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Title

Device-to-Device Communications for Future Cellular Networks: Challenges, Trade-Offs, and

Coexistence.

Objectives

Our main objective is provide an overview of the D2D types based on the communication
spectrum of D2D transmission, namely Inband D2D communication and Outband D2D
communication. Then we will present the advantages and disadvantages of each D2D mode.
Moreover, architecture and protocol enhancements, synchronization, QoS, energy
efficiency for D2D communications under LTE-A network will be described .

Introduction

During the past decade, the volume of mobile data traffic has increased at a rapid pace and
quantitative studies predict that the exponential growth will continue in the future as
illustrated in Figure 1.The growth is mainly due to emerging popular multimedia
applications that are supported by new types of devices such as smartphones and tablets
[Eri13,Eri12]. Moreover, multiple devices may be used by the same user to connect to the
Internet through the existing cellular infrastructure, which contributes to increased data
traffic [Rea10]. Consequently, the total mobile data traffic generated is predicted to have a
1000-fold increase by the year 2020 [HSS13]. This is extremely demanding in terms of
network resources and link capacity.

Figure 1: Mobile data traffic growth prediction [Cis15]

Current networks may offer good quality-of-service (QoS) in isolated areas, but they cannot
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meet the extreme capacity demands on future wireless systems in areas where they have to
handle situations where users are located in close proximity to one another, such as
shopping malls, festivals, stadiums, and even office buildings [PBM+13].
Inband D2D: The literature under this category, which contains the majority of the available
work, proposes to use the cellular spectrum for both D2D and cellular links. The motivation
for choosing inband communication is usually the high control over cellular (i.e., licensed)
spectrum.

Outband D2D: Here the D2D links exploit unlicensed spectrum. The motivation behind
using outband D2D communication is to eliminate the interference issue between D2D and
cellular link.

Motivation

1) Cellular network is continuously evolving to support the massive increase in number of

users and to handle the sheer volume of data. It is expected that the current generation is
soon to be congested [1].

2) D2D communication [1] in 5G is a new paradigm introduced to alleviate the traffic growth
and to offload it to user equipment. It is possible to reduce cellular communications and
replace it by short range D2D communication via cooperative content offloading.
3) Underlay D2D communication refers to the re-usage of resources already allocated to
cellular networks for communication.This type of communication can cause harmful
interference to cellular users.As well, the high dependency on one device to retransmit data
to one or to a group of devices might drain its battery [2].

Literrature Review

Device-to-Device (D2D) commu-nications have attracted signicant attention as a key

enabling technology of 5th generation (5G) wireless networks [1] as witnessed by the recent
Long Term Evo-lution (LTE) release 12 [2] from 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
DirectD2D communications are indeed a promising technological solution for local trafc
between mobile User Equipments (UEs) in proximity in cellular environments.In particular,
devices being close to each other can activate direct links and bypass the base station (BS)
or access point (AP) by either using cellular communications resources or using alternative
radio technologies such as Wi-Fi.
There are several papers are presented about D2D communication, its benefits and related
issues.Some of are as follows:

(1) Research paper on :"Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: A Survey"

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by Pimmy Gandotra, Student Member, IEEE, Rakesh Kumar Jha, Member, IEEE .

This paper presents an extensive survey on device-to-device (D2D)

communication has been presented in this paper, including the plus points it offers; the key
open issues associated with it like peer discovery, resource allocation etc, demanding
special attention of the research community; some of its integrant technologies like
millimeter wave D2D (mmWave), ultra dense networks (UDNs), cognitive D2D, handover
procedure in D2D and its numerous use cases. Architecture is suggested aiming to fulfill all
the subscriber demands in an optimal manner.
(2) Research paper on :"Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Cellular Networks:
Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions by Mohsen Nader Tehrani (University of
Waterloo), Murat Uysal (zyegin University), and Halim Yanikomeroglu (Carleton
University) published on May, 2014 IEEE Communications Magazine.

In this paper the authors first taxonomize possible D2D architectures and
outline three technical challenges in D2D, namely, security, interference management, and
resource allocation. Second, the authors describe possible pricing models to incentivize
users to let their devices serve as relays for other communications.
(3) Research paper on :"Device-to-Device Communication as an Underlay to LTE-Advanced
Networks" by Klaus Doppler, Mika Rinne, Carl Wijting, Cssio B. Ribeiro, and Klaus Hugl,
Nokia Research Center.

In this paper authors propose mechanisms for D2D communication session

setup and management involving procedures in the LTE System Architecture Evolution.
Moreover, they present numerical results based on system simulations in an interference
limited local area scenario. Their results show that D2D communication can increase the
total throughput observed in the cell area.

Methodology

Resource Allocation Method of D2D

In order to analysis the performance of different methods of D2D resource allocation, first
of all we propose 3 cases of D2D resource allocation method, which are described below:

a) Case All_RB_Reuse: As Figure 2 shows, D2D communication reuses all uplink frequency
resource with cellular system.

b) Case 10_RB_Reuse: As Figure 3 shows, D2D communication reuses 10 RB of cellular

uplink frequency resource. Cellular UEsstill use all uplink frequency resource.
c) Case 10_RB_Sep: As Figure 4 shows, D2D communication uses 10 RB of uplink frequency
resources. Cellular UEs only use another 36 RB of uplink frequency resource. It means that
the RB of D2D and cellular is orthogonal.
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Simulation Platform

Assume that the D2D communication underlying LTEAdvanced network only reuse uplink
frequency resource. The simulation platform consists of 7 eNB (21 sectors). We distribute
one pair of D2D UEs into one cell amount to 21 pairs of D2D UEs. In our simulation
platform, we consider that there is one transmitter and one receiver in a pair of D2D UEs,
which are working only during uplink slot. The distribution of eNB (evolved node B) and D2D
UEs is shown in Figure 4.

Fifure 4. Distribution of eNB and D2D.

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References

[1] Chai, Yingqi, Qinghe Du, and Pinyi Ren. "Partial time-frequency resource allocation for
device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks." Communications (ICC),
2013 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2013.

[2] Estimated Spectrum Bandwidth Requirements for the Future Development of IMT-2000
and IMT-Advanced, ITU.

[3] P. Janis, Y. Chia-Hao, K. Doppler, C. Ribeiro, C. Wijting, K. Hugl, O. Tirkkonen and V.

Koivunen, Device-to-device Communication Underlaying Cellular Communications

Systems, Submitted to: International Journal of Communications, Network and System

Sciences (IJCNS).

[4] E.SREE HARSHA1, T. TIRUPAL2 LTE-Advanced Cellular Networks for D2D

Communications International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.03, IssueNo.18, August-2014.

[5] :"Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: A Survey" Pimmy Gandotra,

Student Member, IEEE, Rakesh Kumar Jha, Member, IEEE .
[6] "Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Solutions, and
Future Directions by Mohsen Nader Tehrani (University of Waterloo), Murat Uysal (zyegin
University), and Halim Yanikomeroglu (Carleton University) published on May, 2014 IEEE
Communications Magazine.
[7] lingyang Song, Dusit Niyato, Zhu Han, and Ekram Hossain, Wireless Device-to- Device
Communications and Networks, contract with Cambridge University Press, UK