Les Data Sheets

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.
05
Input Data Sheets
Input Data Preparation Sheets
Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Lotus Engineering, Hethel, Norwich, Norfolk, England NR14 8EZ Tel: +44 (0)1953 608000 Fax: +44 (0)1953 608157 Email: lesoftsupport@lotuscars.co.uk

Input Data Sheets
The quality of engine simulation results is directly related to the effort exerted in assembling the data which comprises the
model. Thorough preparation of information describing the engine and its operating conditions is essential to achieving reliable
predictions.
Please complete the following data sheets and supply the as much of the requested information as possible in order to assist
the Simulation Engineer.
Engine Identification:
(eg. Type / engine no. / test no.)
Base Engine Data

Number of cylinders
Cylinder bore [mm]
Piston stroke [mm]
Connecting rod length [mm]
Piston pin off-set [mm]
Geometric compression ratio
Firing order
Phase angle with respect to cylinder no. 1

Input Data Sheets
Fuel Data:
Fuel type
Calorific value [kJ/kg]
Density [kg/m^3]
Hydrogen / carbon ratio [molar]
Oxygen / carbon ratio [molar]
Molecular mass [kg/kmol]
Fuel Delivery System Data:

Port-injection
Carburettor
Direct-injection
Indirect-injection
Combustion Chamber Data:

Component
Cylinder head
Piston
Liner
Material
Dimension [mm^2] or [mm]

Surf. Area:
Surf. Area:
Exposed length at TDC:

Input Data Sheets
Port Flow Data:

Port flow characteristics are obtained from steady flow rigs and are used in conjunction with valve lift data to calculate the
effective flow area at each point in the opening period of the valve. If flow data is not available, several standard flow
characteristics are available within Lotus Engine Simulation which can be used to estimate the port flow performance. It must be
stressed however that, for correlation work, it is essential to have measured port flow characteristics.
Note that the reference area used in defining the flow coefficient, Cf, is defined as the port diameter immediately upstream of
the valve seat.
Data defining each different type of port (typically intake or exhaust) should be supplied.
Port identification eg. Drg. No.

Port type
Port throat diameter [mm]
Number of flow data points given
Point 1 L/D ratio

Point 2 L/D ratio
[L=valve lift; D=port throat]
Flow coefficient
Flow coefficient
(Attach tables)

Input Data Sheets
Valve Data:
Poppet Valves
For poppet valves the data defining the cam profile, including the quietening ramps, requires the valve clearance (lash) to
be subtracted to generate the valve lift curve. For hydraulic tappets, the clearance may increase during the lift period as
the tappet collapses. The first and last points in the data should correspond to zero lift. The crank angle values start at zero
at the valve opening point and end at the angle corresponding to valve closing point. The increments of crank angle can be
any size and need not be regular.
Data defining each different type of valve should be supplied.
Variable Valve Timing Systems
Valve and lift curve identification

eg. Drg. No.
Valve type
Valve opening angle
Valve closing angle
Dwell angle
Maximum valve lift from valve seat
Number of points on lift curve
Point 1 Lift Angle (crank deg.)
Point 2 Lift Angle (crank deg.)
Valve lift
Valve lift
If a variable valve timing system is used the type

of system and its operating characteristics must
be defined. A cam phasing system will require the
limiting valve opening and closing points to be
specified, together with the variation of phase
angle with speed and load. Equivalent valve lift
curves are required for profile switching, e.g.
Honda VTECH, and profile modifying systems, e.g.
Rover VVC, together with maps defining the
variation of lift with speed and load.
(Attach tables)

Input Data Sheets
Data Defining Intake and Exhaust Systems:

The inlet and exhaust system can be modelled from the cold air
intake point, through to the exhaust tail pipe. The model can
include the intake air cleaner box, air flow meter, zip tube,
resonators, throttle body, inlet manifold, ports, exhaust
manifold, catalysts, silencers, turbochargers, and connecting
pipe work (though simplified models may be used for some of
these devices). Intake and exhaust system components are
represented by a network of pipes and volumes which connect
the various devices listed above, and it is essential that details
on all features of the manifolding are supplied.
The preferred route for generating the pipe network model is
to supply drawings of all the relevant components for the
simulation engineer to interpret. In addition, an assembly
drawing, or a schematic, of the whole manifold should be
supplied.
Note that drawings / data defining pipes should ideally specify
the cross-sectional area at various points along their length.
Drawings should also show the location of thermocouples and
pressure transducers used to measure intake manifold
depression, exhaust back-pressure, and any pressure/crank
angle data obtained from the engine. This data is used for
model calibration. If the model is to represent an engine on a
test bed, all connecting pipe work should be defined.
Component
Part and drg. no.s

or CAD file name
Intake manifold
Air cleaner box assembly
Zip tube
Resonators
Throttle body
Air flow meter
Cylinder head (with port dimensions
and sections)
Exhaust manifold
Catalysts
Silencers
Connecting pipe work

Input Data Sheets
Turbocharger Data:
Full turbine and compressor maps are require for an accurate representation of the turbocharger. The data should
conform to the SAE J1826 standard.
Compressor Data - General

Number of compressors
Specify the following data for each compressor:
Inlet diameter [mm]

Outlet diameter [mm]
Rotating inertia [kg m^2]
Drive gear ratio
Drive gear mechanical efficiency [0-1]
Compressor Map Data

No. of speed lines defining map

Input Data Sheets
Compressor Map Data (contd)
The following data should be repeated for every speed line defining the compressor map.
Speed [rev/min] [N/sqrt(T/Tref)]

No. of points on speed line
Corrected Mass Flow Rate
[kg/s]
Pressure Ratio
[-]
Isentropic Efficiency
[0-1]
Definitions
Mass flow rate =
m& [kg/s] T / Tref
( p / pref )
Isentropic efficiency =
Pressure ratio =
isentropic enthalpy rise

actual enthalpy rise
poutlet (static)
pinlet ( total)
Speed =
p ref = 1 bar
N [ rev/min]
T / Tref
Tref = 298 K

Input Data Sheets
Turbine Data - General
Number of turbine
Specify the following data for each turbine:
Inlet diameter [mm]

Outlet diameter [mm]
Rotating inertia [kg m^2]
Drive gear ratio
Drive gear mechanical efficiency [0-1]
Turbine Map Data

No. of speed lines defining map

Input Data Sheets
Turbine Map Data (contd)
The following data should be repeated for every speed line defining the turbine map.
Speed [rev/min] [N/sqrt(T)]

No. of points on speed line
Corrected Mass Flow Rate
[kg/s]
Pressure Ratio
[-]
Isentropic Efficiency
[0-1]
Definitions - note changes to speed and mass flow rate cf. compressor
Mass flow rate =
m& [ kg/s] T [ K]
p [kPa - abs]
Isentropic efficiency =
Pressure ratio =
pinlet ( total)
poutlet (static)
Speed =
N [rev/min]
T [K]
isentropic enthalpy rise

actual enthalpy rise

Input Data Sheets
Wastegate Data:
The position of any wastegates within the pipe network system should be specified together with the dimensions of
the valve itself and the connecting pipes.
The valve control strategy should be stated, including the variation of valve open area with engine speed, load, or
boost pressure, as appropriate.

Input Data Sheets
Charge-Cooler Data:
Number of charge-coolers
The following data should be repeated for every charge-cooler:
Number of points on charge cooler

characteristic
M a ss F lo w
R a te
[kg / s]
P re ssu re D ro p
[b a r]
C o o la n t In le t
T e m p e ra tu re
[oC ]
C h a r g e - C o o le r E f fe c t iv e n e s s
[0 -1 ]
Definitions - note uncorrected mass flow rate is used in this data

Effectiveness =
Tcharge
in
- Tcharge
out
Tcharge
in
- Tcoolant
in

Input Data Sheets
Catalyst Data:
Drawings of all catalyst elements should be provided so that the dimensions of the inlet
diffuser and exit effuser can be obtained, together with the casing geometry. Other data
required are:
Brick meterial
Number of cells per square inch

Cell wall thick ness

Input Data Sheets
Data Defining Engine Test / Operating Conditions:

A simulation is usually run at the ambient conditions specified for the power certification and the results compared to
corrected performance data. The test procedure used for calibration engine tests must be specified, e.g. DIN 70020 etc. If
the model is being calibrated for combustion analysis it will be run at the ambient conditions pertaining to the engine
test.
The inlet manifold depression and exhaust system back-pressure are symptomatic of the overall flow restriction imposed
by the pipe network up- and down-stream of the measurement points, respectively. It is important to obtain good
correlation between the simulation and the measured values, in order to obtain accurate performance predictions.
Transducer locations for these measurements should be specified.
Spark timing and fuelling should be supplied. Eg.:
Auto/Auto : running on a specified map from the ECU;
LBT/MBT: spark timing and fuelling optimised for performance. Engine speeds where performance is knock limited should
be noted.
DBL-x: spark timing for border-line detonation - deg. spark or % torque.
If a knock sensor is fitted and used to control spark timing, the sensor calibration should be specified.
If heat release analysis has been performed on the engine, data specifying the % mass of fuel burned should be supplied
[see below]. If this information is not available it can be generated from cylinder pressure/crank angle diagrams using the
combustion analysis tool in Lotus Engine Simulation.
The following data should be supplied for each engine test speed: (see over)

Input Data Sheets
Engine
Ambient
Speed
Pressure
[rev/min] [bar]
Engine
Speed
[rev/min]
Ambient
Temperature
[oC]
Spark Timing
[deg. BTDC]
Air Inlet
Pressure
[bar]
0%-10% Burn
Duration
[deg.]
Air Inlet
Temperature
[bar]
Intake Plenum
Pressure
[bar]
10%-90%
Burn Duration
[deg.]
Exhaust Exit
Pressure
[bar]
50% Burn Point

[deg.]
Exhaust Back
Pressure
[bar]
Air / Fuel
Ratio
Maximum Cylinder
Pressure
[bar]

Input Data Sheets
The following data is required to calibrate the model fully:
Engine
Volumetric
Speed
Efficiency [%]
[rev/min]
Power
[kW]
Torque
[Nm]
FMEP
[excluding
pumping]
[bar]
IMEP
[bar]
BSFC
[g/kW hr]
Note: The appropriate test standard should be quoted if any (and indicate which) of the above values are corrected.
Finally, it is essential to supply all data specifying control strategies for devices such as cam phasers, cam profiles
switching mechanisms, variable geometry intake and exhaust manifolds, wastegates.

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Lotus Engine Simulation V5.

Input Data Preparation Sheets

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

(eg. Type / engine no. / test no.)

Base Engine Data

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Fuel Delivery System Data:

Combustion Chamber Data:

Dimension [mm^2] or [mm]

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Port Flow Data:

Port identification eg. Drg. No.

Point 1 L/D ratio

[L=valve lift; D=port throat]

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Variable Valve Timing Systems

Valve and lift curve identification

If a variable valve timing system is used the type

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Data Defining Intake and Exhaust Systems:

Part and drg. no.s

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Compressor Data - General

Inlet diameter [mm]

Compressor Map Data

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Speed [rev/min] [N/sqrt(T/Tref)]

m& [kg/s] T / Tref

isentropic enthalpy rise

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Specify the following data for each turbine:

Inlet diameter [mm]

Turbine Map Data

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Speed [rev/min] [N/sqrt(T)]

isentropic enthalpy rise

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Number of points on charge cooler

Definitions - note uncorrected mass flow rate is used in this data

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Number of cells per square inch

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

Data Defining Engine Test / Operating Conditions:

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

50% Burn Point

Lotus Engine Simulation V5.05

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