components
----- 1.4
Indeterminacy of 3D FRAMES
A member or a joint has to satisfy 6 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 6NM + 6NJ-NC
NUK= 12NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ
IND= 6NM+NR-6NJ-NC ----- 1.5
Indeterminacy of 3D Trusses
A joint has to satisfy 3 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 3NJ
NUK= NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ
IND= NM+NR-3NJ
----- 1.6
Stable Structure:
Another condition that leads to a singular set of equations arises when the body or structure is improperly restrained
against motion. In some instances, there may be an adequate number of support constraints, but their arrangement
may be such that they cannot resist motion due to applied load. Such situation leads to instability of structure. A
structure may be considered as externally stable and internally stable.
Externally Stable:
Supports prevents large displacements
No. of reactions No. of equations
Internally Stable:
Geometry of the structure does not change appreciably
f) a 2D truss NM 2Nj -3 (NR 3)
For
For a 3D truss NM 3Nj -6 (NR 3)
Examples:
Determine Degrees of Statical indeterminacy and classify the structures
a)
b)
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE
c)
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE
d)
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =3; NC=0
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 3 3 x 4 -0 = 0
DETERMINATE
e)
NM=1; NJ=2; NR =6; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 6 3 x 2 -2 = 1
INDETERMINATE
f)
NM=1; NJ=2; NR =5; NC=1
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 5 3 x 2 -1 = 1
INDETERMINATE
Truss
NM=2; NJ=3; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 2 + 4 2 x 3 = 0
DETERMINATE
Truss
NM=14; NJ=9; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 14+ 4 2 x 9 = 0
Truss
NM=11; NJ=6; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 11 + 4 2 x 6 = 3
INDETERMINATE
Degree of freedom or Kinematic Indeterminacy
Members of structure deform due to external loads. The minimum number of parameters required to uniquely
describe the deformed shape of structure is called Degree of Freedom. Displacements and rotations at various
points in structure are the parameters considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. In framed structure
the deformation at joints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure. Deformation at intermediate points
on the structure is expressed in terms of end deformations. At supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction
is zero. For example hinged support of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along x and
y directions are zero. Degree of freedom of a structure is expressed as a number equal to number of free
displacements at all joints. For a two dimensional structure each rigid joint has three displacements as shown in
In case of three dimensional structure each rigid joint has six displacement.
Expression for degrees of freedom
1. 2D Frames: NDOF = 3NJ NR
NR
2. 3D Frames: NDOF = 6NJ NR
NR
3. 2D Trusses: NDOF= 2NJ NR
NR
4. 3D Trusses: NDOF = 3NJ NR
NR
Where, NDOF is the number of degrees of
3
6
3
6
freedom
In 2D analysis of frames some times axial deformation is ignored. Then NAC=No. of axial condition is deducted
from NDOF
Examples:
1.2 Determine Degrees of Kinermatic Indeterminacy of the structures given below
a)
Extensible
NJ=2; NR =3; NAC=1
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 2 3= 3 (1, 2, 2)
Inextensible
NJ=2; NR =3;
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 2 3-1= 2 (1, 2)
b)
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5= 7
(1, 21, 23 3 ,y2,e1,e2)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=2
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-2= 5
(1, 21, 23 , 3 y2)
A Truss
NJ=6; NR =3;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 3 = 9
NJ=6; NR =4;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 4 = 8
Stress-Strain Graph
Virtual Work
Virtual work is defined as the following line integral
where
C is the path or curve traversed by the object, keeping all constraints satisfied;
is the force vector;
is the infinitesimal virtual displacement vector.
Virtual work is therefore a special case of mechanical work. For the work to be called virtual, the motion undergone by the
system must be compatible with the system's constraints, hence the use of a virtual displacement.
One of the key ideas of Lagrangian mechanics is that the virtual work done by the constraint forces should be zero. This is a
reasonable assumption, for otherwise a physical system might gain or lose energy simply by being constrained (imagine a
bead on a stationary hoop moving faster and faster for no apparent reason)!
The idea of virtual work also plays a key role in interpreting D'Alembert's principle:
Note:
Requirements on
where
(b)
When the arbitrary constants x, y, z are thought of as virtual displacements of the particle, then the left-hand-sides of (b)
represent the virtual work. The total virtual work is:
(c)
Since the preceding equality is valid for arbitrary virtual displacements, it leads back to the equilibrium equations in (a). The
equation (c) is called the principle of virtual work for a particle. Its use is equivalent to the use of many equilibrium equations.
Applying to a deformable body in equilibrium that undergoes compatible displacements and deformations, we can find the
total virtual work by including both internal and external forces acting on the particles. If the material particles experience
compatible displacements and deformations, the work done by internal stresses cancel out, and the net virtual work done
reduces to the work done by the applied external forces. The total virtual work in the body may also be found by the volume
integral of the product of stresses
This relation is equivalent to the set of equilibrium equations written for the particles in the deformable body. It is valid
irrespective of material behaviour, and hence leads to powerful applications in structural analysis and finite element analysis.
Now consider a block on a surface
leads to
Observe virtual work formalism leads directly to Newtons equation of motion in the kinematically allowable direction.
Example (ii)
Note: Internal forces do no work since these forces are always equal and opposite.
Example 2
The physical quantity work is defined as the product of force times a conjugate displacement, i.e., a displacement in the
same direction as the force we are considering. We are familiar with real work, i.e., the product of a real force and a real
displacement, i.e., a force and a displacement that both actually occur. The situation is illustrated in Part 1 of the following
figure:
We can extend the concept of real work to a definition of virtual work, which is the product of a real force and a conjugate
displacement, either real or virtual. In Part 2 of the example shown above, we assume that the cantilever column loaded with
force P undergoes a virtual rotation of magnitude at its base. We compute the virtual work corresponding to this virtual
displacement by summing the products of real forces times conjugate virtual displacements.
For this calculation, we must introduce unknown sectional forces at those locations where we have cut the structure to create
the virtual displacement. In the example shown above, therefore, we have introduced bending moment at the base, Mb. For
completeness, we would also have to introduce a shear force V and an axial force N at the base of the column, but, as we
shall see, there is no component of virtual displacement conjugate to these forces. They have therefore not been shown in
the example.
We calculate the virtual displacements of the structure corresponding to all known and unknown forces. For a rotation at
the base, horizontal translation of the tip of the cantilever is L. We then multiply force times displacement and sum these
products to obtain the following expression for virtual work corresponding to the assumed virtual displacement:
U = P L Mb
We treat the virtual work done by force Mb as negative since the direction of Mb as drawn is opposite to the direction of the
virtual rotation .
The principle of virtual work states that a system of real forces is in equilibrium if and only if the virtual work performed by
these forces is zero for all virtual displacements that are compatible with geometrical boundary conditions.
For the example given in the previous subsection, this implies that the virtual work of the simple cantilever, U, must be zero
for the system to be in equilibrium:
U = P L Mb = 0
Since is nonzero, it follows that Mb = P L, which is precisely the familiar expression for bending moment at the base of a
cantilever loaded with force P at its tip.
A more general mathematical statement of the principle of virtual work is as follows:
Let Qi be a set of real loads acting on a given structure
Let Ri be the corresponding real support reactions
Let Mi, Vi, and Ni be the sectional forces (bending moment, shear, and axial force) introduced at the locations where the
structure has been cut to allow it to undergo a virtual displacement.
Let Qi, Ri, Mi, Vi, and Ni be virtual displacements compatible with the geometrical boundary conditions and conjugate to
the forces defined previously.
Then the structure is in equilibrium if and and only if:
(Qi Qi) + (Ri Ri) + (Mi Mi) + (Vi Vi) + (Ni Ni) = 0
Williot diagram
The Williot diagram is a graphical method to obtain an approximate value for displacement of a structure which
submitted to a certain load. The method consists of, from a graph representation of a structural system, representing the
structure's fixed vertices as a single, fixed starting point and from there sequentially adding the neighbouring vertices'
relative displacements due to strain
When designing a beam or truss, it is necessary to design for the scenarios causing the maximum expected reactions,
shears, and moments within the structure members in order to ensure that no member will fail during the life of the
structure. When dealing with dead loads (loads that never move, such as the weight of the structure itself), this is
relatively easy because the loads are easy to predict and plan for. For live loads (any load that will be moved during the
life of the structure, such as furniture and people), it becomes much harder to predict where the loads will be or how
concentrated or distributed they will be throughout the life of the structure.
Influence lines graph the response of a beam or truss as a unit load travels across it. The influence line allows the
designers to discover quickly where to place a live load in order to calculate the maximum resulting response for each of
the following functions: reaction, shear, or moment. The designer can then scale the influence line by the greatest
expected load to calculate the maximum response of each function for which the beam or truss must be designed.
Influence lines can also be used to find the responses of other functions (such as deflection or axial force) to the applied
unit load, but these uses of influence lines is less common.
Influence Lines
The major difference between shear and moment diagrams as compared to influence lines is that shear and bending
moment diagrams show the variation of the shear and the moment over the entire structure for loads at a fixed position. An
influence line for shear or moment shows the variation of the function at one section cause by a moving load.
Influence lines for functions of deterministic structures consists of a set of straight lines. The shape of influence lines for
truss members are a bit more deceptive.
What we have looked at is quantitative influence lines. These have numerical values and can be computed. Qualitative
influence lines are based on a principle by Heinrich Mller Breslau, which states:
" The deflected shape of a structure represents to some scale the influence line for a function such as reaction,
shear or moment, if the function in question is allowed to act through a small distance. "
In other words, is that the structure draws its own influence lines from the deflection curves. The shape of the influence
lines can be created by deflecting the location in question by a moment, or shear or displacement to get idea of the
behavior of the influence line. Realizing that the supports are zero values or poles.
Mller's principle for statically determinate structures is useful, but for indeterminated structures it is of great value. You
can get an idea of the behavior of the shear and moment at a point in the beam.
Using influence lines to calculate values
From the previous examples of a twenty foot beam for the reactions, shear, and moment. We can use the values from the
influence lines to calculate the shear and moment at a point.
RAy
V11
M11
If we are looking at the forces due to uniform loads over the beam at point. The shear or moment is equal to the area under
the influence line times the distributed load.
RAy
V11
M11
For moving set of loads the influence lines can be used to calculate the maximum function. This can be done by moving
the loads over the influence line find where they will generate the largest value for the particular point.
Panels or floating floor
The method can be extend to deal with floor joist and floating floors in which we deal with panels, which are simple beam
elements
acting
on
the
floor
joist.
You will need to find the fore as function of the intersection. You are going to find the moment and the shear as you move
across
the
surface
of
the
beam.
An example problem is used to show how this can be used to find the shear and moment at a point for a moving load. This
technique is similar to that used in truss members.
It is possible to create equations defining the influence line across the entire span of a structure. This is done by solving
for the reaction, shear, or moment at the point A caused by a unit load placed at x feet along the structure instead of a
specific distance. This method is similar to the tabulated values method, but rather than obtaining a numeric solution,
the outcome is an equation in terms of x.[5]
It is important to understanding where the slope of the influence line changes for this method because the influence-line
equation will change for each linear section of the influence line. Therefore, the complete equation will be a piecewise
linear function which has a separate influence-line equation for each linear section of the influence line.[5]
Mller-Breslau Principle
The Mller-Breslau Principle can be utilized to draw qualitative influence lines, which are directly proportional to the
actual influence line.[2] Instead of moving a unit load along a beam, the Mller-Breslau Principle finds the deflected
shape of the beam caused by first releasing the beam at the point being studied, and then applying the function (reaction,
shear, or moment) being studied to that point. The principle states that the influence line of a function will have a scaled
shape that is the same as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted upon by the function.
In order to understand how the beam will deflect under the function, it is necessary to remove the beams capacity to
resist the function. Below are explanations of how to find the influence lines of a simply supported, rigid beam
When determining the reaction caused at a support, the support is replaced with a roller, which cannot
resist a vertical reaction. Then an upward (positive) reaction is applied to the point where the support
was. Since the support has been removed, the beam will rotate upwards, and since the beam is rigid, it
will create a triangle with the point at the second support. If the beam extends beyond the second support
as a cantilever, a similar triangle will be formed below the cantilevers position. This means that the
reactions influence line will be a straight, sloping line with a value of zero at the location of the second
support.
When determining the shear caused at some point B along the beam, the beam must be cut and a rollerguide (which is able to resist moments but not shear) must be inserted at point B. Then, by applying a
positive shear to that point, it can be seen that the left side will rotate down, but the right side will rotate
up. This creates a discontinuous influence line which reaches zero at the supports and whose slope is
equal on either side of the discontinuity. If point B is at a support, then the deflection between point B
and any other supports will still create a triangle, but if the beam is cantilevered, then the entire
cantilevered side will move up or down creating a rectangle.
When determining the moment caused by at some point B along the beam, a hinge will be placed at point
B, releasing it to moments but resisting shear. Then when a positive moment is placed at point B, both
sides of the beam will rotate up. This will create a continuous influence line, but the slopes will be equal
and opposite on either side of the hinge at point B. Since the beam is simply supported, its end supports
(pins) cannot resist moment; therefore, it can be observed that the supports will never experience
moments in a static situation regardless of where the load is placed.
The Mller-Breslau Principle can only produce qualitative influence lines. This means that engineers can use it to
determine where to place a load to incur the maximum of a function, but the magnitude of that maximum cannot be
calculated from the influence line. Instead, the engineer must use statics to solve for the functions value in that loading
case.
For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by applying a
unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
can be done by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such
equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.
Once an understanding is gained on how these equations and the influence lines they produce are developed, some
general properties of influence lines for statically determinate structures can be stated.
1. For a statically determinate structure the influence line will consist of only straight line segments between
critical ordinate values.
2. The influence line for a shear force at a given location will contain a translational discontinuity at this location.
The summation of the positive and negative shear forces at this location is equal to unity.
3. Except at an internal hinge location, the slope to the shear force influence line will be the same on each side of
the critical section since the bending moment is continuous at the critical section.
4. The influence line for a bending moment will contain a unit rotational discontinuity at the point where the
bending moment is being evaluated.
5. To determine the location for positioning a single concentrated load to produce maximum magnitude for a
particular function (reaction, shear, axial, or bending moment) place the load at the location of the maximum
ordinate to the influence line. The value for the particular function will be equal to the magnitude of the
concentrated load, multiplied by the ordinate value of the influence line at that point.
6. To determine the location for positioning a uniform load of constant intensity to produce the maximum
magnitude for a particular function, place the load along those portions of the structure for which the ordinates to
the influence line have the same algebraic sign. The value for the particular function will be equal to the
magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied by the area under the influence diagram between the beginning and
ending points of the uniform load.
There are two methods that can be used to plot an influence line for any function. In the first, the approach described
above, is to write an equation for the function being determined, e.g., the equation for the shear, moment, or axial force
induced at a point due to the application of a unit load at any other location on the structure. The second approach,
which uses the Mller Breslau Principle, can be utilized to draw qualitative influence lines, which are directly
proportional to the actual influence line.
The following examples demonstrate how to determine the influence lines for reactions, shear, and bending moments of
beams and frames using both methods described above.
For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by applying a
unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
can be done by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such
equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.
problem statement
Draw the influence lines for the reactions YA, YC, and the shear and bending moment at point B, of the simply supported
beam shown by developing the equations for the respective influence lines.
Reaction YA
The influence line for a reaction at a support is found by independently applying a unit load at several points on the
structure and determining, through statics, what the resulting reaction at the support will be for each case. In this
example, one such equation for the influence line of YA can be found by summing moments around Support C.
The fact that YA=1 when the unit load is applied at A and zero when the unit load is applied at C can be used to quickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for YA. The structure is statically determinate, therefore, the resulting
function is a straight line.
Reaction at C
The equation for the influence line of the support reaction at C is found by developing an equation that relates the
reaction to the position of a downward acting unit load applied at all locations on the structure. This equation is found
by summing the moments around support A.
The fact that YC=1 when the unit load is applied at C and zero when the unit load is applied at A can be used to quickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for YC. Notice, since the structure is statically determinate, the resulting
function is a straight line.
Shear at B
The influence line for the shear at point B can be found by developing equations for the shear at the section using
statics. This can be accomplished as follows:
a) if the load moves from B to C, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 6 below, this demonstrates that the shear at
B will equal YA as long as the load is located to the right of B, i.e., VB = YA. One can also calculate the shear at B from
the Free Body Diagram (FBD) shown in Fig. 7.
Figure 7 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between B and C
b) if the load moves from A to B, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 8, below, this demonstrates that the shear at
B will equal -YC as long as the load is located to the left of B, i.e., VB = - YC. One can also calculate the shear at B from
the FBD shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 9 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between A and B
The influence line for the Shear at point B is then constructed by drawing the influence line for YA and negative YC.
Then highlight the portion that represents the sides over which the load was moving. In this case, highlight the the part
from B to C on YA and from A to B on -YC. Notice that at point B, the summation of the absolute values of the positive
and negative shear is equal to 1.
Moment at B
The influence line for the moment at point B can be found by using statics to develop equations for the moment at the
point of interest, due to a unit load acting at any location on the structure. This can be accomplished as follows.
a) if the load is at a location between B and C, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in Fig. 7
above, e.g., at B, MB = 15 YA - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from B to C.
b) if the load is at a location between A and B, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in Fig. 9
above, e.g., at B, MB = 10 YC - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from A to B.
The influence line for the Moment at point B is then constructed by magnifying the influence lines for YA and YC by 15
and 10, respectively, as shown below. Having plotted the functions, 15 YA and 10 YC, highlight the portion from B to C
of the function 15 YA and from A to B on the function 10 YC. These are the two portions what correspond to the correct
moment relations as explained above. The two functions must intersect above point B. The value of the function at B
then equals (1 x 10 x 15)/25 = 6. This represents the moment at B if the load was positioned at B.
Figure 2 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A
Similarly, to construct the influence line for the support reaction YB, remove the support at B and apply
a vertical force that induces a unit displacement at B. The resulting deflected shape is the qualitative
influence line for the support reaction YB.
Figure 3 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at B
Once again, notice that the influence line is linear, since the structure is statically determinate.
This principle will be now be extended to develop the influence lines for other functions.
Shear at s
To determine the qualitative influence line for the shear at s, remove the shear resistance of the beam at
this section by inserting a roller guide, i.e., a support that does not resist shear, but maintains axial
force and bending moment resistance.
Figure 7 - Structure with shear capacity removed at just to the right of B and the resulting influence
line
Moment at s
To obtain a qualitative influence line for the bending moment at a section, remove the moment restraint
at the section, but maintain axial and shear force resistance. The moment resistance is eliminated by
inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply equal and opposite moments
respectively on the right and left sides of the hinge that will introduce a unit relative rotation between
the two tangents of the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic curve for the beam,
under these conditions, is the influence line for the bending moment at the section. The resulting
influence line is shown below.
Figure 8 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s and the resulting influence line
The values of the moments shown in Figure 8, above, are calculated as follows:
a. when the unit load is applied at s, the moment at s is YA x 10 = 3/8 x 10 = 3.75
(see the influence line for YA, Figure 2, above, for the value of YA with a unit load applied at s)
b. when the unit load is applied at C, the moment at s is YA x 10 = -3/8 x 10 = -3.75
(again, see the influence line for YA for the value of YA with a unit load applied at C)
Following the general properties of influence lines, given in the Introduction, these two values are
plotted on the beam at the locations where the load is applied and the resulting influence line is
constructed.
Moment at B
The qualitative influence line for the bending moment at B is obtained by introducing a hinge at
support B and applying a moment that introduces a unit relative rotation. Notice that no deflection
occurs between supports A and B since neither of the supports were removed. Therefore, the only
portion that will rotate is part BC as shown in Fig. 9, below.
Figure 9 - Structure with moment capacity removed at B and the resulting influence line
Shear and moment envelopes due to uniform dead and live loads
The shear and moment envelopes are graphs which show the variation in the minimum and maximum
values for the function along the structure due to the application of all possible loading conditions. The
diagrams are obtained by superimposing the individual diagrams for the function based on each
loading condition. The resulting diagram that shows the upper and lower bounds for the function along
the structure due to the loading conditions is called the envelope.
The loading conditions, also referred to as load cases, are determined by examining the influence lines
and interpreting where loads must be placed to result in the maximum values. To calculate the
maximum positive and negative values of a function, the dead load must be applied over the entire
beam, while the live load is placed over either the respective positive or negative portions of the
influence line. The value for the function will be equal to the magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied
by the area under the influence line diagram between the beginning and ending points of the uniform
load.
For example, to develop the shear and moment envelopes for the beam shown in Figure 1, first sketch
the influence lines for the shear and moment at various locations. The influence lines for Va-R, Vb-L, VbR, Mb, Vs, and Ms are shown in Fig. 10.
These influence lines are used to determine where to place the uniform live load to yield the maximum
positive and negative values for the different functions. For example;
Figure 11 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A
uniform load is applied on the beam from A to B (load case 1)
Load case 4 is required for the maximum positive shear force at section s
Influence Lines
Reactions at A, B, and C
Qualitative influence lines for the support reactions at A, B, and C are found by using the Mller Breslau Principle for
reactions, i.e., apply a force which will introduce a unit displacement in the structure at each support. The resulting
deflected shape will be proportional to the influence line for the support reactions.
The resulting influence lines for the support reactions at A, B, and C are shown in Figure 2, below.
Note: Beam BC does not experience internal forces or reactions when the load moves from A to h. In other words,
influence lines for beam hC will be zero as long as the load is located between A and h. This can also be explained by
the fact that portion hC of the beam is supported by beam ABh as shown in Figure 3, below.
Therefore, the force Yh required to maintain equilibrium in portion hC when the load from h to C is provided by portion
ABh. This force, Yh, is equal to zero when the load moves between A an h, and hence, no shear or moment will be
induced in portion hC.
To determine the shear at s1, remove the shear resistance of the beam at the section by inserting a support that does not
resist shear, but maintains axial force and bending moment resistance (see the inserted support in Figure 4). Removing
the shear resistance will allow the ends on each side of the section to move perpendicular to the beam axis of the
structure at this section. Next, apply shear forces on each side of the section to induce a relative displacement between
the two ends that will equal unity. Since the section is cut at the midspan, the magnitude of each force is equal to 1/2.
Figure 4 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s1 and resulting influence line
For the moment at s1, remove the moment restraint at the section, but maintain axial and shear force resistance. The
moment resistance is eliminated by inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply equal and opposite
moments on the right and left sides of the hinge that will introduce a unit relative rotation between the two tangents of
the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic curve for the beam, under these conditions, is the influence
line for the bending moment at the section.
Figure 5 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s1 and resulting influence line
The value of the moment shown in Figure 5, above, is equal to the value of Ra when a unit load is applied at s1,
multiplied by the distance from A to s1. Ms1 = 1/2 x 4 = 2.
The influence lines for the shear and moment at section s2 can be constructed following a similar procedure. Notice that
when the load is located between A and h, the magnitudes of the influence lines are zero for the shear and moment at s1.
The was explained previously in the discussion of the influence line for the support reaction at C (see Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 6 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s2 and resulting influence line
Figure 7 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s2 and resulting influence line
Since the shear at B occurs on both sides of a support, it is necessary to independently determine the shear for each side.
To plot the influence line for Vb-L, follow the instructions outlined above for plotting the influence line for the shear at
s1. To construct the shear just to the left of support B, imagine that the section s1 has been moved to the left of B. In this
case, the positive ordinates of the influence line between A and B will decrease to zero while the negative ordinates will
increase to 1 (see Figure 8).
Figure 8 - Structure with shear capacity removed at the left of B and the resulting influence line
The influence line for the shear forces just to the right of support B, Vb-R, is represented by the resulting deflected shape
of the beam induced by shear forces acting just to the right of support B. Notice that the portion of the beam from B to h
moves as a rigid body (see explanation in the Simple Beam with a Cantilever example) while the influence line varies
linearly from h to C. This is due to the fact that the deflection at C is zero and the assumption that the deflection of a
statically determinate system is linear.
Figure 9 - Structure with shear capacity removed at the right of B and the resulting influence line
Influence Lines
Influence lines
From the Continuous Beam with a Hinge example, the required influence lines for the structure are:
Calculate forces
In order to calculate the forces due to uniform dead and live loads on a structure, a relationship between the influence
line and the uniform load is required. Referring to Figure 2, each segment dx, of a uniform load w, creates an equivalent
concentrated load, dF = w dx, acting a distance x from an origin.
From the general properties for influence lines, given in the introduction, it is known that the resulting value of the
function for a force acting at a point is equivalent to the magnitude of the force, dF, multiplied by the ordinate value, y,
of the influence line at the point of application.
In order to determine the effect of the uniform load, the effect of all series loads, dF, must be determined for the beam.
This is accomplished by integrating y dF over the length of the beam, i.e., w y dx = w y dx. The integration of y
dx equal to the area under the influence line. Thus, the value of the function caused by a uniform load is equal to the
magnitude of the uniform load multiplied by the area under the influence line diagram.
In order to find the resulting minimum and maximum values for the reactions, shears, and moments required, create a
table which contains the resulting positive and negative values for the areas enclosed by the influence lines for each
function. The effect of the dead load is determined by multiplying the net area under the influence line by the dead load.
For the live load, multiply the respective positive and negative areas by the live load, yields to the positive and negative
forces, respectively. The resulting maximum and minimum forces for dead load plus the effects of positive and negative
live loads are then found by adding the respective values.
The resulting forces due to a uniformly distributed dead load = 3 k/ft and a live load = 2 k/ft applied to the beam above,
are as follows:
Positive area
under the
influence line
II
Negative area
under the
influence line
III
Net
area
IV
Force
due to
DL
V
Maximum
force
(DL+LL)
VIII
Minimum
force
(DL-LL)
IX
RA
-1
-2
17
RB
10
10
30
20
50
30
RC
15
MS1
-4
12
16
28
VS1
-2
-1
-3
-1
-7
MS2
4.5
4.5
13.5
22.5
13.5
VS2
0.75
-0.75
1.5
-1.5
1.5
-1.5
VB-R
15
10
25
15
VB-L
-5
-15
10
-15
-25
Force
I
Positive
Negative
force due to force due to
LL
LL
VI
VII
Influence Lines
To determine the influence line for the support reaction at A, the Mller Breslau Principle requires the removal of the
support restraint and the application of a positive unit deformation at this point that corresponds to the direction of the
force. In this case, apply a unit vertical displacement in the direction of YA.
Figure 1 - Structure with support reaction removed, unit deformation applied, and resulting influence line
The resulting deflected shape, due to the application of the unit deformation, is then proportionally equivalent to the
influence line for the support reaction at A. Notice that in statically indeterminate structures, the deflected shape is not a
straight line, but rather a curve. The ordinates of the deflected shape decrease as the distance increases from the point of
application of the unit deformation.
Similarly, for the other support reactions, remove the support restraint and apply a unit deformation in the direction of
the removed restraint. For example, the influence line for the support reaction at C is obtained by removing the reaction
at C and applying a unit displacement in the vertical direction at C. The resulting deflected shape is a qualitative
representation of the influence line at RC (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Structure with support reaction removed, unit deformation applied, and resulting influence line
Influence lines for the remaining support reactions are found in a similar manner.
For shear at a section, using the Mller Breslau Principle, the shear resistance at the point of interest is removed by
introducing the type of support shown in Figure 3, below. Shear forces are applied on each side of the section in order to
produce a relative displacement between the two sides which is equal to unity. The deflected shape of the beam under
these conditions will qualitatively represent the influence line for the shear at the section. Notice that unlike the
statically determinate structure, the magnitude of the shear force on the right and left can not easily be determined.
Figure 3 - Structure with shear carrying capacity removed at section S1, deformations applied, and resulting influence line
For the moment at a section, using the Mller Breslau Principle, the moment resistance at the point of interest is
removed by introducing a hinge at the section as shown in Figure 4, below. Then a positive moment that introduces a
relative unit rotation is applied at the section. The deflected shape of the beam under these conditions will qualitatively
represent the influence line for the moment at the section.
Figure 4 - Structure with moment capacity removed at section S1, unit rotation applied, and resulting influence line
For the moment at a support, the moment resistance is again removed by inserting a hinge at the support. This hinge
only prevents the transfer of moments, so the vertical translation remains fixed due to the support. By applying negative
moments that induces a relative rotation of unity at this section, a deflected shape is generated. Again, this deflected
shape qualitatively represents the influence line for the moment at a support.
Figure 5 - Structure with moment capacity removed at support B, unit rotation applied, and resulting influence line
Using the influence lines found above, illustrate the loading cases needed to calculate the maximum positive and
negative RA, RC, MB, VS1, and MS1.
The load cases are generated for the maximum positive and negative values by placing a distributed load on the spans
where the algebraic signs of the influence line are the same. i.e., to get a maximum positive value for a function, place a
distributed load where the influence line for the function is positive.
Influence Lines
Influence lines
Influence line for moment at midspan of AB, and the loading case for maximum positive moment at this location.
The influence line for beam ABCD can be constructed by following the procedure outlined in the Multi-span
Indeterminate Beam example. To construct the rest of the influence line, make use of the fact that the angles between a
column and a beam after deformation must be equal to that before deformation. In this example, these angles are 90.
Therefore, once the deflected shape of beam ABCD is determined, the deflected shape for the columns can be
constructed by keeping the angles between the tangent of the deflect shape of the beam and the column equal to 90 (see
Figure 2).
To get the maximum positive result for the moment, apply a distributed load at all locations where the value of the
influence line is positive (see Figure 3).
Influence line for shear at the midspan of member AB, and the load case for maximum positive shear at this location.
Figure 5 - Load case for maximum positive shear at midspan of AB Figure 6 - Load case for maximum negative shear at midspan of AB
Influence line for moment at B in member BC, and the load case for maximum negative moment at this location.
III-UNIT ARCHES
Types of Arches
On the basis of material used arches may be classified into and steel arches, reinforced concrete arches, masonry
arches etc.,
On the basis of structural behavior arches are classified as :
Three hinged arches:- Hinged at the supports and the crown.
Hinged at the
crown
Rise
Springing
Span
Hinged at the
support
Two hinged arches:- Hinged only at the support
Rise
Span
Hinges at the
support
5m
h = 10m
HB = 4.275
A
VA = 7.35
B
L = 30m
HB = 4.275
VB = 4.25
F 0
x
HA HB 0
HA HB
------ (1)
F 0
y
VA VB 0.6 x 15 1 1.6
------ (2)
11.6
M 0
A
A A 7.35 kN
To find horizontal reaction.
MC 0
1x5 1.6x10 4.25 x15 H B x10 0
H B 4.275 kN
H A 4.275 kN
OR
MC 0
7.375x15 H A x10 (0.6x15)7.5
H A 4.275kN
H B 4.275kN
VA = 7.35 kN
RA
A
A
A
HA = 4.275 kN
R A H A VA
2
4.2752 7.352
8.5kN
V
A tan1 A
HA
590.82
R B H B VB 6.02kN
2
V
B tan1 B 44.83
HB
VB = 4.25 kN
HB = 4.275 kN
A 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 50m and rise 15m carries a load of 10kN at quarter span as shown in figure.
Calculate total reaction at the hinges.
10 kN
15 m
HA
A
VA
B
12.5 m
50 m
HB
VB
F 0
x
HA HB
Fy 0
V A VB 10
------ (1)
M 0
A
VB x 50 10 x 12.5 0
VB 2.5 kN
VA 7.5 kN
MC 0
VB 25 HB 15 0
To find total reaction.
VA = 7.5
RB
RA
A
A
HA = 4.17
VB = 4.25
HB = 4.17
H B 4.17 kN H A
R A 4.172 7.5 2
R A 8.581kN
V
A t an1 A
HA
600.92
R B H A VB
2
R B 4.861kN
V
B t an1 B 300.94
HB
Problem: Determine the reaction components at supports A and B for 3-hinged arch shown in fig.
180 kN
10 kN/m
2.5 m
HA A
B HB
10 m
VA
2 .4 m
8m
6m
VB
F 0
x
HA HB 0
HA HB
------ (1)
F 0
y
VA VB 180 10 x 10
VA VB 280
------ (2)
M 0
A
VB x 24 H B x 2.4 180x 18 10 x 10 x 5 0
2.4H B 24VB 3740
------ (3)
H B 10VB 1558.33
MC 0
180 x 8 VB x 14 H B x 4.9 0
H B x 4.9 VB 14 1440
H B 2.857 VB 293 .87
Adding 2 and 3
------ (4)
40 kN 40 kN
M
10 kN/m
C
4m
2m
3m
20 m
F 0
x
HA HB 0
------ (1)
HA HB
F 0
y
VA VB 40 40 10 x 20 0
------ (2)
VA VB 280
M 0
A
40 x 2 40 x 5 (10 x 20 )10 VB x 20 0
VB 114 kN
VA 166 kN
Mc 0
64.35
NORMAL
= 25.64
160 kN
y = 2.56
HORIZONT
AL
86 kN
160 kN
4m
REDIAL
2m
166 kN
BM at M
= - 160 x 2.56
+ 166 x 4 40 x 2
- (10 x 4)2
= + 94.4 kNm
4hx
L x
L2
4x4x4
20 4
20 2
y 2.56m
tan
=
4h
L 2x
L2
4x4
20 2 x 4
20 2
250.64
Introduction
By forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear equilibrium conditions, the rotation angles (or the
slope angles) are calculated. Substutituting them back into the slope deflection equations, member end moments are
readily determined.
where a, b are the slope angles of ends a and b respectively, is the relative lateral displacement of ends a and b. The
absence of cross-sectional area of the member in these equations implies that the slope deflection method neglects the
effect of shear and axial deformations.
The slope deflection equations can also be written using the stiffness factor
rotation
When a simple beam of length Lab and flexural rigidity E Iab is loaded at each end with clockwise moments Mab and Mba,
member end rotations occur in the same direction. These rotation angles can be calculated using the unit dummy force
method or the moment-area theorem.
Equilibrium conditions
Joint equilibrium
Joint equilibrium conditions imply that each joint with a degree of freedom should have no unbalanced moments i.e. be
in equilibrium. Therefore,
Here, Mmember are the member end moments, Mf are the fixed end moments, and Mjoint are the external moments directly
applied at the joint.
Shear equilibrium
When there are chord rotations in a frame, additional equilibrium conditions, namely the shear equilibrium conditions
need to be taken into account.
General Case
Stiffness Coefficients
Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
Fixed-End Moments
Pin-Supported End Span
Typical Problems
Analysis of Beams
Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway
Analysis of Frames: Sidesway
w C
j
settlement = j
Mij
Mji
Degrees of Freedom
M
1 DOF:
2 DOF: ,
P
B
Stiffness
kAA
kBA
A
L
k AA
4EI
L
k BA
2EI
L
kBB
kAB
A
L
k BB
4EI
L
k AB
2EI
L
Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P
L/2
PL
8
L/2
PL
8
L
P
2
P
2
w
wL2
12
wL2
12
wL
2
wL
2
General Case
w C
j
settlement = j
Mij
Mji
Mij
Mji
i
L
settlement = j
4EI
2EI
i
j M
ij
L
L
2EI
4EI
Mji
i
j
L
L
+
(MFij)
(MFji)
settlement = j
+
P
w
(MFji)Load
(MFij)Load
4EI
2EI
2EI
4EI
M ij (
) i (
) j (M F ij ) (M F ij ) Load , M ji (
) i (
) j (M F ji ) (M F ji ) Load 8
L
L
L
L
Equilibrium Equations
i
w C
j
Cj M
Mji
Mji
jk
Mjk
j
M j 0 : M ji M jk C j 0
Stiffness Coefficients
Mij
Mji
kii
4EI
L
k ji
2EI
L
k jj
4EI
L
+
kij
2EI
L
10
Matrix Formulation
M ij (
4EI 2EI
) i (
) j (M F ij )
L
L
M ji (
2EI 4EI
) i (
) j (M F ji )
L
L
F
M ij (4EI / L) (2EI / L) iI M ij
M
F
ji (2EI / L) (4EI / L) j M ji
k
k ji
k ii
kij
k jj
Stiffness Matrix
11
Mij
Mji
[M ] [K ][ ] [FEM ]
([M ] [FEM ]) [K ][ ]
[ ] [K ]1[M ] [FEM ]
Mij
Mji
Fixed-end moment
Stiffness matrix matrix
+
(MFij)
(MFji)
ij)Load
(MFji) Load
Displacement
matrix
Force matrix
12
Mi
Mj
Real beam
L
Mi M j
L
Mi M j
L/3
M jL
2EI
L
Mj
EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI
Mi L
2EI
M j L 2L
MiL L
)( ) (
)( ) 0
2EI 3
2EI 3
M i 2M j (1)
M ' i 0 : (
Fy 0 : i (
M jL
Mi L
) 0 (2)
)(
2EI
2EI
13
i
i
Real beam
L
Mi
L
2L
3
Mi
EI
Mi L
2EI
M i L 2L
M ' j 0 : (
)( ) i L 0
2EI 3
ML
i ( i )
3EI
i 1 (
Mi
L
Conjugate beam
j
F y 0 : (
3EI
MiL
) M i
L
3EI
MiL
ML
) ( i ) j 0
3EI
2EI
j (
MiL
)
6EI
14
Conjugate beam
A
M
EI
M
EI
M
EI
ML
2EI
ML
2EI
P
PL2
16EI
PL
4EI
M
EI
PL2
16EI
ML ML 2 PL2
PL
0, M
Fy 0 :
P
PL
8
PL
8
L
P
2
P
2
P/2
PL/8
P/2
-PL/8
-PL/8
-
-PL/8
-PL/16
-
-PL/16
PL/4
+
-PL/8
PL PL PL PL
16
16
4
8
16
Uniform load
w
Real beam
Conjugate beam
A
M
EI
M
M
EI
M
EI
ML
2EI
ML
2EI
wL3
24EI
wL2
8EI
M
EI
wL3
24EI
ML ML 2 wL3
wL2
0, M
Fy 0 :
Settlements
Real beam
Mi = Mj
Mj
Conjugate beam
L
Mi M j
M
EI
Mi M j
L
M
EI
ML
2EI
ML
2EI
M
EI
M
EI
M B 0 : (
ML L
ML 2L
)( ) (
)( ) 0,
2EI 3
2EI 3
M
6EI
L2
18
w
B
A
L
2EI 4EI
A
B
L
L
4EI 2EI
A
B
L
L
A
A
+
P
B
w
(FEM)BA
(FEM)AB
A
B
0 (4EI / L) A (2EI / L) B (FEM ) AB
(1)
(2)
M AB
(FEM ) BA
2
19
MA
B
A
L
2EI 4EI
A
B
L
L
4EI 2EI
A
B
L
L
A
A
B
w
B
(M F BA)load
(MF AB)load
(MF
A
AB)
B
B
(MF BA)
4EI 2EI
F
F
) load (M AB
) (1)
A
B (M AB
L
L
2EI 4EI
F
F
) (2)
M BA
) load (M BA
A
B (M BA
L
L
2(2) (1)
3EI
1
1
M
F
F
F
: M BA
B [(M BA
) load (M AB
) load ] (M BA
) A
2
L
2
2
2
M AB M A
E lim inate A by
20
Fixed-End Moments
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P
PL
8
L/2
L/2
PL
8
P
L/2
wL2
12
L/2
3PL
PL 1
PL
( )[(
)]
8
2
8
16
wL2
12
2
2
wL2
wL
wL
1
)]
( )[(
12
12
2
8
21
Typical Problem
CB
w
P1
P2
C
A
B
L1
PL
8
L2
wL2
12
PL
8
wL2
12
L
0
PL
4EI 2EI
M AB
A
B 0 1 1
8
L1
L1
0
PL
2EI 4EI
M BA
A
B 0 1 1
L1
L1
8
0
2
4EI 2EI
P2 L2 wL2
M BC
B
C 0
8
L2
L2
12
0
2
P2 L2 wL2
2EI 4EI
M CB
B
C 0
L2
L2
12
8
22
CB
w
P1
P2
C
A
B
L1
L2
CB M
BC
MBA
M BA
M BC
2EI 4EI
PL
A
B 0 1 1
L1
L1
8
4EI 2EI
P L wL
B
C 0 2 2 2
8
L2
L2
12
M B 0 : C B M BA M BC 0 Solve for B
23
P1
CB
w
MBA
A
B
L1
P2
MBC
L2
C M
CB
0
PL
4EI 2EI
M AB
A
B 0 1 1
8
L1
L1
0
PL
2EI 4EI
M BA
A
B 0 1 1
L1
L1
8
0
2
P2 L2 wL2
4EI 2EI
M BC
B
C 0
8
L2
L2
12
0
2
2EI 4EI
P2 L2 wL2
M CB
B
C 0
L2
L2
8
12
24
CB
w
P1
MBA
MAB
P2
MCB
Ay
L1
MBC
L2
C
Cy
By = ByL + ByR
P1
MAB
A
Ay
L1
B
MBA
ByL
P2
MBC
ByR
L2
MCB
Cy
25
Example of Beams
Example 1
Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.
10 kN
6 kN/m
C
A
4m
4m
6m
27
10 kN
6 kN/m
C
A
4m
PL
8
4m
6m
wL2
30
PL
8
wL2
20
FEM
MBA
MBC
0
4EI (10)(8)
2EI
M BA
A
B
8
8
8
0
4EI 2EI (6)(6 2 )
B
C
M BC
6
6
30
0
2EI 4EI (6)(6) 2
M CB
B
C
6
6
20
M AB
M B 0 : M BA M BC 0
4EI 4EI
(6)(6 2 )
) B 10
(
0
6
30
8
2.4
B
EI
Substitute B in the moment equations:
10 kN
8.8 kNm
10.6 kNm
6 kN/m
C
8.8 kNm
4m
4m
10 kNm
6m
2m
18 kN
10 kN
6 kN/m
10.6 kNm
8.8 kNm B
10 kNm
8.8 kNm
Ay = 5.23 kN
ByL = 4.78 kN
ByR = 5.8 kN
Cy = 12.2 kN
29
10 kN
6 kN/m
10.6 kNm
A
4m
5.23 kN
4m
6m
10 kNm
12.2 kN
5.23
V (kN)
x (m)
- 4.78
10.3
M
(kNm)
+
-10.6
Deflected shape
-12.2
x (m)
-
-8.8
2.4
B
EI
-10
x (m)
30
Example 2
Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.
10 kN
6 kN/m
C
A
4m
4m
6m
31
10 kN
6 kN/m
C
A
4m
PL
8
4m
6m
wL2
30
PL
8
wL2
20
FEM
10
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM]
0 4EI
2EI (10)(8)
M AB
(1)
A
B
8
8
8
10
2EI 4EI (10)(8)
M BA
(2)
A
B
8
8
8
4EI 2EI 0 (6)(6 2 )
M BC
(3)
B
C
30
6
6
2EI 4EI 0 (6)(6) 2
M CB
(4)
B
C
6
6
20
6EI
2(2) (1) : 2M BA
B 30
8
3EI
B 15 (5)
M BA
8
32
MBA
MBC
B
M BC
4EI (6)(6 2)
B
30
6
M CB
2EI (6)(6)
B
6
20
(3)
(4)
3EI
B 15 (5)
8
M B 0 : M BA M BC 0
M BA
3EI 4EI
(6)(6 2 )
) B 15
(
0 (6)
8
30
6
7.488
B
EI
4EI 2EI
A
B 10
8
8
23.74
A
EI
Substitute B in (1) : 0
33
10 kN
12.19 kNm
A
4m
4m
6 kN/m
C
12.19 kNm
6m
8.30 kNm
18 kN
B
B
12.19 kNm
6 kN/m
C
8.30 kNm
12.19 kNm
Ay = 3.48 kN
ByL = 6.52 kN
ByR = 6.65 kN
Cy = 11.35 kN
34
10 kN
6 kN/m
C
A
3.48 kN
4m
4m
6m
11.35 kN
3.48
x (m)
- 6.52
-11.35
14
M
(kNm)
x (m)
-8.3
-12.2
Deflected shape
23.74
A
EI
7.49
EI
x (m)
35
Example 3
Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.
10 kN
4 kN/m
C
A
2EI
4m
B
4m
3EI
6m
36
10 kN
4 kN/m
C
A
2EI
(10)(8)/8
(10)(8)/8
4m
4m
0
M AB
3EI
B (4)(62)/12
6m
(4)(62)/12
10
4(2EI ) 2(2EI ) (10)(8)
(1)
A
B
8
8
8 10
M BA
(2)
2(2) (1)
3(2EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
(2a)
B
: M BA
8
2
8
12
4(3EI ) (4)(6 2)
M BC
(3)
B
6
12
37
10 kN
4 kN/m
C
A
3EI
2EI
(3/2)(10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12
4m
6m
4m
(4)(62)/12
15
3(2EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
M BA
(2a)
B
8
8
12
2
4(3EI ) (4)(6 )
M BC
(3)
B
12
6
M BA M BC 0 : 2.75EI B 12 15 3
B 1.091/ EI
3(2 EI ) 1.091
) 15 14.18 kN m
(
8
EI
4(3EI ) 1.091
) 12 14.18 kN m
M BC
(
6
EI
2(3EI )
M CB
B 12 10.91 kN m
6
M BA
38
10 kN
4 kN/m
C 10.91
A
2EI 14.18
4m
4m
14.18
3EI
6m
10 kN
A
24 kN
B
14.18 kNm
140.18 kNm
10.91 kNm
C
Ay = 3.23 kN
ByL = 6.73 kN
ByR = 12.55 kN
Cy = 11.46 kN
39
10 kN
4 kN/m
C 10.91 kNm
A
2EI
3.23 kN
4m
V (kN)
3EI
11.46 kN
6m
4m
3.23
+
x (m)
-11.46
12.91
M
(kNm)
5.53
+
-10.91
-14.18
Deflected shape
x (m)
B = 1.091/EI
x (m)
40
Example 4
Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.
10 kN 12 kNm
4 kN/m
C
A
2EI
4m
B
4m
3EI
6m
41
10 kN 12 kNm
2EI
3EI
2
1.5PL/8 = 15 B wL /12 = 12 wL2/12 = 12
4m
6m
4m
3(2EI )
M BA
B 15 (1)
8
M BC
4 kN/m
4(3EI )
B 12 (2)
6
2(3EI )
B 12 (3)
6
12 kNm
MBA MBA
M CB
B MBC MBC
Jo int B : M BA M BC 12 0
-3.273/EI
4(2EI ) 2(3EI ) (10)(8)
M AB
A
B
8
8
8
7.21
A
EI
3.273
M BA 0.75EI (
) 15 17.45 kN m
EI
3.273
M BC 2EI (
) 12 5.45 kN m
EI
3.273
M CB EI (
) 12 15.27 kN m
EI
0
3.273
EI
42
3.273
M BA 0.75EI (
) 15 17.45 kN m
EI
3.273
M BC 2EI (
) 12 5.45 kN m
EI
3.273
M CB EI (
) 12 15.27 kN m
EI
24 kN
10 kN
4 kN/m
A
5.45 kNm
17.45 kNm
15.27 kNm
C
2.82 kN
7.18 kN
13.64 kN
10.36 kN
10 kN 12 kNm
4 kN/m
C
A
2.82 kN
B
17.54 kN
15.27 kNm
13.64 kN
43
10 kN 12 kNm
4 kN/m
C 15.27 kNm
A
3EI
2EI
2.82 kN
4m
7.21
EI
3.273
B
EI
B
17.54 kN
6m
4m
13.64 kN A
10.36
2.82
V (kN)
3.41 m
-7.18
M
(kNm)
-13.64
11.28
7.98
+
-
x (m)
-
-5.45
-15.27
-17.45
Deflected shape
7.21
EI
x (m)
3.273
EI
x (m)
44
Example 5
Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected curve for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200x106 mm4.
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
A
3EI
2EI
4m
4m
10 mm
6m
45
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
A
3EI
2EI
6EI
L2
4m
A
PL
8
6EI
L2
6m
6EI
L2
6EI
L2
PL
8
4m
10 mm
wL2
30
wL2
30
[FEM]load
-12
4(2EI ) 2(2EI ) 6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M AB
(1)
A
B
8
8
82
8
2(2EI ) 4(2EI ) 6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA
A
B
(2)
8
8
82
8
0
4(3EI ) 2(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6 2)
M BC
B
C
(3)
2
6
6
6
30
0
2(3EI ) 4(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6) 2
(4)
M CB
B
C
2
6
6
6
30
46
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
A
3EI
2EI
4m
4m
10 mm
6m
(1)
2
8
8
8
8
2(2EI ) 4(2EI ) 6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
A
B
(2)
8
8
82
8
M AB
M BA
A
B 75 10 (2)
8
8
16.5
M AB
M BA
3(2EI )
2(2) (1)
B 75 (75 / 2) 10 (10 / 2) 12 / 2 (2a)
: M BA
2
8
47
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
A
3EI
2EI
4m
4m
10 mm
6m
MBC
B
B = 64.109/ EI
Substitute B in (1):
A = -129.06/EI
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
146.69 kNm
A
64.58 kNm
4m
4m
64.58 kNm
6m
2m
18 kN
10 kN
64.58 kNm
B
146.69 kNm
B
Ay = 11.57 kN
ByL = -1.57 kN
6 kN/m
64.58 kNm
ByR = -29.21 kN
C
Cy = 47.21 kN
49
10 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
C
A
2EI
11.57 kN
3EI
4m
47.21 kN
6m
4m
A = -129.06/EI
B = 64.109/ EI
V (kN)
146.69 kNm
1.57
x (m)
-
-29.21
-47.21
58.29
M
(kNm)
64.58
12
+
x (m)
-146.69
Deflected shape
x (m)
A = -129.06/EI
10 mm
B = 64.109/ EI
50
Example 6
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the slope-deflection
method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape. (3 points)
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
6 kN/m
B
2EI
3m
1.5EI
12 kNm
A
10 mm
3m
51
6 kN/m
12 kNm
B
C
2EI
3m
1.5EI
10 mm
3m
6 kN/m
6(32 )
4.5
12
4.5
C
6(1.5 200 50)(0.01) C
32
100 kN m
MFw
A
0.01 m
MF
100 kN m
M CB
4(2EI )
C
3
M CA
4(1.5EI ) 2(1.5EI )
C
A 4.5 100 (2)
3
3
12
M AC
(1)
2(1.5EI ) 4(1.5EI )
C
A 4.5 100 (3)
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
(2a)
52
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
2EI
3m
1.5EI
10 mm
3m
4(2EI )
C (1)
3
3(1.5EI ) 3(4.5) 100 12
M CA
C
3
2
2
2
M CB
MCB
MCA
(2a)
Equilibrium equation:
M CB M CA 0
0
C
3
2
2
2
15.06
0.0015 rad
C
EI
2(1.5EI ) 15.06 4(1.5EI )
Substitute C in eq.(3)
12
(
)
A 4.5 100 (3)
3
EI
3
34.22
0.0034 rad
EI
53
6 kN/m
12 kNm
B
C
2EI
1.5EI
3m
A
10 mm
3m
15.06
34.22
0.0015 rad A
0.0034 rad
EI
EI
2(2EI ) 2(2EI ) 15.06
C
(
) 20.08 kN m
3
3
EI
4(2EI ) 4(2EI ) 15.06
C
(
) 40.16 kN m
EI
3
3
C
M BC
M CB
20.08 kNm
B
20.08 kN
40.16 kNm
40.16 20.08
20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kNm
6 kN/m
40.16 kNm
C
26.39 kN
8.39 kN
54
12 kNm
6 kN/m
C 0.0015 rad
A 0.0034 rad
2EI
1.5EI
3m
10 mm
3m
20.08 kNm
40.16 kNm
B
20.08 kN
12 kNm
20.08 kN
40.16 kNm
V (kN)
6 kN/m
C
26.39 kN
26.39
8.39
x (m)
+
M (kNm)
-20.08
20.08
8.39 kN
12
x (m)
Deflected shape
-40.16
C 0.0015 rad
x (m)
A 0.0034 rad
55
Example 7
6 kN/m
B
2EI
3m
1.5EI
12 kNm
A
10 mm
3m
56
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
2EI
3m
C
C
6(2EI ) C 4EI C
2
3
3
1.5EI
3m
EI C
C
C
4EI C
3
6(1.5EI ) C
4.5
M BC
M CB
M CA
4(2EI ) 4EI
C
C
3
3
100
(1)
(2)
6(32)
4.5
12
6(1.5 200
50)(0.01)
32
100 kN m
0.01 m
4(1.5EI ) 2(1.5EI )
C
A EI C 4.5 100 (3)
3
3
12
2(1.5EI ) 4(1.5EI )
M AC
C
A EI C 4.5 100 (4)
3
3
3
2
3(1. 5EI )
2(3) (4)
: M CA
EI
6 kN/m
C
2(2EI ) 4EI
C
C
3
3
10 mm
EI
2
3(4.5)
2
12
2 (3a)
100
2
57
12 kNm
6 kN/m
B
C
2EI
3m
1.5EI
10 mm
3m
18 kN
Equilibrium equation:
12 kNm
6 kN/m
MBC
B
By
MCB
C
(C y ) CB (
MCA
M BC M CB
(C y ) CA
)
3
MCB
MCA
(Cy)CB
Ay
M 12 18(1.5) M CA 39
CA
3
3
M C 0 : M CB M CA 0 (1*)
C y 0 : (C y ) CB (C y ) CA 0 (2*)
C
(Cy)CA
Substitute in (1*)
Substitute in (2*)
C 52.27 / EI 5.227 mm
58
6 kN/m
B
2EI
3m
1.5EI
12 kNm
A
10 mm
3m
Solve equation
25.51
0.00255 rad
EI
52.27
5.227 mm
C
EI
M CB 1.67 kN m
M CA 1.67 kN m
2.86
0.000286 rad
EI
6 kN/m
35.68 kNm
B y 18 5.55
12.45 kN
2EI
3m
1.5EI
3m
12 kNm
A
18(4.5) 12 35.68
Ay
6
5.55 kN
59
6 kN/m
35.68 kNm
12 kNm
B
C
2EI
12.45 kN
3m
1.5EI
10 mm
5.55 kN
3m
V (kN) 12.45
C 0.00255 rad
+
0.925 m
x (m)
C 5.227 mm
-5.55
A 0.000286 rad
M (kNm)
1.67
14.57
+
12
x (m)
-35.68
Deflected shape
C 5.227 mm
C 0.00255 rad
x (m)
A 0.000286 rad
60
61
Example 6
For the frame shown, use the slope-deflection method to
(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.
10 kN
12 kN/m
C
B
2EI
3m
3EI
40 kN
3m
A
1m
6m
62
10 kN
36/2 = 18
12 kN/m
Equilibrium equations
C
B
3m
40 kN
10
2EI 2
36
(wL /12 ) =36
PL/8 = 30
3EI
MBC
MBA
3m
A
1m
PL/8 = 30
6m
Slope-Deflection Equations
M AB
2(3EI )
B 30 (1)
6
M BA
4(3EI )
B 30 (2)
6
M BC
3(2EI )
B 36 18 (3)
6
10 M BA M BC 0 (1*)
14 4.667
EI
(3EI )
Substitute B
4.667
in (1) to (3)
EI
25.33 kN m
M BA 39.33 kN m
M BC 49.33 kN m
M
AB
63
10 kN
12 kN/m
20.58
C
49.33
39.33
3EI
B
3m
40 kN
3m
25.33
A
1m
10
2EI
-39.3
-49.33
27.7
6m
49.33
B
39.33
27.78 kN
B = -4.667/EI
40 kN
A
17.67 kN
25.33
Deflected curve
64
Example 7
Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected curve for the frame shown. E = 200 GPa.
25 kN
5 kN/m
E
240(106) mm4
5m
180(106)
120(106) mm4
60(106) mm4
D
3m
3m
4m
65
25 kN
PL/8 = 18.75
B
5 kN/m
18.75
240(106) mm4
5m
180(106)
6.667+ 3.333
120(106) mm4
60(106) mm4
3m
3m
0 2(2EI )
4(2EI )
M AB
A
B
5
5
0
4(2EI )
2(2EI )
A
B
M BA
5
5
4(4EI ) 2(4EI )
M BC
B
C 18.75
6
6
2(4EI ) 4(4EI )
M CB
B
C 18.75
6
6
3(EI )
M CD
C
5
3(3EI )
C 10
M CE
4
(wL2/12 ) = 6.667
4m
M BA M BC 0
8
8 16
( )EI B ( )EI C 18.75 (1)
5 6
6
M CB M CD M CE 0
8
16 3 9
( )EI B ( )EI C 8.75 (2)
6
6 5 4
From (1) and (2) : B
5.29
EI
2.86
C
EI
66
MAB = kNm
67
MAB = -4.23 kNm, MBA = -8.46 kNm, MBC = 8.46 kNm, MCB = -18.18 kNm,
MCD = 1.72 kNm, MCE = 16.44 kNm
20 kN
25 kN
16.44 kNm
3m
3m C
C
2.54 kN B
2.54 kN 2.54-0.34
=2.2 kN
8.46 kNm
18.18 kNm
(20(2)+16.44)/4
(25(3)+8.46-18.18)/6
14.12 kN
= 14.11 kN
= 10.88 kN
10.88 kN
8.46 kNm
B
(8.46 + 4.23)/5
= 2.54 kN
5m
E 2.2 kN
5.89 kN
14.12+14.11=28.23 kN
1.72 kNm
(1.72)/5 = 0.34 kN
B
5m
2.54 kN
0.34 kN
4.23 kNm
10.88 kN
28.23 kN
68
24.18
1.29 m 2.33 m
14.11
10.88
1.18 m
+
-2.54
2.82 m
3.46
1.72
-8.46
-5.89 -8.46 -
-14.12
0.78 m
-18.18
1.18 m
-16.44
1.67m
-2.54
0.34
4.23
Shear diagram
0.78 m
Moment diagram
1.29 m 2.33 m
B = 5.29/EI
1.18 m
C = /EI
1.67m
Deflected curve
Example 8
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame and draw the quantitative
bending moment diagrams and qualitative deflected curve . The joints at A and
D are fixed and joint C is assumed pin-connected. EI is constant for each member
3m
1m
B
10 kN
3m
A
71
Overview
Unknowns
B
1m
10 kN
B and
Boundary Conditions
3m
MAB
Ax
3m
Ay
A = D = 0
MDC
D D
Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
Dy
B
MBA
MBC
M B 0 : M BA M BC 0 (1*)
- Entire Frame
Fx 0 : 10 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
72
(0.375EI)
B
10 kN
1m
(0.375EI)
MAB
10 kN
(5.625)load
4m
4m
3m
(1.875)load
(0.375EI)
(1/2)(0.375EI)
(0.375EI)
Ax
Dx
3m
5.625 0.375EI
2(EI ) 10(3)(12 ) 6EI
M AB
2
(1)
B
4
42
4
5.625
0.375EI
4(EI ) 10(32 )(1) 6EI
M BA
(2)
B
2
2
4
4
4
M BC
M DC
3(EI )
B
3
(3)
1
0.375EI 0.375EI 0.1875EI (4)
2
MDC
MBA
Slope-Deflection Equations
M B 0 :
(M AB M BA )
4
Ax 0.375EI B 0.1875EI 1.563 (5)
Ax
M C 0 :
M DC
0.0468EI (6)
Dx
4
73
Equilibrium Conditions:
M BA M BC 0 (1*)
10 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
Solve equation
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)
2EI B + 0.375EI 5.625 ----(7)
Slope-Deflection Equations:
Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)
2(EI )
M AB
B 5.625 0.375EI (1)
0.375EI B 0.235EI 8.437 (8)
4
4(EI )
M BA
B 5.625 0.375EI (2) From (7) and (8) can solve;
4
44.8
5.6
3(EI )
M BC
B
B (3)
EI
EI
3
44.8
5.6
M DC 0.1875EI (4)
and
in (1)to (6)
Substitute B
EI
EI
Horizontal reaction at supports:
Ax 0.375EI B 0.1875EI 1.563 (5)
Dx 0.0468EI (6)
74
B
1m
10 kN
5.6
3m
8.42
D 2.1 kN
15.88
7.9 kN
3m
= 44.8/EI
C
= 44.8/EI
5.6
C
5.6
7.8
15.88
8.42
B = -5.6/EI
D
Deflected curve
75
Example 9
From the frame shown use the slope-deflection method to:
(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.
B
pin
2 EI
10 kN
4m
2.5 EI
EI
2m
A
D
4m
3m
76
Overview
B 2EI
B
10 kN
2m
A
EI
MAB
Ax
Ay
4m
C
BC
2.5EI
Unknowns
B and
MDC
Boundary Conditions
A = D = 0
Dx
D
3m
4m
Dy
Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
B
MBA
MBC
M B 0 : M BA M BC 0 (1*)
- Entire Frame
Fx 0 : 10 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
77
Slope-Deflection Equation
C
B
BC
5
B 2EI C
10 kN
36.87
4m
2.5EI
EI
2m
PL/8 = 5
D
A
4m
3m
0.375EI
B
M AB
6EI/(4) 2 = 0.375EI
0.5625EI
D
0.75EI
C
B
B
(1/2) 0.5625EI
BA
M BC
(6)(2.5EI)(1.25)/(5)2 = 0.75EI
C
2(EI )
B 0.375EI 5 (1)
4
B
3(2EI )
B 0.2813EI (3)
4
(1/2) 0.75EI
(6)(2EI)(0.75)/(4) 2 = 0.5625EI
BC= 0.75
C
78
Horizontal reactions
B
2 EI
pin
C
10 kN
4m
2.5 EI
EI
2m
A
D
4m
3m
MBC
MBA
B
10 kN
MBC
4
MBC
4
C
MDC
MBC/4
79
Equilibrium Conditions:
M BA M BC 0 (1*)
10 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
Slope-Deflection Equation:
Solve equations
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)
2.5EI B 0.0938EI 5 0
(7)
2(EI )
6EI
0.0938EI B 0.334EI 5 0 (8)
B 5 2 (1)
4
4
From (7) and (8) can solve;
6EI
4(EI )
M BA
B 5 2
(2)
4
4
1.45
14.56
B
3(2EI ) 3(2EI )(0.75)
EI
EI
(3)
M BC
B
2
4
4
1.45
14.56
3(2.5EI )(1.25)
and
in (1)to (6)
Substitute B
M DC
(4)
EI
EI
52
Horizontal reactions at supports:
MAB = 15.88 kNm
MBA = 5.6 kNm
(M BA M AB 20)
Ax
(5)
MBC = -5.6 kNm
4
MDC = 8.42 kNm
3
Ax = 7.9 kN
M DC M BC
4
(6)
Dx
Dx = 2.1 kN
80
4
M AB
B 1.912 EI
1.91
pin
C
10 kN
2m
A
4m
2.5 EI
EI
11.19 kNm
8.27 kN
0.478 kN
4m
5.46
1.73
D
3m
0.478 kN
B
1.91
1.91
B
C
5.35
A
B=1.45/EI
B=1.45/EI
11.19
5.46
D
Bending-moment diagram
D
Deflected shape
81
Example 10
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected curve.
3m
20 kN/m
B
pin
C
3EI
3m
2EI
4m
4EI
A
D
82
Overview
Unknowns
3m
20 kN/m
B
3EI
2EI
B and
Boundary Conditions
A = D = 0
4EI
4m
Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
A
[FEM]load
3m
MBA
MBC
M B 0 : M BA M BC 0 (1*)
- Entire Frame
Fx 0 : 60 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
83
Slope-Deflection Equation
B
20 kN/m
3m
6(2EI)/(3)
= 1.333EI
3EI
= 15
wL2/12
2EI
4m
6(2EI)/(3) 2
= 1.333EI
A
A
[FEM]load
0
M AB
M BA
6(4EI)/(4) 2
= 1.5EI
(1/2)(1.5EI
1.5EI
4EI
wL2/12 = 15
3m
[FEM]
D
4(2EI )
2(2EI )
A
3
3
2(2EI )
4(2EI )
A
3(3EI ) 3EI
----------(3)
B
B
3
0
3(4EI )
M BC
M DC
84
Horizontal reactions
MAB
C
M B 0 :
B
1.5 m
60 kN
4m
M BA M AB 60(1.5)
3
Ax 1.333EI B 0.889EI 30
Ax
(5)
1.5 m
A
Ax
MBA
Dx
MDC
+ MC = 0:
Dx
M DC
0.188EI (6)
4
85
Solve equation
Equilibrium Conditions
M BA M BC 0 (1*)
60 Ax Dx 0 (2*)
Equation of moment
1.333EI B 1.077EI 30
(8)
(3)
M DC 0.75EI (4)
Dx 0.188EI (6)
5.51
EI
34.67
EI
34.67
5.51
and
EI
EI
M AB 53.87 kN m
M BA 16.52 kN m
M BC 16.52 kN m
Substitute B
(5)
in (1)to (6)
M DC 26.0 kN m
Ax = 53.48 kN
Dx = 6.52 kN
86
3m
C
3m
M AB 53.87 kN m
M BA 16.52 kN m
M BC 16.52 kN m
53.87 kNm 4m
M DC 26.0 kN m
16.52 kNm
Ax = 53.48 kN
53.48 kN
26 kNm
5.55 kN
Dx = 6.52 kN
6.52 kN
5.55 kN
16.52
16.52
53.87
A
Example
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.
from the
Rotation angles
Substitution of these values back into the slope deflection equations yields the member end
moments (in kNm):
Example: Analyze the propped cantilever shown by using slope defection method.
Then draw Bending moment and shear force diagram.
B
(1)
12
L
2EI
2B A
MBA FBA
L
w L2 4EI
B
( 2)
12
L
In the above equations there is only one unknown B .
To solve we have boundary condition at B;
Since B is simply supported, the BM at B is zero
ie. MBA=0.
w L2 4EI
B 0
12
L
w L3
EI B
- ve sign indicates the rotation is anticlockwise
48
Substituting the value of EI B in equation (1) and (2) we have end moments
MAB
w L2 2 w L3
w L2
- ve sign indicates moment is anticlockwise
12 L 48
8
MBA
w L2 4 w L3
0
12 L 48
Now consider the free body diagram of the beam and find reactions using
equations of equilibrium.
MB 0
R A L MAB w L
L
2
w L2
L
5
w L w L
8
2
8
5
RA w L
8
V 0
R A RB w L
RB w L R A w L
3
wL
8
5
wL
8
3
w L w X 0
8
3
X L
8
SX
3
L from support B
8
3
3
w 3
MX w L L
L
8
8
2 8
9
w L2
128
Example: Analyze two span continuous beam ABC by slope deflection method. Then
draw Bending moment & Shear force diagram. Take EI constant
Wab 2
100 4 22
44.44KNM
L2
62
Wa 2b
100 42 2
88.89KNM
L2
62
w L2
20 52
41.67KNM
12
12
w L2 20 52
41.67KNM
12
12
FAB
FBA
FBC
FCB
Since A is fixed A 0 , B 0, C 0,
Slope deflection equations are:
2EI
2 A B
L
2EI
44.44
B
6
1
44.44 EI B
3
2EI
2B A
MBA FBA
L
2EI 2B
88.89
6
2
88.89 EI B
3
2EI
2B C
MBC FBC
L
2EI
2B C
41.67
5
4
2
41.67 EI B EI C
5
5
2EI
2C B
MCB FCB
L
2EI
2C B
41.67
5
4EI
2
41.67
C EI B
5
5
MAB FAB
(1)
( 2)
(3 )
( 4)
In all the above four equations there are only two unknown B and C . And
accordingly the boundary conditions are
-MBA-MBC=0
MBA+MBC=0
ii
MCB=0
2
4
2
EI B 41.67 EI B EI C
3
5
5
22
2
47.22
EI B EI C 0
(5)
15
5
2
4
MCB 41.67 EI B EI C 0
(6)
5
5
Now
Rotation anticlockwise.
EI C = 41.67
Rotation anticlockwise.
MA = 0
RB6 = 1004+75-51.38
RB = 70.60 KN
V = 0
RA+RB = 100KN
RA = 100-70.60=29.40 KN
Span BC:
MC = 0
5
RB5 = 205 +75
2
RB = 65 KN
V=0
Max BM:
Span AB: Max BM in span AB occurs under point load and can be found
geometrically
Mmax=113.33-51.38 -
Span BC:Max BM in span BC occurs where shear force is zero or changes its
sign. Hence consider SF equation w.r.t C
Sx = 35-20x = 0
35
=1.75m
20
1.752
= 30.625 KNM
2
Example: Analyze continuous beam ABCD by slope deflection method and then draw
bending moment diagram. Take EI constant.
Solution:
A 0, B 0, C 0
FEMS
Wab 2
100 4 22
- 44.44 KN M
L2
62
Wa 2b
100 42 2
FBA
88.88 KNM
L2
62
FAB
wL2
20 5 2
FBC
- 41.67 KNM
12
12
wL2
20 5 2
F CB
41.67 KNM
12
12
FCD 20 1.5 - 30 KN M
2EI
2A B 44.44 1 EI B
L
3
2EI
2B A 88.89 2 EI B
MBA FBA
L
3
2EI
2B C 41.67 4 EI B 2 EI C
MBC FBC
L
5
5
2EI
2C B 41.67 4 EI C 2 EI B
MCB FCB
L
5
5
MAB FAB
- - - - - - - -- 1
- - - - - - - -- 2
- - - - - - - - 3
- - - - - - - - 4
MCD 30 KNM
In the above equations we have two unknown rotations B and C , accordingly the
boundary conditions are:
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
2
4
2
EI B 41.67 EI B EI C
3
5
5
22
2
47.22
EI B EI C 0
- - - - - - - - 5
15
5
4
2
And, MCB MCD 41.67 EI C EI B 30
5
5
2
4
11.67 EI B EI C
6
5
5
1
32.67 61.00 KNM
2
2
MBA 88.89 32.67 67.11 KNM
3
4
2
MBC 41.67 32.67 1.75 67.11 KNM
5
5
4
2
MCB 41.67 1.75 32.67 30.00 KNM
5
5
MCD 30 KNM
MAB 44.44
Span AB
RB 6 100 4 67.11 61
RB 67.69 KN
R A 100 RB 32.31 KN
Span BC
5
RC 5 20 5 30 67.11
2
RC 42.58 KN
RB 20 5 RB 57.42 KN
67.11 61
Max 133.33 61
4 68.26 KNM
6
42.58
2.13 m
20
2.132
30 15.26 KN M
2
Example: Analyse the continuous beam ABCD shown in figure by slope deflection
method. The support B sinks by 15mm.
Take E 200 105 KN / m2 and I 120 106 m4
Solution:
In this problem A =0, B 0, C 0, =15mm
FEMs:
FAB
FBA
Wab 2
44.44 KNM
L2
Wa 2 b
88.89 KNM
L2
w L2
41.67 KNM
8
w L2
41.67 KNM
8
FBC
FCB
6EI
L2
6 200
15
105 120 10 6
6 KNM
2
6
1000
mab mba
6EI
L2
6 200
15
105 120 10 6
8.64KNM
2
5
1000
Slope deflection equation
2EI
3
MAB F AB
(2 A B )
L
L
EI
6EI
F AB 2 A B 2
L
L
1
- 44.44 EI B 6
3
1
50.44 EI B
- - - - - - - -- 1
3
2EI
6EI
MBA FBA
(2B A ) 2
L
L
2
88.89 EI B 6
3
2
82.89 EI B
- - - - - - - -- 2
3
2EI
6EI
MBC FBC
(2B C ) 2
L
L
2
- 41.67 EI 2B C 8.64
5
4
2
33.03 EI B EI C
- - - - - - - -- 3
5
5
2EI
6EI
MCB FCB
(2C B ) 2
L
L
2
41.67 EI 2C B 8.64
5
4
2
50.31 EI C EI B
- - - - - - - -- 4
5
5
MCD 30 KNM
- - - - - - - -- 5
mbc mcb
There are only two unknown rotations B and C . Accordingly the boundary conditions
are
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
MAB 50.44
Consider the free body diagram of continuous beam for finding reactions
Reactions:
Span AB:
RB 6 = 100 x 4 + 61.99 60.89
RB = 66.85
RA = 100 RB
=33.15 KN
Span BC:
RB 5 = 20 x 5 x
RB = 56.40 KN
RC = 20 x 5 - RB
5
+ 61.99 30
2
=43.60 KN
Example: Three span continuous beam ABCD is fixed at A and continuous over B, C
and D. The beam subjected to loads as shown. Analyse the beam by slope deflection
method and draw bending moment and shear force diagram.
Solution:
Since end A is fixed A 0, B 0, c 0, D 0
FEMs:
Wl
60 4
- 30 KNM
8
8
Wl
60 4
FBA
30 KNM
8
8
M
FBC 12.5 KNM
4
M
FCB 12.5 KNM
4
FAB
w l2
10 42
FCD
- 13.3 3 KNM
12
12
w l2
10 42
FDC
13.33 KNM
12
12
2EI
2B C
L
2EI
2B C
12.5
4
- - - - - - - - 1
- - - - - - - -- 2
MBC F BC
12.5 EI B 0.5EI C
2EI
2 C B
L
2EI
2 C B
12.5
4
- - - - - - - -- 3
MCB F CB
12.5 EI C 0.5 EI B
2EI
2 C D
L
2EI
2 C D
- 13.33
4
- - - - - - - -- 4
MCD F CD
13.33 EI C 0.5EI D
2EI
2D C
L
2EI
2D C
13.33
4
- - - - - - - - - - 5
MDC F DC
13.33 0.5EI C EI D
- - - - - - - - - - 6
In the above Equations there are three unknowns, EI B ,EI C & EI D , accordingly the
boundary conditions are:
MBA MBC 0
ii MCB MCD 0
iii MDC 0
Now
( hinged)
MBA MBC 0
30 EI B 12.5 EI B 0.5EI C 0
2EI B 0.5EI C 42.5 0
MCB MBC 0
12.5 EI C 0.5EI B 13.33 EI C 0.5EI D 0
0.5EI B 2EI C 0.5EI D 0.83 0
MDC 0
13.33 0.5EI C EI D 0
By solving (7), (8) & (9), we get
EI B 24.04
EI C 11.15
EI D 18.90
By substituting the values of B, c and D in respective equations we get
Beam AB:
60 2 5.96 42.02
20.985 KN
4
R A 60 RB 30.015 KN
RB
Beam BC:
11.63 50 5.96
13.92 KN
4
RB RC 13.92 KN RB is dow nw ard
RC
Beam CD:
10 4 2 11.63
17.09 KN
4
RC 10 4 RD 22.91 KN
RD
Example: Analyse the continuous beam shown using slope deflection method. Then
draw bending moment and shear force diagram.
w l2
10 82
- 53.33 KNM
12
12
w l2
FBA
53.33 KNM
12
Wl
30 6
FBC
- 22.50 KNM
8
8
WL
FCD
22.50 KNM
8
2EI
2B C
L
2E2I
2B C
- 22.5
6
4
2
- 22.5 EI B EI C
3
3
- - - - - - - - 1
- - - - - - - - 2
MBC FBC
2EI
2 C B
L
2E2I
2 C B
22.5
6
4
2
22.5 EI C EI B
3
3
- - - - - - - - 3
MCB F CB
- - - - - - - - 4
In the above equation there are two unknown B and C , accordingly the boundary
conditions are:
i MBA MBC 24 0
ii MCB 0
3
4
2
EI B 22.5 EI B EI C 24
2
3
3
17
2
54.83
EI B EI C 0
5
6
3
4
2
EI C EI B 0
3
3
2
1
EI C 11.25 EI B
3
3
- - - - - - - - - -- (6)
17
1
EI B 11.25 EI B 0
6
3
15
44.58
EI B 0
6
44.58 6
EI B
17.432 rotation anticlockw ise
15
54.83
3
1
11.25 17.432
2
3
EI C
4
17.432 2 8.159 51.18 KNM
3
3
4
2
MCB 22.5 8.159 ( 17.432) 0.00
3
3
MBC 22.5
Span AB:
27.18 66.40 10 8 4
35.13 KN
8
R A 10 8 RB 44.87 KN
RB
Span BC:
51.18 30 3
23.53 KN
6
RC 30 RB 6.47 KN
RB
Max BM
Span AB: Max BM occurs where SF=0, consider SF equation with A as origin
S x 44.87 - 10x 0
x 4.487 m
M
4.4872
64 36.67 KNM
2
26.67 KNM
12
12
w l2
FCB
26.67 KNM
12
FBC
- - - - - - - -- 1
- - - - - - - -- 2
- - - - - - - -- 3
- - - - - - - -- 4
conditions are
MBA MBC 0
MCB 12 0
Now , MBA MBC 2EI B 26.67
3
3
EI B EI C
2
4
7
3
EI B EI C 26.67 0
2
4
- - - - - - - -- (5)
3
3
EI C EI B 12
2
4
3
3
38.67 EI B EI C 0
4
2
- - - - - - - -- (6)
25
EI B 46 0
8
EI B 46
8
14.72
25
From (6)
2
3
38.67 14.72
3
4
33.14
- ve sign indicates rotation anticlockwise
EI C
MBC 26.67
Span AB:
14.72 29.44
11.04 KN
4
R A RB 11.04 KN
RB
Span BC:
29.44 12 20 4 2
50.36 KN
4
RC 20 4 RB 29.64 KN
RB
Example: Analyse the simple frame shown in figure. End A is fixed and ends B & C are
hinged. Draw the bending moment diagram.
Solution:
In this problem A 0, B 0, C 0, D 0,
FEMS:-
Wab 2
120 2 42
106.67 KNM
L2
62
Wa 2b
120 22 4
53.33 KNM
L2
62
w l2
20 42
26.67 KNM
12
12
w l2
20 42
26.67 KNM
12
12
WL
20 4
10 KNM
8
8
WL
10 KNM
8
FAB
FBA
FBC
FCB
FCD
FDB
(1 )
(2 )
(3 )
(4 )
(5 )
(6 )
MCB 0
MDB 0
Now
4
3
3
1
EI B 26.67 EI B EI C 10 EI B EI D
3
2
4
2
23
3
1
36.66
EI B EI C EI D 0
- - - -- (7)
6
4
2
3
3
26.67 EI B EI C 0
- - - -- (8)
4
2
1
10 EI B EI D 0
- - - -- (9)
2
MCB
MDB
EI B 8.83
EI C 13.36
EI D 14.414
Substituting these values in slope equations
M AB 106.67
4
( 8.83) 41.56 KNM
3
3
3
26.67 ( 8.3) ( 13.36) 49.94 KNM
2
4
3
3
26.67 ( 13.36) ( 8.83) 0
2
4
1
10 ( 8.83) ( 14.414) 8.38 KNM
2
1
10 (14.414) ( 8.83) 0
2
MBA 53.33
MBC
M CB
MBD
MDB
2
( 8.83) 112.56 KNM
3
Span AB:
Span BC:
49.94 20 4 2
52.485 KN
4
RC 20 4 RB 27.515 KN
RB
Column BD:
20 2 8.33
7.92 KN
4
HA HD 20
HB 12.78 KN
HD
Example: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure and also drawn bending moment
and shear force diagram
Solution:
Symmetrical problem
- Sym frame + Sym loading
A 0, B 0, C 0, D 0
FEMS
W 1ab2 W 2 cd2
L2
L2
80 2 42 80 4 22
- 106.67 KNM
62
62
Wa 2b W 2 c 2d
FCB
106.67 KNM
L2
L2
FBC
2EI
2A B 0 2EI 0 B 1 EI B
- - - - - - - - 1
L
4
2
2EI
2B A 0 2EI 2B 0 EI B
MBA FBA
- - - - - -- 2
L
4
2EI
2B C
MBC FBC
L
2E2I
4
2
106.67
(2B C ) 106.67 EI B EI C - - - - - - 3
6
3
3
2EI
2C B
MCB FCB
L
2E2I
4
2
106.67
(2C B ) 106.67 EI C EI B - - - - - - 4
6
3
3
2EI
2C D
MCD FCD
L
2EI
0
(2C 0) EI C
- - - - - -- 5
4
2EI
2D C
MDC FDC
L
2EI
1
0
(0 C ) EI C
- - - - - -- 6
4
2
MAB FAB
In the above equation there are two unknown rotations. Accordingly the boundary
conditions are
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
7
2
Now MBA MBC 106.67 EI B EI C 0
3
3
2
7
MCB MCD 106.67 EI B EI C 0
3
3
Multiply by (7) and (8) by 2
49
14
EI B
EI C 0
3
3
subtracts
4
14
213.34 EI B
EI C 0
3
3
746.69
45
EI B 0
3
3
EI B 960.03
64
45
- 960.03
Clockw ise
- - - - - -- (7)
- - - - - -- (8)
EI C
-
3
7
106.67 EI B
2
3
3
7
2
3
64
32 KNM
2
MBA 64 KNM
M AB
4
2
64 64 64 KNM
3
3
4
2
MCB 106.67 ( 64) 64 64 KNM
3
3
MCD 64 KNM
MBC 106.67
MDC
1
64 -32 KNM
2
RD RC 80 KNM
Now consider free body diagram of column AB
Apply
MB 0
HA 4 64 32
HA 24 KN
MC 0
HA 4 64 32
HD 24 KN
Check:
H 0
HA HD 0
Hence okay
Note: Since symmetrical, only half frame may be analysed. Using first three equations
and taking B C
Example: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram
Solution:
Wab 2
80 5 32
FBC
56.25 KNM
L2
82
Wa 2b
80 52 3
FCB
93.75 KNM
L2
82
Slope deflection equations
MAB F AB
0
MBA FBA
0
2EI
3
2A B
L
L
2EI
3 1
3
0 B EI B EI
4
4 2
8
- - - - - - - - 1
2EI
3
2B A
L
L
2EI
3
3
2B 0 EI B EI
4
4
8
2EI
2B C
L
2EI
2B C 56.25 1 EI B 1 EI C
56.25
8
2
4
2EI
2C B
MCB FCB
L
2EI
2C B 93.75 1 EI C 1 EI B
93.75
8
2
4
2EI
3
MCD FCD
2C D
L
L
- - - - - - - - 2
MBC FBC
0
MDC FDC
0
2EI
3
3
2C 0 EI C EI
4
4
8
- - - - - - - -- 3
- - - - - - - -- 4
- - - - - - - -- 5
2EI
3
2D C
L
L
2EI
3 1
3
0 C EI C EI
4
4 2
8
- - - - - - - -- 6
In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
MBA MBC 0
Jo int conditions
MCB MCD 0
HA HD PH 0
i.e,
- - - Shear condition
0
4
4
MAB MBA MCD MDC 0
3
1
1
EI 56.25 EI B EI C 0
8
2
4
3
1
3
56.25 EI B EI C EI 0
7
2
4
8
1
1
3
And, MCB MCD 93.75 EI C EI B EI C EI 0
2
4
8
1
3
3
93.75 EI B EI C EI 0
8
4
2
8
1
3
3
3
And, MAB MBA MCD MDC EI B EI EI B EI EI C EI
2
8
8
8
1
3
EI C EI
2
8`
3
3
3
EI B EI C EI 0
9
2
2
2
From (9)
EI EI B EI C
3
1
3
EI B EI C EI B EI C 0
2
4
8
9
1
56.25 EI B EI C 0
8
8
56.25
- - - - - -- 10
Eqn(8)
1
3
3
EI B EI C EI B EI C 0
4
2
8
1
9
93.75 EI B EI C 0
8
8
93.75
EI C 8 56.25 EI B
8
- - - - - - - - - - 11
1
41.25 3 37.5 34.69 KNM
2
8
3
MBA 41.25 37.5 55.31 KNM
8
1
1
MBC 56.25 41.25 78.75 55.31 KNM
2
4
1
1
M CB 93.75 78.75 41.75 64.69 KNM
2
4
3
M CD 78.75 37.5 64.69 KNM
8
1
3
MDC 78.75 37.5 25.31 KNM
2
8
M AB
HA
34.69 55.31
22.5 KN
4
Span BC:
55.31 64.69 80 3
28.83 KN
8
RC 80 RB 51.17
RB
Column CD:
HD
64.69 25.31
22.5
4
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD = 0
22.5 22.5 = 0
Hence okay
Solution:
Frame is Symmetrical and unsymmetrical loaded hence there is a sway. Assume
sway towards right
FEMS
2EI
3
2 A B
L
L
2EI
3
B
3
3
2
2
EI B EI
3
3
2EI
3
MBA FBA
2B A
L
L
MAB F AB
2EI
3
2B
3
3
4
2
EI B EI
3
3
2EI
2B C
MBC FBC
L
2EI
2B C
4
EI B 0.5 EI C
- - - - - - - -- 1
MCB FCB
- - - - - - - - 3
2EI
2C B
L
2EI
2C B
4
EI C 0.5 EI B
2C D
L
2EI
3
2C
3
3
4
2
EI C EI
3
3
2EI
3
MDC FDC
2
D
C
L
L
MCD FCD
- - - - - - - - 4
2EI
L
2 EI
3
c
3
3
2
2
EI C EI
3
3
- - - - - - - -- 6
20 0
3
3
MAB MBA MCD MDC 60 0
4
2
EI B EI EI B 0.5EI C
3
3
7
2
EI B 0.5EI C EI 0 7
3
3
4
2
and MCB MCD EI C 0.5EI B EI C EI
3
3
7
2
0.5EI B EI C EI 0 8
3
3
2
2
4
2
4
EI B EI EI B EI EI C
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
EI EI C EI 60
3
3
3
8
2EI B 2EI C EI 60 0 9
3
MAB
KNM
4
8.18 2 34.77 12.27 KNM
3
3
2
2
MDC 8.18 34.77 17.73 KNM
3
3
MCD
Member AB:
17.73 12.27
HA
10 KN
3
Member BC:
12.27 12.27
6.135 KN
4
RB RC 6.135 KN
- ve sign indicates direction of RB dow nw ards
RC
Member CD:
HD
17.73 12.27
10 KN
3
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD + P = 0
+10 + 10 20 = 0
Hence okay
Example: Analyse the portal frame subjected to loads as shown. Also draw bending
moment diagram.
- 13.33 KNM
12
12
w l2
10 42
FBA
13.33 KNM
12
12
wl
90 10
FBC
- 112.5 KNM
8
8
w l 90 10
FCB
112.5 KNM
8
8
Slope deflection equations:
2EI
3
MAB F AB
2 A B
L
L
2EI
3
- 13.33
0 B
4
4
- 13.33 0.5 EI B 0.375 EI
2EI
3
MBA FBA
2B A
L
L
2EI
3
13.33
2B 0
4
4
FAB
- - - - - - - -- 1
- - - - - - - -- 2
13.33 EI B 0.375 EI
2EI
2B C
L
2E3I
2B C
- 112.5
10
MBC F BC
- - - - - - - -- 3
MCB F CB
- - - - - - - -- 4
4
4
MCD F CD
- - - - - - - -- 5
EI C 0.375 EI
2EI
3
2D C
L
L
2EI
3
0
0 2 C
4
4
MDC FDC
- - - - - - - -- 6
0.5EI C 0.375 EI
4
2
MAB MBA 80
4
and HD 4 MCD MBC
HA
HD
MCD MDC
4
40 0
4
4
MAB MBA MCD MDC 80 0
- - - - - - - - (7)
- - - - - - - - (8)
Final moments:
- - - - - - - -- (9)
Member AB:
61.10 1.88 10 4 2
4
5.195 KN
- ve sign indicates direction of HA is from right to left
HA
Member BC:
84.52 61.10 90 5
47.34 KN
10
RB 90 RC 38.34 KN
RC
Member CD
HD
84.54 54.7
34.81 KN
4
Check
H = 0
HA + HD +10 4 = 0
-5.20 - 34.81+ 40 = 0
Hence okay
Example: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram
Solution:
Since the columns have different moment of inertia, it is an unsymmetrical frame.
Assume sway towards right
FEMS:
WL
80 6
60 KNM
8
8
WL
FCB
60 KNM
8
Here A 0, D 0
FBC
MAB F AB
0
MBA FBA
0
2EI
3
2A B
L
L
2EI
3 1
3
0 B EI B EI
4
4 2
8
- - - - - - - - 1
2EI
3
2B A
L
L
2EI
3
3
2B 0 EI B EI
4
4
8
- - - - - - - - 2
2EI
2B C
L
2E2I
2B C 60 4 EI B 2 EI C
60
6
3
3
2EI
2C B
MCB FCB
L
2E2I
2C B 60 2 EI B 4 EI C
60
6
3
3
2EI
3
MCD FCD
2C D
L
L
MBC FBC
0
MDC FDC
0
2E2I
3
3
2C 0 2EI C EI
4
4
4
- - - - - - - -- 3
- - - - - - - -- 4
- - - - - - - -- 5
2EI
3
2D C
L
L
2E2I
3
3
0 C EI C EI
4
4
4
- - - - - - - -- 6
In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
Jo int conditions
HA HD 0
- - - Shear condition
0
4
4
MAB MBA MCD MDC 0
i.e,
3
4
2
EI 60 EI B EI C 0
8
3
3
7
2
3
60 EI B EI C EI 0
3
3
8
2
4
3
EI B EI C 2EI C EI 0
3
3
4
2
10
3
EI B
EI C EI 60 0
8
3
3
4
1
3
3
3
And, MAB MBC MCD MDC EI B EI EI B EI 2EI C EI
2
8
8
4
3
EI C EI
4
3
9
EI B 3EI C EI 0
9
2
4
And, MCB MCD 60
4 3
EI B 3EI C
9 2
From (9)
7
2
3 4 3
EI B EI C EI B 3EI C 60 0
3
3
8 9 2
7
2
1
1
EI B EI C EI B EI C 60 0
3
3
4
2
25
1
EI B EI C 60 0
12
6
- - - - - -- 10
2
10
3 4 3
EI B
EI C EI B 3EI C 60 0
3
3
8 9 2
2
10
1
EI B
EI C EI B EI C 60 0
3
3
2
1
7
EI B EI C 60 0
6
3
- - - - - -- 11
3 1
EI B 60
7 6
27.3
EI C
Now
EI
4 3
EI B 3EI C 16.55
9 2
Now
EI B =31.03, EI C 27.3 , EI 16.55
Substituting these values in slope deflection equations,
The final moments are:
1
3
MAB 31.03 16.55 21.72 KNM
2
8
3
MBA 31.03 16.55 37.24 KNM
8
4
2
MBC 60 31.03 27.93 37.25 KNM
3
3
2
4
MCB 60 31.03 27.93 43.43 KNM
3
3
3
MCD 2( 27.93) ( 16.55) 43.45 KNM
4
3
MDC 27.93 16.55 15.52 KNM
4
Column AB:
HA
37.25 21.72
14.74 KN
4
Beam BC:
37.25 43.45 80 3
38.97 KN
6
RC 80 RB 41.03
RB
Column CD:
HD
43.45 15.52
14.74 KN
4
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD = 0
14.74-14.74=0
Hence okay
Ex: Portal frame shown is fixed at ends A and D, the joint B is rigid and joint C is
hinged. Analyse the frame and draw BMD.
Solution:
FEMs:
WL 80 6
60KNM
8
8
WL 80 6
FCB
60KNM
8
8
Here A 0, D 0, B 0, CB 0, CD 0
FBC
Since C is hinged member CB and CD will rotate independently. Also the frame
is unsymmetrical, will also have sway. Let the sway be towards right.
The slope deflections are:
MAB FAB
2EI
3
2 A B
L
L
2EI
3
0 B
4
4
1
3
EI B EI
2
8
( 1)
2EI
3
2B A
L
L
2EI
3
0
2B 0
4
4
3
EI B EI
8
2EI
3
FBC
2B C
L
L
2E.2I
2B CB
60
6
4
2
60 EI B EI CB
3
3
2EI
2CB B
FCB
L
2E.2I
2CB B
60
6
4
2
60 EI CB EI B
3
3
2EI
3
FCD
2CD D
L
L
MBA FBA
MBC
MCB
MCD
2EI
3
2CD 0
4
4
3
EI CD EI
8
2EI
3
FDC
2D CD
L
L
( 2)
(3 )
(4 )
MDC
2EI
3
0 CD
4
4
1
3
EI CD EI
2
8
( 5 )
( 6 )
i..e,
IV. HA+HD = 0
MAB MBA MCD MDC
0
4
4
3
4
2
EI 60 EI B EI CB
8
3
3
7
2
3
EI B EI CB EI 60 0
( 7 )
3
3
8
2
4
EI B EI CB 60 0
( 8 )
3
3
3
EI CD EI 0
( 9 )
8
1
3
3
3
1
3
MBA MCD MDC EI B EI EI B EI EI CD EI EI CD EI 0
2
8
8
8
2
8
3
3
3
EI B EI CD EI 0 ( 10 )
2
2
2
3
From ( 9 ) EI cD EI
(11 )
8
MBA MBC EI B
MCB
MCD
MAB
Sub in ( 10 )
MAB MBA MCD MDC
3
3 3
3
EI B EI EI 0
2
2 8
2
3
15
EI B
EI 0
2
16
16 3
8
Equation (12) gives EI
EI B EI B
15 2
5
( 12 )
( 13 )
Substituting in Equation ( 7 )
MBA MBC
7
2
3 8
EI B EI CB EI B 60 0
3
3
8 5
2
7 3
EI B EI CB 60
3
3 5
26
2
EI B EI CB 60 0
15
3
( 14 )
42
EI B 180 0
15
_____________________
15
EI B 180
64.29
42
8
8
EI B 64.29 102.864
5
5
3
From (11) EI CD EI 38.574
8
3 7
3
From (7) EI CB EI B EI 60
2 3
8
From(13) EI
3 7
3
64.29 102.864 60
2 3
8
77.165
EI B 64.29,
EI CB 77.165,
EI CD 38.57,
EI 102.864
1
64.29 3 102.864 6.42 KNM
2
8
3
64.29 102.864 25.72 KNM
8
4
2
60 64.29 77.165 25.72 KNM
3
3
4
2
60 77.165 64.29 0
3
3
3
38.574 102.864 0
8
1
3
38.574 102.864 19.29 KNM
2
8
MAB
MBA
MBC
MCB
MCD
MDC
Column AB:
HA
Beam BC:
25.72 6.42
4.825 KN
4
25.72 80 3
44.29 KN
6
RC 80 44.29 35.71 KN
RB
Column CD:
HD
19.28
4.82 KN
4
Check:
H = 0
HA+HD = 0
Hence okay.
Example: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure the deflection method and then
draw the bending moment diagram
Fig
Solution:
The frame is unsymmetrical, hence there is a sway. Let the sway be towards
right.
A 0, B 0, C 0, D 0
FEMS:
20 52
41.67 KNM
12
20 52
FCB
41.67 KNM
12
FCE 15 2 30 KNM
FBC
MAB F AB
0
MBA FBA
0
2EI
3
2A B
L
L
2EI
3
0 B 0.5EI B 0.375EI
4
4
- - - - - - - - 1
2EI
3
2B A
L
L
2EI
3
2B 0 EI B 0.375EI
4
4
- - - - - - - - 2
2EI
2B C
L
2E 1.5I
2B C 41.67 1.2EI B 0.6EI C
41.67
5
2EI
2C B
MCB FCB
L
2E 1.5I
2C B 41.67 1.2EI C 0.6EI B
41.67
5
2EI
3
MCD FCD
2C D
L
L
MBC FBC
0
MDC FDC
0
2EI
3
2C 0 EI C 0.375EI
4
4
- - - - - - - -- 3
- - - - - - - -- 4
- - - - - - - -- 5
2EI
3
2D C
L
L
2EI
3
0 C 0.5EI C 0.375EI
4
4
- - - - - - - -- 6
In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD MCE 0
HA HD 0
i.e, MAB MBA MCD MDC 0
Now,
MBA MBC 0
7
8
Column AB:
HA
18.5 6.5
6.25 KN
4
Span BC:
Column CD:
10.16 14.84
HD
6.25
4
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD = 0
=0
Hence okay
Example: Analyse the portal frame shown and then draw bending moment diagram.
Solution:
It is an unsymmetrical problem hence there is a sway be towards right
A 0, B 0, C 0, D 0
FEMs:
w l2
20 52
FBC
- 41.67 KNM
12
12
w l2 20 52
FCB
41.67 KNM
12
12
3
3
4
2
EI B EI
3
3
2EI
3
2B C
L
L
2E 1.5I
2B C
- 41.67
5
6
3
- 41.67 EI B EI C
5
5
2EI
3
MCB F CB
2 C B
L
L
2E 1.5I
2 C B 0
41.67
5
- - - - - - - -- 1
- - - - - - - -- 2
MBC FBC
- - - - - - - -- 3
- - - - - - - -- 4
2EI
3
2 C D
L
L
2EI
3
0
2 C 0
4
4
MCD F CD
EI C 0.375 EI
- - - - - - - - - - 5
2EI
3
2D C
L
L
2EI
3
0
0 C
4
4
MDC FDC
- - - - - - - - - - 6
In the above equations there are three unknown B, C and and accordingly the
Boundary conditions are:
0.5EI C 0.375 EI
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
H A HD 0
i.e
0
3
4
4(M AB MBA ) 3(MCD MDC ) 0
Now
MBA MBC 0
4
2
6
3
EI B EI EI B EI C 41.67
3
3
5
5
3
2
2.53EI B EI C EI 41.67 0 (7)
5
3
MCB MCD 0
41.67 1.2EI C 0.6EI B EI C 0.375EI 0
41.67 2.2EI C 0.6EI B 0.375EI 0 (8)
MAB MBA MCD MDC
0
3
4
2
4
2
2
4 EI B EI EI B EI
3
3
3
3
8
8
16
8
EI B EI
EI B EI 4.5EI C 2.25EI 0
3
3
3
3
8EI B 4.5EI C 7.53EI 0
(9)
By solving (7), (8) and (9) we get
EI B 25.46
EI C 23.17
EI 12.8
Final moments:
2
2
25.46 12.8 8.44 KNM
3
3
4
2
MBA 25.46 12.8 25.40 KNM
3
3
6
3
MBC 25.46 23.17 41.67 25.40 KNM
5
5
MCB 41.67 1.2 23.17 0.60 20.46 28.50 KNM
MAB
Member AB:
HA
25.40 8.44
11.28 KN
3
Member BC:
RC
28.5 20.30 20 5
5
2 51.64 KN
2
RB 20 5 51.64 48.36 KN
Member CD:
HD =
28.5 16.65
= 11.28 KN
4
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD = 0
Satisfied, hence okay
Example: A portal frame having different column heights are subjected for forces as
shown in figure. Analyse the frame and draw bending moment diagram.
Wl
30 4
- 15 KNM
8
8
Wl
30 4
FBA
15 KNM
8
8
Wl
60 4
FBC
- 30 KNM
8
8
Wl
60 4
FCB
30 KNM
8
8
FCD = FDC = 0
FAB
2EI
3
2A B
L
L
2E 2I
3
- 15
0 B
4
4
- 15 EI B 0.75 EI
MAB FAB
MBA FBA
- - - - - - - - 1
2EI
3
2B A
L
L
2E 2I
3
2B 0
4
4
15 2 EI B 0.75 EI
2EI
2B C
MBC FBC
L
2E 2I
2B C
- 30
4
- 30 2EI B EI C
15
2EI
2C B
L
2E 2I
2C B
30
4
30 2EI C EI B
- - - - - - - - 2
- - - - - - - -- 3
MCB FCB
2EI
3
2C D
L
L
2EI
3
0
2 C 0
3
3
4
2
EI C EI
3
3
2EI
3
MDC FDC
2D C
L
L
2EI
3
0
0 C
3
3
2
2
EI C EI
3
3
- - - - - - - -- 4
MCD FCD
- - - - - - - -- 5
- - - - - - - -- 6
There are three unknowns, EI, B ,EI C & EI , accordingly the Boundary conditions are
MBA MBC 0
MCB MCD 0
HA HD 30 0
MAB MBA 60 MCD MDC
30 0
4
3
3MAB MBA 4MCD MDC 180 0
i.e,
Now
4
2
EI C EI
3
3
10
2
EI C EI 30 0
3
3
4 EI C EI EI C EI 180
3
3
3
3
MCD
Member AB:
18.55 21.01 30 2
15.615 KN
4
-ve sign indicates the direction of HA is from right to left.
HA
Member BC:
18.55 60 2 24.15
28.60 KN
4
RC 60 RB 28.60 31.40 KN
RB
Member CD:
HD
19 24.15
14.38 KN
3
Check:
H = 0
HA + HD + 30 = 0
-15.62 14.38 + 30 = 0
Hence okay
Example: Analyse the frame using slope deflection method and draw the Bending
Moment Diagram.
FEMS
w I2
12
24 42
32 KNM
12
w I2
FCB
32 KN M
12
Here A D 0
FBC
B
3
3
2
2
EI B EI
3
3
2EI
3
MBA FBA
2B A
L
L
MAB F AB
- - - - - -- 1
2EI
3
2B
3
3
4
2
EI B EI
3
3
2EI
2B C
MBC FBC
L
2E2I
2B C
32
4
32 2EI B EI C
- - - - - - - -- 3
2EI
2C B
L
2E2I
2C B
32
4
32 2EI C EI B
- - - - - - - - 4
MCB FCB
MCD FCD
2EI
3
2C D
L
L
2EI
3
2C
3
3
4
2
EI C EI
3
3
2D C L
2EI
3
C
3
3
2
2
EI C EI
3
3
MDC FDC
2EI
L
- - - - - - - - 6
30 0
3
3
MAB MBA MCD MDC 90 0
i.e,
4
2
EI B EI 32 2EI B EI C
3
3
10
2
EI B EI C EI 32 0
3
3
4
2
MCB MCD 32 2EI C EI B EI C EI
3
3
10
2
EI B
EI C EI 32 0
3
3
Now , MBA MBC
2
2
4
2
4
EI B EI EI B EI EI C
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
EI EI C EI 90
3
3
3
8
2EI B 2EI C EI 90
3
4
EI B EI C EI 45 0
9
3
20
4
EI B 2EI C EI 64 0
3
3
4
EI B EI C EI 45 0
3
17
EI B 3EI C 109 0
3
By (8) and (9)
- - - - - -- 10
20
4
EI C EI 64 0
3
3
4
EI B EI C EI 45 0
3
2EI B
3EI B
17
EI C 109 0
3
- - - - - - - - 11
From (10)
EI C
1
17
109 EI B 40.88
3
3
From (9)
3
EI B EI C 45
4
3
40.88 40.88 45 95.07
4
EI B 40.88, EI C 40.88, EI 95.07
Thus
Substituting these values in slope deflection equations
EI
2
40.88 2 95.07 36.12 KNM
3
3
4
2
MBA 40.88 95.07 8.88 KNM
3
3
MBC 32 240.88 40.88 8.88 KNM
MAB
MCD
To find the reaction consider the free body diagram of the frame
Reactions:
Column AB
HA
8.88 36.12
15 KN
3
Beam AB
RB
8.88 8.88 24 4
4
RC 24 4 48 48 KN
Column CD
4
2 48 KN
HD
8.88 36.12
15 KN
3
Check
H = 0
HA + HD +P = 0
-15 15 + 30 = 0
Hence okay
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m
In beam BC
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62
= -112.5 kN.m
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m
Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-end moments), now
the joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate. Due to the joint release, the joints rotate
maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments
on either side of joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and cause a net unbalanced
moment to occur at the joint.
These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and D,
according to their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are distributed
to either side of the joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses. These distributed
moments also modify the moments at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span
AB, at joints B and C in span BC and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is
dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5 in this case);
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints to which they are
carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-over or distributed moment becomes
small.
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
In order to understand the five steps mentioned in section 7.3, some words need to be defined
and relevant derivations made.
7.3.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a point, for given
support constraint conditions
A clockwise moment MA is applied at A to produce a +ve bending in beam AB. Find A and MB.
Using method of consistent deformations
4 E I 4 E I 4 E I
1 1 2 2 3 3 B
L1 L2 L3
K BA K BC K BD B
B
M
M
K BA K BC K BD K
K
M BA K BA B BA M ( D.F ) BA M
A
K AB
M AL
3EI
M
3EI 3 4 EI
A
A
L
4 L
3
( K AB ) fixed
4
80 kN .m
12
12
wl
(150)(6)
M CB
112.5 kN .m
8
8
wl 2
(10)(8) 2
M DC
53.333 kN .m
12
12
M AB M BA
M BC
M CD
4 EI (4)(EI )
0.5 EI
L
8
4 EI (4)(EI )
K CB
0.667EI
L
6
4 EI 4
EI 0.5 EI
8 8
K AB K BA
K BC
K CD
Distribution Factors
DFAB
K BA
0.5 EI
0.0
K BA K wall 0.5 ( wall stiffness)
DFBA
K BA
0.5 EI
0.4284
K BA K BC 0.5 EI 0.667EI
DFBC
K BC
0.667EI
0.5716
K BA K BC 0.5 EI 0.667EI
DFCB
K CB
0.667EI
0.5716
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
DFCD
K CD
0.500EI
0.4284
K CB K CD 0.667EI 0.500EI
DFDC
K DC
1.00
K DC
Joint
Member
AB
Distribution Factors
Computed end moments
0
-80
B
BA
C
BC
0.4284 0.5716
80
-112.5
CB
CD
DC
0.64
0.36
112.5
-53.33
53.33
-21.3
-53.33
Cycle 1
Distribution
Carry-over moments
13.923 18.577
6.962
-37.87
-18.93
9.289
-26.67
-10.65
10.823
11.122
6.256
10.65
5.561
5.412
5.325
3.128
-3.179
-6.872 -3.865
-3.128
-3.436
-1.59 -1.564
-1.933
1.964
2.019
1.135
1.933
1.01
0.982
0.967
0.568
-1.247 -0.702
-0.568
Cycle 2
Distribution
Carry-over moments
8.111
4.056
Cycle 3
Distribution
Carry-over moments
-2.382
-1.191
Cycle 4
Distribution
Computation
of Shear Forces
Carry-over moments
1.472
0.736
Cycle 5
Distribution
Summed up
moments
-69.44
-0.433
-0.577
100.69
-100.7
93.748
-93.75