QUESTION 1

0.2m

0.2m

0.1m

RA

RB
F

Taking the two downward forces to be equal.

We first calculate reactions RA and RB, takin moments about point A.
RB x 0.5 = (0.2 + 0.1)F + 0.2F
0.5RB = 0.5F
RB = F
Total upward moments = total downward moments
RA + RB = F + F
RA + RB = 2F
But

RB = F
Therefore:
RA + F = 2F
RA = F
Applying a factor of safety of 2
=

Allowable stress = 10Mpa

FOS = 2
Loss of functional strength = X
2=

10

= 2 10
= 20

From =
= 20

 =
=
=
BENDING MOMENTS
. = 0
. 1 = 0.2 = 0.2 = 0.2
. 2 = 0.3 0.1
= 0.3 0.1
= 0.3 0.1 = 0.2
. = 0
Hence maximum bending moment = 0.2F
BEAM SECTION
0.15m
0.018m
0.10m

0.10m
Finding y (distance of C.G from the bottom face)
11 + 22 + 33
=
1 + 2 + 3
Area of bottom flange = A1
= 0.1 0.018 = 1.8 103 2
Distance of C.G of A1 from bottom face = y1
0.018
1 =
= 9 103
2
A2 = area of web
= 0.1 0.018 = 1.8 103 2
2 = . 2
0.1
= 0.018 +
= 0.068
2
A3 = area of top flange
= 0.15 0.018 = 2.7 103
3 = . 3
0.018
= 0.018 + 0.1 +
= 0.127
2

(1.8 103 9 103 ) + (1.8 103 0.068) + (2.7 103 0.127)

=
1.8 103 + 1.8 103 + 2.7 103
=

4.815 104
6.3 103

= 0.07643
Moment of inertia of the section about the neutral axis.
= 1 + 2 + 3
1 =
= + 1
( )2
0.1 0.0183
0.018 2
3
=
+ 1.8 10 (0.07643
)
12
2
= 8.23 106

0.15m
0.018m
0.10m
0.07643
0.10m
Similarly
2 =
0.018 0.13
=
+ 2(0.07643 2)2
12
0.018 0.13
=
+ 1.8 103 (0.07643 0.068)2
12
= 1.63 106
3 =
0.15 0.0183
+ 3(3 0.07643)2
12

0.15 0.0183
=
+ 2.7 103 (0.127 0.07643)2
12
= 6.98 106
= (8.23 + 1.63 + 6.98) 106
= 1.68 105

From =
= 20
= 0.07643
= 1.68 105 4
= 0.2
Hence =

20 106 1.68 105

0.2 =
0.07643
0.2 = 4396.18
4396.18
=
0.2
= 21980.9
= 22
PART B
0.2m

0.2m

0.1m

RA

RB
22kN

Calculate reactions RA and RB.

Taking moments about A:
RB x 0.5 = (22 x 0.3) + (22 x 0.2)
0.5RB = 11
RB = 22kN
RA + RB = 22kN + 22kN
RA + RB = 44
But RB = 22kN
Hence RA = 22kN

22kN

Considering a section X at a distance x from point A.

B.M at this section is given by (for the three sections):
2

2 =
= 22

22( 0.2)
22( 0.2)

22( 0.3)
22( 0.3)

Integrating the equation:

= 11 2 + 1

11( 0.2)2

11( 0.3)2

Integrating further:
11
= 3 3 + 1 + 2

11
3

11

( 0.2)3

( 0.3)3

To find the values of C1 and C2 apply two boundary conditions.

1. At x=0 y=0
2. At x=0.5m y=0
Substituting boundary condition (1) into the last equation.
0 = 0 + 0 + C2 hence C2 = 0
Substituting boundary condition (2) in the last complete equation.
11
11
11
0=
(0.5)3 + (1 0.5) + 0 (0.5 0.2)3 (0.5 0.3)3
3
3
3
= 0.46 + 0.51 0.099 0.099
= 0.262 + 0.51
0.262
1 =
0.5
= 0.524
Substituting C1 and C2 into the equation:
11
11
= 3 3 0.524
( 0.2)3
3

11
3

( 0.3)3

To determine central deflection.

The central point is at 0.25m from point A and hence falls up to the second equation.
X = 0.25
=

11
3
11

3 0.524 -

11
3

( 0.2)3

= 3 0.253 (0.524 0.25) = 0.07423

= 0.0742 103 3
0.0742 103 3
=

E = 8GPa = 8 x 109 N/m

I = 1.65 x 10-5 m4

11
3

(0.25 0.2)3

0.0742 103
8 109 1.65 105
= 5.62 104
= 0.562
Negative sign indicates downward deflection.
=

QUESTION 2
UDL = 12kN/m
6.5m
Maximum bending moment for a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load
over its span occurs at the midspan o the beam.

2
max . =

2
2
L = 6.5m
6.5
=
= 3.25
2
W = 12kN/m = 12000 N/m
=

12000 6.5
12000 3.252
3.25
2
2

= 126750 63375
= 63375
The Reinforced Beam
0.15m

0.25m

0.015m

First we transform the beam to be composed of a homogeneous material.

10
=
=
= 0.05
200

150 x 0.05 =7.5mm

steel

steel
150mm
Considering the transformed section.
150 x 0.05 =7.5mm

steel

150mm
125(7.5 250) + 257.5(15 150)
=
(7.5 250) + (15 150)
813750
4125
= 197.27

150 x 0.05 =7.5mm

steel

197.27mm

67.73mm
150mm

150(67.73)3 (150 7.5)(67.73 15)3 7.5(250 + 15 67.73)3

=

+
3
3
3
= 15535070.6 6964130.9 + 19192128.5
= 27763068.24
= 2.78 105 4

Maximum stress in steel occurs at the extreme lower fiber.

= (250 + 15 197.27
= 67.73

63375 (67.73 103 )

=
2.78 105
=

= 154,402,473
= 154.4

Tension

Maximum stress in timber occurs at the extreme upper section.

= 197.27
=

63375 (197.27 103 )

0.05
2.78 105
= 22,485,586.8
= 22.5

PART B
For a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load maximum central deflection
y is given by:
5 4
=
384
12 12,000
=

= 6.5
= = 200 = 200 109 2
= 2.78 105
=

5 12,000 6.54
=
384 200 109 2.78 105
= 0.05017
= 50.17

QUESTION 3
Given:
Limiting tensile stress = 85MPa
Internal pressure = 500kPa
Diameter = 400mm = 0.4m
Limiting tensile stress may be circumferential stress or longitudinal stress.
= = 85% = 0.85
= = 75% = 0.75
The vessel must be designed for the limiting tensile stress of 85MPa. First consider the limiting
stress as circumferential stress and then as longitudinal stress.
The minimum thickness of the two cases will satisfy the condition.
a) Taking limiting tensile stress = circumferential stress
= 85 106 2

=
2
85 106 2 =

(500 103 ) 0.4

2 0.85

(500 103 ) 0.4

=
2 0.85 85 106
= 1.38 103 = 1.38
To the nearest 0.5mm.
= 1.5
b) Taking limiting tensile stress = longitudinal stress
= 85 106 2

=
4
85 106 2 =

(500 103 ) 0.4

4 0.75

(500 103 ) 0.4

4 0.75 85 106

 = 7.8 104 = 0.78

To the nearest 0.5mm.
= 1.0
Thus the maximum thickness of the shell to satisfy both conditions = 1.0mm

PART B
Given:
Diameter of shell d = 400mm = 0.4m
Thickness of shell t =1.0mm = 0.001m
Length of shell l = 1m
Internal pressure p = 500kPa
Youngs modulus E =200GPa
Poissons ratio v = 0.3
i)

Change in diameter d
2

d =
{1 }
2
2
=

(500 103 )(0.4)2

0.3
{1

}
2 0.001 200 109
2

= (2 104 )(0.85)
= 1.7 104
ii)

Change in length l
l =

1
{ }
2 2

l =

(500 103 ) 0.4 1 1

{ 0.3}
2 0.001 200 109 2

= (5 104 )(0.2)
= 1 104
iii)

Change in volume v

v= {2 + }
Substituting the values.
v= {2

1.7104
0.4

1104
1

= (8.5 104 + 1 104 )

= 9.5 104
=

1m
400mm

For the cylinder = 4 4

=

(0.4)4 1
4

= 0.13 3
2

For the hemispheres = 3 3

=

2
(0.4)3 2
3

= 0.27 3
= 1 + 2
= 0.13 + 0.27
= 0.4 3

v = 9.5 104
= (9.5 104 )(0.4)

= 3.8 104
But

1 3 = 1000

= 3.8 104 1000

= 0,38

QUESTION 4
Given:
Internal diameter = 120mm
Internal radius = 60mm =0.06m
Internal pressure = 50MPa = 50 x 10^6 N/m^2
Maximum stress = 80MPa = 80 x 10^6 N/m^2
The maximum is at the internal radius of the shell.
Let r2 = external radius.
The radial pressure and hoop stress at any radius x are given by:

= 2

= 2 +

Applying boundary conditions:

i)
At x = 60mm, = 50 106 2 and = 80 106 2
Substituting X, Px, and in the above equation

0.062
180,000 = 3.6 103
50 106 =

80 106 =

(i)

+
0.062

288,000 = + 3.6 103

Solving the two equations simultaneously:
= 15,000,000
= 234,000
Substituting the values in equation (i)

(ii)

234,000
15,000,000
0.062
But at the outer surface the pressure is zero. Hence = 2; = 0
Substituting these values.
50 106 =

0=

234,000
15,000,000
22

2 =

234,000
15,000,000

= 0.125
= 125
Thickness = r2 r1
= 125 60
= 65

PART B
Given:
Internal radius r1 = 60mm = 0.06m
External radius r2 =125mm = 0.125m
Internal pressure = 50MPa = 50 x 10^6 N/m^2

= 2 +

From part (a) above.

234,000
=
+ 15,000,000
2
Where x is the radius.
For internal radius r1 = 0.06m
234,000
+ 15,000,000
0.062
= 65,000,000 + 15,000,000
= 80,000,000
= 80
=

For external radius r2 = 0.125m

234,000
+ 15,000,000
0.1252
= 14,976,000 + 15,000,000
= 29,976,000
= 29.976 = 30
=