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I. I NTRODUCTION
(1)
It balances the heat lost into the environment due to convection, qc , and radiation, qr , against the heat gained from
solar radiation, qs , and the resistive heating of the conductor,
I 2 R(Tc ).
Should there be a sudden change in the current, the above
equation must also account for the heat stored by the conductor
material, as shown by the following equation
qc + qr + mCp
dTc
= qs + I 2 R (Tc )
dt
(2)
hc1
hc2
0.52 #
Df Vw
kf Kangle (3)
=
1.01 + 0.372
f
0.6
Df Vw
= 0.0119
kf Kangle
(4)
f
"
(5)
kf
(7)
The mass flux of liquid water from precipitation is calculated by first finding the liquid water content using Bests
equation [9]
w = 0.067P 0.846
(8)
The vector sum of the downward and windblown mass flux
is then computed to find the total mass flux falling onto the
line
q
1
2
2
,
(9)
ma = (0.001 P w ) + (0.0036 Vw w)
3600
where P is the precipitation rate, w is the water density, and
Vw is the normal wind speed.
The maximum evaporative mass flux, me , is found by
assuming that the entire conductor surface is uniformly wetted
me =
hk
(ec RH ea ) ,
cp pa
(10)
(12)
TABLE I
C ONDUCTOR TYPE AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS USED TO CONFIGURE
THE IEEE S TD . 738-2006 AMPACITY THERMAL MODEL FOR THE
PRECIPITATION BASED CONDUCTOR COOLING STUDY.
Description
Value
Type
Diameter
Coeff. of Emissivity
Coeff. of Absorption
Resistance @ 25 C
Resistance @ 75 C
Elevation
Orientation
Latitude
Day of Year
Time of Day
Air Type
TABLE II
A SSUMED
(14)
dTc
= qs + I 2 R (Tc )
(15)
dt
It should be noted that for the above precipitation cooling
model, it is assumed that water accumulated on the power line
will contribute fully to the cooling. Heat lost due to precipitation dripping off the conductor is expected to have negligible
impact on the line temperature. Also, it is assumed that the
liquid collected on the power line will be uniformly distributed
over the conductor surface, and subsequently provide uniform
evaporative cooling across the conductor surface, i.e. as rain
falls onto the line it will form a film of uniform thickness.
Additionally, precipitation falling when the ambient air temperature is below 0 C is expected to be in the form of snow,
which will stick to the conductor surface and subsequently
melt in its entirety before evaporating from the surface.
qc + qr + qe + mCp
25
Standard Values
Precipitation rate
Temperature
Wind Speed
Relative Humidity
5, 10 mm/h
25 C
3.5 m/s
95%
250 A
500 A
750 A
1000 A
1250 A
1500 A
1750 A
20
Cooling Difference (C)
Variable
15
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Precipitation (mm/h)
70
80
90
100
Fig. 1. Decrease in modelled conductor temperature when using the precipitation based conductor cooling model for select line loads w.r.t. precipitation
rate.
100
90
90
90
80
70
60
50
70
60
50
40
30
30
20
40
60
Precipitation (mm/h)
80
100
80
40
250 A with PC
250 A without PC
1000 A with PC
1000 A without PC
1500 A with PC
1500 A without PC
80
70
60
50
40
30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Air Temperature (C)
30
40
10
20
30
Wind (m/s)
40
50
Modelled conductor temperature with and without the precipitation based conductor cooling model for a precipitation rate of 10 mm/h.
3.5
1.6
250 A
500 A
750 A
1000 A
1250 A
1500 A
1750 A
250 A
500 A
750 A
1000 A
1250 A
1500 A
1750 A
1.5
1.4
Cooling Difference (C)
110
100
Line Temperature (C)
110
100
Line Temperature (C)
110
2.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.5
0
10
15
20
25
30
Wind (m/s)
35
40
45
0.9
-30
50
-20
-10
0
10
20
Air Temperature (C)
30
40
50
Fig. 3. Decrease in modelled conductor temperature when using the precipitation based conductor cooling model for select line loads, when the conductor
is exposed to 5 mm/hr of precipitation.
8
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
1
0
10
15
20
25
Wind (m/s)
30
35
40
250 A
500 A
750 A
1000 A
1250 A
1500 A
1750 A
6
Cooling Difference (C)
3.2
250 A
500 A
750 A
1000 A
1250 A
1500 A
1750 A
45
50
1.8
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Air Temperature (C)
30
40
50
Fig. 4. Decrease in modeled conductor temperature when using the precipitation based conductor cooling model for select line loads, when the conductor
is exposed to 10 mm/hr of precipitation.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a precipitation-based conductor cooling
model for use in DTR systems. It aims at better modelling
the heat lost to the environment from overhead transmission
lines during periods of precipitations in the form of snow and
rain, in order to more accurately calculate the line temperature.
This could lead to better identification of surplus ampacity,
allowing for additional power to be transmitted over existing
infrastructure.
The precipitation-cooling calculations presented in this paper rely on finding the water mass flux from the falling
precipitation, finding the evaporative rate under the specified
atmospheric and line loading conditions, and then computing
the amount of heat lost to heating and evaporating the water.
Initial testing of the precipitation-based cooling model provides encouraging results and warrants further investigation.
Under modest rain conditions, gains of a few degrees can be
observed; however, under heavy rainfall conditions, substantial
1.8
1.6
1.5
-35 C
-25 C
-15 C
-5 C
5C
15 C
25 C
35 C
45 C
3.2
3
Cooling Difference (C)
1.7
3.4
-35 C
-25 C
-15 C
-5 C
5C
15 C
25 C
35 C
45 C
1.4
1.3
1.2
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.1
1
0.9
1.8
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fig. 5. Decrease in modelled conductor temperature when using the precipitation based conductor cooling model for select ambient air temperatures, when
the conductor is exposed to 5 mm/h and 10 mm/hr of precipitation.
4
3.5
0.1 m/s
1 m/s
2 m/s
5 m/s
10 m/s
20 m/s
50 m/s
8
7
Cooling Difference (C)
3
Cooling Difference (C)
0.1 m/s
1 m/s
2 m/s
5 m/s
10 m/s
20 m/s
50 m/s
2.5
2
1.5
1
6
5
4
3
2
0.5
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Line Load (A)
1400
1600
1800
2000
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Line Load (A)
1400
1600
1800
2000
Fig. 6. Decrease in modelled conductor temperature when using the precipitation based conductor cooling model for select normal wind speeds, when the
conductor is exposed to 5 mm/h and 10 mm/hr of precipitation.