The Creative Gifts of ADHD

by Scott Barry Kaufman, blogs.scientificamerican.com

October 21

"Just because a diagnosis [of ADHD] can be made does not take away from the great traits we love about Calvin
and his imaginary tiger friend, Hobbes. In fact, we actually love Calvin BECAUSE of his ADHD traits. Calvins
imagination, creativity, energy, lack of attention, and view of the world are the gifts that Mr. Watterson gave to
this character." -- The Dragonfly Forest

In his 2004 book "Creativity is Forever", Gary Davis reviewed the creativity literature from 1961 to 2003 and identified 22 reoccurring
personality traits of creative people. This included 16 "positive" traits (e.g., independent, risk-taking, high energy, curiosity, humor,
artistic, emotional) and 6 "negative" traits (e.g., impulsive, hyperactive, argumentative). In her own review of the creativity literature,
Bonnie Cramond found that many of these same traits overlap to a substantial degree with behavioral descriptions of Attention Deficit
Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)-- including higher levels of spontaneous idea generation, mind wandering, daydreaming, sensation
seeking, energy, and impulsivity.
Research since then has supported the notion that people with ADHD characteristics are more likely to reach higher levels of creative
thought and achievement than people without these characteristics (see here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here).
Recent research by Darya Zabelina and colleagues have found that real-life creative achievement is associated with the ability to
broaden attention and have a leaky mental filter-- something in which people with ADHD excel.
Recent work in cognitive neuroscience also suggests a connection between ADHD and creativity (see here and here). Both creative
thinkers and people with ADHD show difficulty suppressing brain activity coming from the "Imagination Network":

The Imagination Network

Of course, whether this is a positive thing or a negative thing depends on the context. The ability to control your attention is most
certainly a valuable asset; difficulty inhibiting your inner mind can get in the way of paying attention to a boring classroom lecture or
concentrating on a challenging problem. But the ability to keep your inner stream of fantasies, imagination, and daydreams on call
can be immensely conducive to creativity. By automatically treating ADHD characteristics as a disability-- as we so often do in an
educational context-- we are unnecessarily letting too many competent and creative kids fall through the cracks.
Nine percent of children aged 5-17 years old are labeled ADHD on average per year, and placed in special education programs.
However, new data from The National Center for Learning Disabilities shows that only 1% of students who receive IDEA (Individuals
With Disabilities Act) services are in gifted and talented programs, and only 2% are enrolled in an AP course. The report concludes
that "students with learning and attention issues are shut out of gifted and AP programs, held back in grade level and suspended from
school at higher rates than other students."
Why does this matter? Consider a new study conducted by C. Matthew Fugate and colleagues. They selected a population of students
with ADHD characteristics who were part of a summer residential camp for gifted, creative, and talented students. The large majority
of the students were selected for the program because they either scored in the 90th percentile or above on a standardized test, or had
a GPA of 3.5 or greater in specific areas (e.g., mathematics, chemistry).
The researchers then compared this ADHD group of students with a non-ADHD group of students who were participating in the same
gifted program. They gave all the students tests of fluid reasoning, working memory, and creative cognition. Fluid reasoning involves

the ability to infer relations and spot novel and complex patterns that draw on minimal prior knowledge and expertise. Working
memory involves the ability to control attention and hold multiple streams of information in mind at once. They measured creative
cognition by having the students come up with novel drawings that included one of the following elements: an oval shape, incomplete
figures, and two straight lines.
The researchers found that students with ADHD characteristics (especially those who scored high in "inattention") had lower working
memory scores than the non-ADHD students, even though they did not differ in their fluid reasoning ability. This is consistent with
past research showing that people with ADHD tend to score lower on tests of working memory (see here and here), but these findings
also suggest that people with ADHD can still be quite smart despite their reduced ability to hold multiple pieces of information in
memory. Also, despite their reduced working memory, 53% of the academically advanced students with ADHD characteristics scored
at or above the 70th percentile on the creativity index. In fact, for both the ADHD and the non-ADHD group of students, the poorer
the working memory, the higher the creativity!
This obviously has some important educational implications. To be sure, ADHD can make it difficult for students to pay attention in
class and organize their lives. The importance of learning key attentional control skills should not be undervalued. But let's not throw
out the baby with the bathwater. As the researchers note, "in the school setting, the challenge becomes how to create an environment
in which creativity is emphasized as a pathway to learning as well as an outcome of learning."
One issue involves the identification of "twice exceptional" students and their appropriate educational programming. Assessments of
creativity are notably absent from most gifted and talented programs in this country. Instead of automatically putting children with
ADHD characteristics in special education, a broader assessment should be conducted. For one, IQ tests could be administered that
focus less on working memory and memorization, and allows for a fairer assessment of fluid reasoning and non-sequential thought
among this population of students.
A broader assessment could also allow students with ADHD characteristics to display their creative strengths, including divergent
thinking, imagination, and hyperfocus (when interested). People with ADHD often are able to focus better than others when they are
deeply engaged in an activity that is personally meaningful to them. Recent research suggests that the brain network that people with
ADHD have difficulty suppressing (the "Imagination Network") is the same brain network that is conducive to flow and engagement
among musicians, including jazz musicians and rappers!

In terms of programming, problem-based learning (PBL) approaches may enable ADHD students to engage more with the material,
and become active learners, rather than passive observers (see here). Additionally, learning can be assessed through project-based
learning (PBL), in which students demonstrate their knowledge of the course material through the creation of different products (e.g.,
cartoons, role-playing, blogs, videos, newspaper articles), and the constant revision of these products.
Of course, these same possibilities should extent to all students in the classroom, academically advanced or not. Because we never
really know whether an ADHD characteristic is a learning impediment or a creative gift.
Consider the case of John, who in 1949 attended Eton College and dreamed of becoming a scientist. However, last in his class, he
received the following comment on his report card:

"His work has been far from satisfactory... he will not listen, but will insist on doing his work in his own way... I
believe he has ideas about becoming a Scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous, if he can't learn
simple Biological facts he would have no chance of doing the work of a Specialist, and it would be a sheer waste
of time on his part, and of those who have to teach him."

This was Sir John B. Gurdon, winner of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his revolutionary research on stem cells.
Like so many other highly creative, competent individuals, he might have been referred for testing and given the label "attention
deficit hyperactive disorder".
It's time to stop letting this happen.
2014 Scott Barry Kaufman, All Rights Reserved
The Imagination Network image was illustrated by George Doutsiopoulos.