Endocrine Secretion and Action-Global Overview PDF

Photo: Colorized transmission electron micrograph of an endocrine cell from the anterior pituitary gland The secretory vesicles
(brown) contain hormones

From: Seeley’s Anatomy & Physiology 10th ed New York, NY: McGraw-Hill 2010
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the four classes of chemical messengers
2. Define hormone and target tissue
3. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
4. Compare and contrast the nervous system with the endocrine system
5. Describe the common characteristics of all hormones
6. Define binding protein, bound hormone, and free hormone and discuss
the effect of binding proteins on circulating hormone levels
7. List and describe the two chemical categories of hormones
8. Explain the influence of the chemical nature of a hormone on its
transport in the blood, its removal from circulation, and its life span
9. Describe the three main patterns of hormone secretion
Marc Imhotep Cray, MD

Overview of the Endocrine System
 Endocrine system uses hormones to transfer information between
different tissues
 It is a finely regulated machine that uses feedback loops and sensors to
ensure constant homeostasis within body
 It plays some form of regulatory role in almost all physiologic
processes
 It has effects on development, growth, metabolism and reproduction
and works with almost every organ system, including the nervous and
immune system
 In contrast to neurotransmitters, which work in synapse between neuron

endplate and receptors they act on, hormones are secreted into
circulation and can work on tissues far away from source of origin

Classes of Chemical Messengers
1. Autocrine chemical messengers An autocrine chemical messenger
stimulates the cell that originally secreted it
 Examples are those secreted by white blood cells during an infection
 Several types WBCs can stimulate their own replication, so that
total number of white blood cells increases rapidly
2 Paracrine chemical messengers Paracrine chemical messengers act locally

on nearby cells
 These chemical messengers are secreted by one cell type into
extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells
 An is histamine, released by certain white blood cells during allergic
reactions Histamine stimulates vasodilation in nearby blood vessels

Classes of Chemical Messengers (2)
3 Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers secreted by
neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether it is another neuron, a muscle
cell, or a glandular cell
 NTs are secreted into a synaptic cleft, rather than into bloodstream
Therefore, in strictest sense NTs are paracrine agents, but for our
purposes it is most appropriate to consider them as a separate category
4 Endocrine chemical messengers Endocrine chemical messengers are

secreted into bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together
constitute endocrine system
 These chemical messengers travel through general circulation to their
target cells

The routes by which chemical signals are
delivered to cells.
Modified from: Brown TA, Brown D. USMLE Step 1 Secrets, 3rd Ed. Saunders, 2013
Autonomic Nervous System
vs Endocrine System in Homeostasis
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the moment-to-moment regulator of
the internal environment, regulating specific functions that occur without
conscious control:
 respiration,
 circulation,
 digestion,
 body temperature,
 metabolism,
 sweating, secretions of certain endocrine glands
Endocrine system, in contrast, provides slower, more generalized regulation

by secreting hormones into the systemic circulation to act at distant,
widespread sites over periods of minutes to hours to days
Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 7
ANS and Endocrine System
[common properties]
 high-level integration in brain
 ability to influence processes in distant regions of body
 extensive use of negative feedback
 maintain homeostasis
 both systems use chemicals for transmission of information

Homeostasis
 The physiologic process of maintaining an internal environment
(ECF environment) compatible with normal health
 Autonomic reflexes maintain set points and modulate organ

system functions via negative feedback in pursuit of homeostasis

Homeostasis (2)
 A dynamic steady state of constituents in internal environment
(ECF) that surrounds and exchanges materials with cells
 Factors homeostatically maintained:

(Controlled Variables)
 Concentration of nutrient molecules
 Concentration of O2 and CO2
 Concentration of waste products
 pH
 Concentration of water, salts, and other electrolytes
 Temperature
 Volume and pressure
Homeostasis (3)
Nervous versus Endocrine
Wired Wireless
Neurotransmitters Hormones
Hormones
Short Distance
Short Distance Long
Long Distance
Distance
Closeness Receptor Specificity
Rapid Onset Delayed Onset
Short Duration Prolonged Duration
Rapid Response Regulation

Components of a negative feedback control system
Recognizes deviation of
normal set point value Attempt to restore
set point value
Measures control variable
COMPARATOR +
SENSOR
ERROR
stretch receptors, chemo-, SET EFFECTOR
baro-, osmo-, and thermo- SIGNAL
POINT
receptors etc
-
Negative feedback: Initiation of
responses that counter deviations
CONTROLLED
of controlled variables from their
VARIABLE
(SEE NEXT SLIDE)
-
NEGATIVE
normal range
FEEDBACK
Important variable maintained
within a normal range Effector opposes stimulus
12
Redrawn after: Kibble JD, Halsey CR, Homeostasis: In Medical Physiology -The Big Picture; McGraw-Hill ,2009:2
Examples of Physiologic Controlled Variables
Controlled Variable Typical Set Point Value
(Arterial Blood Sample)
Arterial O2 partial pressure 100 mm Hg

Arterial CO2 partial pressure 40 mm Hg
Arterial blood pH pH 74
Glucose 90 mg/dL (5 mM)
Core body temperature 984°F (37°C)
Serum Na+ 140 mEq/L
Serum K+ 40 mEq/L
Serum Ca2+ 45 mEq/L
Mean arterial blood pressure 90 mm Hg
Glomerular filtration rate 120 mL /min
Adopted from: Kibble JD, Halsey CR, Homeostasis: In Medical Physiology: The Big Picture; McGraw-Hill ,2009:3

Some Important Negative Feedback
Control Systems
From Carroll RG Elsevier’s Integrated Physiology Mosby, Inc. 2007; TABLE 1-3, Pg 5

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Control and
Autonomic & Hormonal Feedback Loops

Katzung & Trevor Pharmacology Examination & Board Review 10th Ed 2014
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display
Endocrine Glands and Hormones

 Secrete biologically active
molecules into blood
 Lack ducts
 Carry hormones to target

cells that contain specific
receptor proteins for that
hormone
 Target cells can respond in a

specific fashion Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

 Neurohormone:
 Specialized neurons that secrete chemicals into blood rather
than synaptic cleft

 Chemical secreted is called neurohormone
 Hormones:
 Affect metabolism of target organs
 Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, and
reproduction

Chemical Classification of Hormones

 Amines:
 Hormones derived from tyrosine and tryptophan
 NE, Epi, T4
 Polypeptides and proteins:

 Polypeptides:
 Chains of < 100 amino acids in length
 ADH
 Protein hormones:
 Polypeptide chains with > 100 amino acids
 Growth hormone

Chemical Classification of Hormones cont.

 Lipids derived from cholesterol
 Are lipophilic hormones
 Testosterone
 Estradiol
 Cortisol
 Progesterone
 Glycoproteins:
 Long polypeptides (>100) bound to 1 or more
carbohydrate (CHO) groups
 FSH and LH

Cholesterol-derived (Steroid) Hormones
Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011
Chemical Classification of Hormones cont.

 Hormones can also be divided into:
 Polar:
 H20 soluble
 Nonpolar (lipophilic):
 H20 insoluble
 Can gain entry into target cells
 Steroid hormones and T4
 Pineal gland secretes melatonin:
 Has properties of both H20 soluble and lipophilic
hormones

Prohormones and Prehormones

 Prohormone:
 Precursor is a longer chained polypeptide that is cut and
spliced together to make the hormone
 Proinsulin
 Preprohormone:
 Prohormone derived from larger precursor molecule
 Preproinsulin
 Prehormone:
 Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive
until changed into hormones by target cells
 T4 converted to T3

Common Aspects of Neural and Endocrine

Regulation
 APs are chemical events produced by diffusion of ions through neuron plasma
membrane
 Action of some hormones are accompanied by ion diffusion and electrical
changes in target cell
 Nerve axon boutons release NTs
 Some chemicals are secreted as hormones, and also are NTs
 In order for either a NT or hormone to function in physiological regulation:

 Target cell must have specific receptor proteins
 Combination of regulatory molecule with its receptor

proteins must cause a specific sequence of changes
 There must be a mechanism to quickly turn off action of a regulator

Hormonal Interactions
 Synergistic:
 Two hormones work together to produce a result
 Additive:
 Each hormone separately produces response, together
at same concentrations stimulate even greater effect

 NE and Epi
 Complementary:
 Each hormone stimulates different step in process
 FSH and testosterone

Hormonal Interactions cont.

 Permissive effects:
 Hormone enhances responsiveness of a target organ
to second hormone
 Increases activity of a second hormone
 Prior exposure of uterus to estrogen induces
formation of receptors for progesterone

 Antagonistic effects:
 Action of one hormone antagonizes effects of another
 Insulin and glucagon

Effects of [Hormone] on Tissue Response

 [Hormone] in blood reflects rate of secretion
 Half-life:
 Time required for blood [hormone] to be reduced to ½
reference level
 Minutes to days
 Normal tissue responses are produced only when [hormone]

are present within physiological range
 Varying [hormone] within normal, physiological range can affect

responsiveness of target cells
Effects of [Hormone] on Tissue Response

 Priming effect (upregulation):
 Increase number of receptors formed on target cells in
response to particular hormone
 Greater response by target cell
 Desensitization (downregulation):
 Prolonged exposure to high [polypeptide
hormone]
 Subsequent exposure to same [hormone] produces
less response
 Decrease in number of receptors on target cells
 Insulin in adipose cells
 Pulsatile secretion may prevent downregulation

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

 Hormones of same chemical class have similar mechanisms of
action
 Similarities include:
 Location of cellular receptor proteins depends on

chemical nature of hormone
 Events that occur in target cells
 To respond to a hormone:
 Target cell must have specific receptors for that hormone
(specificity)
 Hormones exhibit:
 Affinity (bind to receptors with high bond strength)

 Saturation (low capacity of receptors)

Hormones that Bind to Nuclear Receptor

Proteins
 Lipophilic steroid and thyroid
hormones are attached to
plasma carrier proteins
 Hormones dissociate from
carrier proteins to pass
through lipid component of
target plasma membrane
 Receptors for lipophilic

hormones are known as nuclear
hormone receptors
Marc Imhotep Cray, MD Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011 29
Nuclear Hormone Receptors

 Steroid receptors are located in cytoplasm and in nucleus
 Function within cell to activate genetic transcription

 Messenger RNA directs synthesis of specific enzyme proteins that change
metabolism
 Each nuclear hormone receptor has 2 regions:
 A ligand (hormone)-binding domain
 DNA-binding domain
 Receptor must be activated by binding to hormone before
binding to specific region of DNA called HRE (hormone
responsive element)
 Located adjacent to gene that will be transcribed

Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action

Cytoplasmic receptor binds to
steroid hormone Translocates to
nucleus DNA-binding domain
binds to specific HRE of the DNA
Dimerization* occurs Stimulates
transcription of particular genes
*Dimerization = Process of 2
receptor units coming together
at the 2 half-sites.
Mechanism of Thyroid Hormone Action

 T4 passes into cytoplasm and
is converted to T3
 Receptor proteins located in
nucleus
 T3 binds to ligand-binding
domain
 Other half-site is vitamin A
derivative (9-cis-retinoic) acid
 DNA-binding domain can then bind
to the half-site of the HRE
 Two partners can bind to
the DNA to activate HRE
 Stimulate transcription of genes

Hormones that Use 2nd Messengers

 Hormones that cannot pass through plasma membrane
use 2nd messengers
 Catecholamine, polypeptide, and glycoprotein hormones bind to
receptor proteins on target plasma membrane
 Actions are mediated by 2nd messengers (signal-

transduction mechanisms)
 Extracellular hormones are transduced into intracellular 2nd
messengers

Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP
 Polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone binds to
receptor protein causing dissociation of a subunit of
G-protein
 G-protein subunit binds to and activates
adenylate cyclase
 ATP cAMP + PPi
 cAMP attaches to inhibitory subunit of protein kinase
 Inhibitory subunit dissociates and activates protein

kinase

Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP
 Phosphorylates enzymes
within cell to produce
hormone’s effects
 Modulates activity of
enzymes present in cell
 Alters metabolism of cell

 cAMP inactivated by
phosphodiesterase
 Hydrolyzes cAMP to inactive
fragments Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011

Phospholipase-C-Ca2+
 Binding of epinephrine to α-adrenergic receptor in
plasma membrane activates a G- protein intermediate,
phospholipase C
 Phospholipase C splits phospholipid into IP3 and DAG
 Both derivatives serve as 2
nd messengers
 IP3 diffuses through cytoplasm to ER

 Binding of IP3 to receptor protein in ER causes Ca2+
channels to open

Phospholipase-C-Ca2+ cont.
 Ca2+ diffuses into
cytoplasm
 Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
 Calmodulin activates
specific protein kinase
enzymes
 Alters metabolism of cell,
producing hormone’s
effects

Epinephrine Can Act Through Two 2nd

Messenger Systems

Tyrosine Kinase
 Insulin receptor consists of 2 units that dimerize when
they bind with insulin
 Insulin binds to ligand–binding site on plasma membrane,
activating enzymatic site in cytoplasm
 Autophosphorylation occurs, increasing tyrosine kinase

activity
 Activates signaling molecules

 Stimulate glycogen, fat and protein synthesis
 Stimulate insertion of GLUT-4 (glucose transporter) carrier proteins
Tyrosine Kinase cont.

Pituitary Gland
 Pituitary gland is located
in diencephalon
 Structurally and
functionally divided into:
 Anterior lobe
 Posterior lobe

Pituitary Gland cont.

 Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis):
 Master gland
 Derived from a pouch of epithelial tissue that migrates upward from
mouth
 Consists of 2 parts:
 Pars distalis: anterior pituitary
 Pars tuberalis: thin extension in contact with the
infundibulum
 Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis):
 Formed by downgrowth of brain during fetal development
 Is in contact with infundibulum
 Nerve fibers extend through infundibulum

Pituitary Hormones
 Anterior Pituitary:
 Trophic effects:
 High blood [hormone]
causes target organ to

hypertrophy
 Low blood [hormone]

causes target organ to
atrophy
Pituitary Hormones cont.

 Posterior pituitary:
 Stores and releases 2 hormones that are produced in
hypothalamus:
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin):
 Promotes retention of H20 by kidneys
 Less H20 is excreted in urine
 Oxytocin:
 Stimulates contractions of uterus during parturition
 Stimulates contractions of mammary gland alveoli
 Milk-ejection reflex

Hypothalamic Control of Posterior Pituitary

 Hypothalamus neuron cell
bodies produce:
 ADH: supraoptic nuclei
 Oxytocin: paraventricular nuclei
 Transported along
hypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract
 Stored in posterior pituitary
 Release controlled by
neuroendocrine reflexes Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011

Hypothalamic Control of Anterior Pituitary

 Hormonal control rather than
neural
 Hypothalamus neurons
synthesize releasing and
inhibiting hormones
 Hormones are transported to
axon endings of median
eminence
 Hormones secreted into
hypothalamo-hypophyseal
portal system regulate
secretions of anterior pituitary

Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary

 Anterior pituitary and hypothalamic secretions are
controlled by target organs they regulate
 Secretions are controlled by negative feedback inhibition
by target gland hormones ( so-called second tier
hormones )
 Negative feedback at 2 levels:

 The target gland hormone can act on hypothalamus and
inhibit secretion of releasing hormones
 The target gland hormone can act on anterior pituitary and
inhibit response to the releasing hormone

Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary cont.

 Short feedback loop:
 Retrograde transport of
blood from anterior pituitary
to hypothalamus
 Hormone released by anterior
pituitary inhibits secretion of
releasing hormone
 Positive feedback
effect:
 During menstrual cycle,
estrogen stimulates LH surge

Higher Brain Function and Pituitary Secretion

 Axis:
 Relationship between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and a
particular target gland
 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis
 Hypothalamus receives input from higher brain

centers
 Psychological stress affects:
 Circadian rhythms
 Menstrual cycle

Adrenal Glands
 Paired organs that cap kidneys
 Each gland consists of an outer cortex and inner

medulla
 Adrenal medulla:
 Derived from embryonic neural crest ectoderm (same tissue
that produces sympathetic ganglia)
 Synthesizes and secretes:
 Catecholamines (mainly Epi but some NE)

Functions of Adrenal Medulla

 Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons
 Increase respiratory rate
 Increase HR and cardiac output
 Vasoconstrict blood vessels, thus increasing venous
return
 Stimulate glycogenolysis
 Stimulate lipolysis

Adrenal Glands
 Adrenal cortex:
 Does not receive neural
innervation
 Must be stimulated
hormonally (ACTH)
 Consists of 3 zones:
 Zona glomerulosa
 Zona fasciculata
 Zona reticularis
 Secretes corticosteroids

Functions of the Adrenal Cortex

 Zona glomerulosa:
 Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone):
 Stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na and secrete K

+ +
 Zona fasciculata:
 Glucocorticoids (cortisol):
 Inhibit glucose utilization and stimulate

gluconeogenesis
 Zona reticularis (DHEA):
 Sex steroids:
 Supplement sex steroids

Functions of Adrenal Cortex
Stress and Adrenal Gland

 Non-specific response to stress
produces general adaptation
syndrome (GAS)
 Alarm phase:
 Adrenal glands activated
 Stage of resistance:
 Stage of readjustment
 Stage of exhaustion:
 Sickness and/or death if
readjustment is not complete

Thyroid Hormones
 Thyroid gland is located just below
larynx
 Thyroid is largest of pure

endocrine glands
 Follicular cells secrete thyroxine
 Parafollicular cells secrete

calcitonin Fox SI. Human Physiology 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011

Production of Thyroid Hormones

 Iodide (I-) actively transported into follicle and
secreted into colloid
 Oxidized to iodine (Io)
 Iodine attached to tyrosine within thyroglobulin chain

 Attachment of 1 iodine produces monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
 Attachment of 2 iodines produces diiodotyrosine (DIT)
 MIT and DIT or 2 DIT molecules coupled together

 T3 and T4 produced
Production of Thyroid Hormones cont.

 T3 and T4 produced
 TSH stimulates pinocytosis into follicular cell
 Enzymes hydrolyze T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin
 Attached to TBG and released into blood

Production of Thyroid Hormones
Actions of T3
 Stimulates protein synthesis
 Promotes maturation of nervous system
 Stimulates rate of cellular respiration by:
 Production of uncoupling proteins
 Increase active transport by Na+/K+ pumps
 Lower cellular [ATP]
 Increases metabolic heat

 Increases metabolic rate
 Stimulates increased consumption of glucose, fatty acids and
other molecules
Diseases of Thyroid
 Iodine-deficiency (endemic)
goiter:
 Abnormal growth of thyroid
gland
 In absence of sufficient iodine,
cannot produce adequate

amounts of T4 and T3
 Lack of negative
feedback inhibition
 Stimulates TSH, which
causes abnormal growth
Diseases of Thyroid cont.

 Adult myxedema: (Iodine-deficiency goiter cont.)
 Accumulation of mucoproteins and fluid in subcutaneous
tissue
 Symptoms:
 Decreased metabolic rate
 Weight gain
 Decreased ability to adapt to cold

 Lethargy

Diseases of Thyroid cont.
 Grave’s disease:
 Autoimmune disorder:
 Exerts TSH-like effects on thyroid
 Not affected by negative feedback
 Cretinism:
 Hypothyroid from end of 1st trimester to 6 months postnatally
Severe mental retardation

Parathyroid Glands
 Embedded in lateral lobes of thyroid
gland
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
 Only hormone secreted by parathyroid
glands
 Single most important hormone in
control of blood [Ca2+]
 Stimulated by decreased blood [Ca2+]
 Promotes rise in blood [Ca2+] by
acting on bones, kidney and
intestines
Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)
 Alpha cells secrete glucagon

 Stimulus is decrease in blood [glucose]
 Stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
 Stimulates conversion of fatty acids
to ketones
 Beta cells secrete insulin

 Stimulus is increase in blood [glucose]
 Promotes entry of glucose into cells
 Converts glucose to glycogen
and fat
 Aids entry of amino acids into cells
Pineal Gland
 Secretes melatonin:
 Production stimulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in
hypothalamus
 SCN is primary center for circadian rhythms
 Light/dark changes required to synchronize
 Melatonin secretion increases with darkness and peaks in
middle of night
 May inhibit GnRH
 May function in onset of puberty (controversial)

Pineal Gland
67
Thymus
 Site of production of T cells (thymus- dependent cells), which
are lymphocytes
 Lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity
 Secretes hormones that are believed to stimulate T cells after

leave thymus
 Thymus gland size is large in newborns and children
 Regresses after puberty and becomes infiltrated with
strands of fibrous tissue

Gonads and Placenta

 Gonads (testes and ovaries):
 Secrete sex hormones
 Testosterone
 Estradiol 17-β
 After menopause, produces estrone
 Progesterone
 Placenta:
 Secretes large amounts of estriol, progesterone, hCG, hCS

Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation

 Autocrine:
 Produced and act within same tissue of an organ
 All autocrine regulators control gene expression in target cells
 Paracrine:
 Produced within one tissue and regulate a different tissue of same organ
 Cytokines (lymphokines):
 Regulate different cells (interleukins)
 Growth factors:
 Promote growth and cell division in any organ
 Neutrophins:
 Guide regenerating peripheral neurons

Prostaglandins
 Most diverse group of autocrine regulators
 Produced in almost every organ
 Wide variety of functions
 Different prostaglandins may exert antagonistic effects in some
tissues
 Immune system:
 Promote inflammatory process
 Reproductive system:
 Play role in ovulation
 Digestive system:
 Inhibit gastric secretion

Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins cont.
 Respiratory system:
 May bronchoconstrict or bronchodilate
 Circulatory system:
 Vasoconstrictors or vasodilators
 Urinary system:
 Vasodilation
 Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis:

 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
 Aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen: inhibit COX1
 Celecoxib : inhibit COX2

THE END

Further study:
eLearning
Endocrine cloud folder tools and resources
Textbooks
Mulroney SE. and Myers AK. Netter's Essential Physiology. Philadelphia:

Saunders, 2009
Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13Ed.

Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2016

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Photo: Colorized transmission electron micrograph of an endocrine cell from the anterior pituitary gland The secretory vesicles

(brown) contain hormones

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD

 In contrast to neurotransmitters, which work in synapse between neuron

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD

2 Paracrine chemical messengers Paracrine chemical messengers act locally

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD

4 Endocrine chemical messengers Endocrine chemical messengers are

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD

Endocrine system, in contrast, provides slower, more generalized regulation

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 8

 Autonomic reflexes maintain set points and modulate organ

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 9

 Factors homeostatically maintained:

Closeness Receptor Specificity

Rapid Onset Delayed Onset

Short Duration Prolonged Duration

Rapid Response Regulation

Arterial O2 partial pressure 100 mm Hg

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 13

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 14

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 15

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

 Carry hormones to target

 Target cells can respond in a

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 16

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

than synaptic cleft

 Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, and

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 17

Chemical Classification of Hormones

 Polypeptides and proteins:

 Chains of < 100 amino acids in length

 Polypeptide chains with > 100 amino acids

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 18

Chemical Classification of Hormones cont.

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 19

Cholesterol-derived (Steroid) Hormones

Chemical Classification of Hormones cont.

 Can gain entry into target cells

 Steroid hormones and T4

 Pineal gland secretes melatonin:

 Has properties of both H20 soluble and lipophilic

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 21

Prohormones and Prehormones

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 22

Common Aspects of Neural and Endocrine

 Some chemicals are secreted as hormones, and also are NTs

 In order for either a NT or hormone to function in physiological regulation:

 Combination of regulatory molecule with its receptor

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 23

at same concentrations stimulate even greater effect

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 24

Hormonal Interactions cont.

formation of receptors for progesterone

 Insulin and glucagon

Marc Imhotep Cray, MD 25

Effects of [Hormone] on Tissue Response

 Normal tissue responses are produced only when [hormone]

 Varying [hormone] within normal, physiological range can affect

Effects of [Hormone] on Tissue Response

 Insulin in adipose cells

 Pulsatile secretion may prevent downregulation

Mechanisms of Hormone Action

 Location of cellular receptor proteins depends on

 Affinity (bind to receptors with high bond strength)