Beruflich Dokumente
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Timber classification
Production
Properties
Types of timber used in construction industry
Usage of timber
(trada.co.uk)
Softwood
Needle like leaves
Conifers bear cone-shape fruits
E.g. pines and spruces
Hardwood
Broad leafed tress
Deciduous trees shed leaves annually
Property
Hardwood
Softwood
1.
Annual rings
Not distinct
Distinct
2.
Color
Dark
Light
3.
Density
High
Low
4.
Medullar rays
Distinct
Not distinct
5.
Strength
Strong in tension,
compression and shear
6.
Examples
Teak, sal
Fir, pines
Annual rings
Medullar rays
STRUCTURE OF WOOD
Outer bark protects tree from extreme
temperature, mechanical damage etc
Inner bark called as bast (softer and moister)
CONVERSION TO TIMBER
Immediately after felling of trees, the branches
are cut off and the trunk is cut into logs
Conversion process if cutting and sawing logs
into suitable sections of timber
Type of timber sawing:
Ordinary
sawing
Quarter sawing
Tangential sawing
Radial sawing
ORDINARY SAWING
Parallel
QUARTER SAWING
Tendency to cup i.e. to curve in a transverse
direction
When applied to wood, not having distinct
medullar rays this method produces very fine
wood
TANGENTIAL SAWING
Boards or planks sawn tangentially to annual
rings
Not suitable for flooring
SEASONING OF TIMBER
SEASONING OF TIMBER
Kiln
drying
Electrical
Boiling
Artificial
seasoning
Water
Chemical
LOSS IN CONVERSION
logs 40%
Square logs 30%
Scantlings
Round
logs 50%
Square logs 40%
Knots
Cracks,
fissures,
resin
pockets
Sloping
grain
Shakes
Defects
in
timber
Presence
of
sapwood
Twisted
grain or
fibre
Upset /
rupture
Wane
knot
shakes
Twisted fibre
wane
Resin pockets
Charring
Surface
coat
Immersion
TREATMENT BY DIFFUSION
Carried out on green timber (moisture content
> 50%) just after conversion to green timber
Very soluble boron compounds are applied on
the surface of the timber
Pieces are the stacked together and covered
with impermeable cover to prevent exaporation
Over a period of 1 month or more, the boron
diffuses into the wet timber and acts as a
preservative
PRESERVATION OF WOODWORK
Maintenance by painting etc as a mean of
preservation
Timberwork in a building should be preserved by
oiling, painting, varnishing etc. at regular intervals
Woodwork should have proper ventilation around it
Should not be placed in corrosive condition as in
lime or cement mortar or subjected to alternate
wetting and drying
PERMISSIBLE MOISTURE
TESTING OF WOOD
Not generally tested in the lab.
Classified more only by its species and by
visual examination for defects
However, following tests are prescribed for
important works:
Determination
of moisture content
Tensile strength parallel to grains
Tensile strength perpendicular to grains
Charpy test for brittleness