Suggested Answers To Exercise and Reading To Learn: CH 1 Introducing Biology

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology
Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.1/23
Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to

learn
(Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibilities for the suggested answers
contained in this publication. Answers for HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due
to copyright restrictions.)
Ch 1 Introducing biology
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 1-15)
1
4
C
B
2
5
D
A
Short questions (p. 1-15)

6
Organisms can
obtain food by nutrition;
break down food to get energy by respiration;
0.5m
grow;
0.5m
reproduce;
1m
move;
sense the environment and respond to it (irritability);
0.5m
1m
0.5m
remove waste from their bodies by excretion.
1m
Asking a question
1m
Proposing a hypothesis
1m
Making a prediction
1m
Doing experiments
1m
Drawing a conclusion
1m
Revising
1m
Some foods (e.g. cheese and yoghurt) are made with the help of microorganisms.
1m
Vaccines give us protection against certain diseases.
1m
(or other correct answers)

9
Pollution / diseases / genetically modified food / cloning

(any 2 or other correct answers)
Oxford University Press 2009
1m x 2

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.2/23
Reading to learn (p. 1-16)

1
Microbes were found in nutrient solutions.
2m
Microbes fell into the solutions from the dust particles in the air.
2m
Experiment 1 was the control set-up while Experiment 2 was the experimental set-up. 1m
The control set-up was aimed at ensuring that the result of the experiment was due only to
the presence of microbes.
1m
Scientific knowledge may change with the appearance of new evidence.
2m
OR
The development of scientific knowledge is related to technological advancement.
2m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.3/23
Ch 2 The cell as the basic unit of life

Exercise
1
5
9
13
B
C
B
D
2
6
10
C
A
D
3
7
11
D
D
C
4
8
12
B
B
A

14
15
(a) Irregular
0.5m
(b) cell wall
0.5m
(c) regular
0.5m
(d) cell wall
0.5m
(e) Absent
0.5m
(f)
0.5m
light
(g) centre
0.5m
(h) centre of the cell
0.5m
a
b
A nucleus
1m
B cell membrane / plasma membrane
1m
Any one from:

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
1m
Absorbs light energy to make sugar / starch / carbohydrate / organic material / food
1m
c
Any two rows from:

Plant cell
- Has vacuole OR has cell sap
- Has cell wall / cellulose
- Stores starch OR does not store
glycogen
Animal cell
- No / small vacuole OR no cell
sap
- No cell wall / cellulose OR only
membrane
- Does not store starch OR stores
glycogen
1m x 2

Textbook answer
16
Book 1A
p.4/23
i
Part of
cell
X
Name
nucleus
cell wall
cell
membrane
Function
contains genetic information / genetic
material / DNA / chromosomes
OR
gives instructions to the cells / controls
cell processes / activities
maintains cell shape / supports cell /
stops cell bursting
controls entry and / or exit of molecules
/ substances
2m
ii
Plant cells A and B have a cell wall / part Y, cell C / the animal cell does not.
1m
Cells A and B have a (large central) vacuole, cell C / the animal cell does not.
1m
17
Glucose / oxygen / sugar
1m
a
b
Cheek cells and onion epidermal cells

Cheek cells, onion epidermal cells and red blood cells
None of them
Onion epidermal cells and xylem cells

(2m for all correct answers in each part or no marks)
18
Remove small bits from the organism and observe under the microscope.
1m
Observe whether the cells had cell walls or not. It was likely to be a plant if the cells
had cell walls.
1m
b
Remove small bits from different parts of the organism and observe under the
microscope.
1m
See whether the cells are different in size and shapes, and group together. 1m
ii
Organ level of organization different tissues group together to form an organ

to carry out specialized functions.
1m
System level of organization several organs and tissues work together to
form a system that carries out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way.
1m

Textbook answer
19
Book 1A
p.5/23
a
Eyepiece lens
magnification
7X
7X
7X
Objective lens
magnification
10X
20X
40X
Total magnification
70X
140X
280X
0.5m x 2
20
0.1 mm
1m
ii
Plant cells are larger than animal cells.
1m
DNA is present in prokaryotic cells and lying free in the cytoplasm.
1m
DNA in eukaryotic cells is enclosed within the nucleus instead of lying free in the
cytoplasm.
1m
Mitochondria is absent in prokaryotic cells.
1m
The cell wall in prokaryotic cells does not contain cellulose.
1m
The rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells is used for synthesizing protein.
1m
b
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane.
1m
Their genetic material exists in the form of DNA.
1m
Structured questions (p. 2-33)

21
i
ii
Substance B
1m
It contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
1m
Fats and oils act as an energy reserve
1m
Phospholipids make up cell membranes
1m
Protein
1m
It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur which are the
composition of proteins.
1m
Nucleic acid
1m
Inside the nucleus (for DNA and RNA) and the cytoplasm (for RNA) of a eukaryotic
cell or the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.
1m
22
A cell membrane
B cytoplasm
C nucleus
D chloroplast
E vacuole
b
c
1m x 5
Cell wall
1m
It supports and gives the shape to the plant cell / protects the cell.
1m
Title
0.5m
Magnification
0.5m

Textbook answer
23
Book 1A
p.6/23
Original magnification is 10X 4X = 40X
0.5m
New magnification is 5X 10X = 50X
0.5m
The cell will appear larger under a higher power of magnification.
1m
A cell membrane
1m
It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.
1m
B cytoplasm
1m
It provides a place for cellular chemical reactions to take place.
1m
Cell X green leaf cell
0.5m
Cell Y chicken blood cell
0.5m
Reasons: (any 2, 1m each)

Cell X is rectangular.
Cell X contains oval structures which are most likely chloroplasts.
c
Cell X is covered by a cell wall.
2m
1m
Scale = 45 : 0.1
Magnification =
45
= 450
1m
0 .1
ii
Magnification of the eyepiece =
450
= 15
1m
30
24
A nucleus / nucleolus
1m
B ribosomes
1m
C mitochondrion
1m
Present in a prokaryotic cell B
1m
Absent from a prokaryotic cell A / C
1m
Can see detail of mitochondria, ribosome and nuclear membrane
2m
ii
B; for protein / polypeptide synthesis
1m
C; for ATP production / energy release
1m
ii
b
Essays (p. 2-35)

25
Water makes up the largest percentage by weight of most organisms.

It serves for many functions in the body:
Water is a good solvent for many substances.
0.5m
It dissolves various substances and provides the medium for chemical reactions to take
place in cells.
1m
It also acts as a transport medium. For example, water is the major component of blood
which carries nutrients and many other substances throughout the body.
1m
Water removes heat by evaporation.
0.5m
It acts as a cooling agent to help regulate body temperature through sweating in mammals
and transpiration in plants.
2m

Textbook answer
Water is the reactant in some chemical reactions.
Book 1A
p.7/23
1m
For example, carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in photosynthesis.
They react to produce oxygen and food in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
OR Water acts as a reactant in breaking down certain complex food substances during
digestion of food.
1m
26
Water gives shape and support to organisms.
1m
Plant cells become turgid when they are full of water. This gives support to young
seedlings.
1m
Water provides buoyancy for plants and animals in water.
1m
The microscopes enable us to observe and understand the following:

Cell structures
2m
Tissue structures, e.g. histology of digestive system related to function, muscle structure,
kidney tubules, leaf structure, etc.
2m
Biological processes, e.g. cell division, fertilization, capillary circulation, etc.
2m
Whole organisms and their classification, e.g. bacteria and viruses, taxonomic differences
in small organisms.
2m
Other uses, e.g. understanding effects of disease / cancer, opportunities to improve/alter
living organisms.
2m

1
Leeuwenhoek was skilful and hard-working.
1m
He was curious about the things around him.
1m
Leeuwenhoek was interested in Robert Hookes work.
1m
The work published by a scientist can inspire other scientists to do further research.
Scientists always build on the work of other scientists.
2m
Leeuwenhoeks discovery of microorganisms is more important. His observations opened

the scope of the microbial world to the scientists. These laid the foundation for various
fields of biology, like bacteriology and microbiology. (Accept other reasonable answers)
2m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.8/23
Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane

Exercise
1
5
9
D
D
C
2
6
10
D
B
A
3
7
11
B
B
C
4
8
B
A

12
HKALE Biology 2006 I Q9
13
Passive / do not require energy or ATP

Movement down a concentration gradient / by diffusion
Go through phospholipid bilayer / not by protein / carriers
(any 2, 1m each)
Active transport
1m
It occurs only when oxygen is present because energy / respiration is required. 0.5m
There is no uptake in curve Z.
14
0.5m
The concentration inside cells is higher than surrounding solution.
1m
Diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.
1m
Water has a higher water potential than the cell contents. It moves across the differentially
permeable membrane into the cells by osmosis.
1m
As the cell membranes of red blood cells are thin and not surrounded by cell walls, the
cells burst when more and more water enters. Therefore no blood cells can be observed
under the microscope.
2m
15
Distilled water has a higher water potential than potato.

Therefore in distilled water, water moves into potato by osmosis.
0.5m
1m
Concentrated sugar solution has a lower water potential than potato.
0.5m
Therefore in concentrated sugar solution, water moves out of potato.
1m
Potato in distilled water becomes heavier than the one in concentrated sugar solution.
1m
b
Any two from:
1m x 2
The vacuoles of the cells in distilled water are bigger than the ones in sugar solution.
The cell membranes are pulled away from the cell walls in the cells in sugar solution /
cells in sugar become flaccid / cells plasmolyzed.
Contents of the cells push against the cell walls in the cells in distilled water / cells in
distilled water become turgid.

Textbook answer
16
17
Book 1A
p.9/23
III should show two arms of membrane surrounding particle and meeting / almost
meeting.
1m
IV should show restored membrane surface and vesicle enclosed in cell.
1m
Label vesicle vacuole OR cell membrane
1m
Surface area is reduced.
1m
Phagocytosis
1m

18
A glycoprotein
1m
B phospholipid
1m
ii
Cell recognition / cell attachment / receptor / antigen
1m
iii
Fatty acids / tails are water-repelling / non-polar
0.5m
Fatty acids are in the middle of the bilayer
0.5m
Phosphate / heads are water-loving / polar
0.5m
Phosphate groups are on the outside of the bilayer
0.5m
Cytoplasm / tissue fluid are polar in nature

b
The membrane is fluid in nature.
0.5m
Phospholipids / B are able to move (within membrane).
0.5m
Proteins can move (within membrane / phospholipid bilayer).
0.5m
Therefore the proteins will have a new rearrangement in the fused cell.
0.5m
19
HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q1b
20
8.2 12.0
= 3.8
concentration sugar solution
beaker C
dilute sugar solution
beaker A
water
beaker B
d
e
1m
1m
1m
(2m for all 3 correct, 1m for 2 correct)
The water potential of the water in beaker is higher than that of the dilute sugar
solution inside the bag.
0.5m
Water moves into the bag
0.5m
by osmosis
0.5m
through the differentially permeable membrane of the Visking tubing bag.
0.5m
The water potential inside the bag and in the beaker is the same.
0.5m
No net water movement into or out of the tubing.
0.5m
Differentially permeable
1m
Osmosis took place.
1m

Textbook answer
21
Book 1A
p.10/23
In test tube A, distilled water had a higher water potential than the red blood cells.
1m
Water entered red blood cells by osmosis.
1m
All red blood cells burst and haemoglobin was released into the water.
1m
In test tube C, concentrated saline had a lower water potential than the red blood cells.
1m
Water did not enter the cells and they did not burst.
b
1m
Dilute saline had a higher water potential than some of the red blood cells.
0.5m
Water entered these red blood cells by osmosis.
0.5m
Since only some red blood cells burst, a smaller amount of haemoglobin was
released.
c
1m
I would take some fluid from tube A and some solid matter from the bottom of tube B
and observe them under a microscope.
1m
The fluid from tube A should contain no intact cells while the solid matter from tube
B should contain some.
1m
22
Sea water has a lower water potential than that of the cytoplasm.
1m
Too much water may leave the cells and the animals die.
1m
Axes labelled plus units
1m
Suitable scale
1m
Points plotted accurately
1m
Line drawn without extrapolation
1m
(Deduct 2m if axes are wrongly used)
ii
0.3 M
1m
iii
Water potential outside the cells is the same as inside / no water potential
gradient / isotonic
1m
No net movement of water into and out of the cells
1m
by osmosis.
1m
Active transport requires energy
0.5m
produced from respiration.
0.5m
The activity of enzymes involved in respiration is affected by temperature.

0.5m
Cyanide also stops respiration / inhibits enzyme activity.
0.5m
The graph shows that the rate of potassium ion uptake decreases when
temperature is lowered or cyanide is added. This shows that the root hairs take
up the ions most likely by active transport.
1m
ii
Diffusion continues / not affected by cyanide / not an active process
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.11/23
Essays (p. 3-31)

23
The structure of the cell membrane can be explained by the fluid mosaic model.
0.5m
The cell membrane is mainly made up of phospholipids and proteins.
The phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer.
1m
0.5m
Their water-loving heads face the water based environment inside and outside of the
cell.
0.5m
Some protein molecules embed half-way through the phospholipid bilayer,
0.5m
while some penetrate through the bilayer.
0.5m
Some proteins have carbohydrates molecules attached to their surface for recognition
purposes.
0.5m
b
Lipid-soluble molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer by diffusion.

1m
Small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can also diffuse through the bilayer
freely.
1m
Water molecules enter the cell by osmosis through channel protein.
1m
Protein can also act as carriers,
1m
which pick up molecules on one side of the membrane and release them on the other
side.
1m
This happens during active transport that requires energy.
24
1m
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules
2m
from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential
1m
across a differentially membrane.
1m
It is important to living organisms in many ways. For example,

it gives turgidity and support to plant cells;
it plays an important role in the relationship between plasma and tissue fluid;
it is important in the process of reabsorption taken place in the kidney;
it takes place in the absorption in gut;
it is important for the movement of water from soil to leaves in plants.
(any 3 importance; 2m each)

1
The water potential of distilled water is higher than that of normal cells or the contact lens.
0.5m
When it is in contact with the cells or the contact lens, water enters the cells or the contact
lens by osmosis which may cause damage to them.
0.5m
Since normal saline is isotonic to the cells or the contact lens,
0.5m
no osmosis occurs and the cells or the contact lens would not be damaged.
0.5m

Textbook answer
Patients who cannot take fluids orally and have developed or are in danger of developing
dehydration.
1m
This helps to maintain the normal blood circulation of the patients.
Book 1A
p.12/23
1m
If the normal saline is hypotonic or hypertonic to the body cells, water will enter or leave
the cells by osmosis when it is in contact with the cells.
2m
As a result, the cells burst or shrink. This highly affects the normal functioning of the cells.
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.13/23
Ch 4 Enzymes and metabolism

Exercise
1
4
B
D
2
5
C
A
3
6
B
C

7
True
1m
False; some enzymes work outside cells
1m
False; enzymes are proteins
1m
True
1m
Any one from:

Volume of trypsin / enzyme solution / number of drops of enzyme added
Concentration of trypsin solution / albumin solution
Volume of buffer / number of drops of buffer added
Diameter / size of wells
Depth / volume of agar in each dish / diameter / size of dish
1m
6 + 9 + 8 + 11 / 4 = 8.5
1m
ii
Any one from:
iii
To give reliable results
1m
To give more representative results
1m
To minimize effects of atypical / freak results or errors / mistakes
1m
As pH increases / it becomes more alkaline, the activity of trypsin increases.

OR
0.5m
As pH decreases / it becomes more acidic, the activity of trypsin decreases.

0.5m
Trypsin has the greatest activity /works best at pH 9.
0.5m
OR
The optimum pH for trypsin is at 9.
c
0.5m
A Buffer at pH 4
B Buffer at pH 9
C Buffer at pH 7
OR
Boiled trypsin and buffer at pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9
OR
Water and buffer at pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9
(1m for all correct answers or no mark)

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.14/23

9
10
The rate of reaction increases when the polyphenol oxidase concentration increases.
1m
Rate of reaction = 1/18 = 0.056
1m
From the graph, the enzyme concentration is around 1.15%.
1m
Use boiled enzyme in the tube.
1m
The enzyme does not work in acidic medium. / The enzyme is denatured in acidic
medium.
1m
The colour change becomes faster at start
0.5m
as enzyme activity increases with temperature.
0.5m
When temperature becomes too high, no further colour change will be observed
0.5m
as the enzyme is denatured.
f
11
0.5m
The rate of reaction drops / stops if all active sites of the enzymes are blocked.
1m
The inhibitor competes with normal substrate for active sites.
1m
HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q3b
Essay (p. 4-23)

12
Enzymes are biological catalysts, speeding up metabolic reactions without being used.
1m
Enzymes can be reused. Enzyme molecules return to its original form after completing the
reaction.
1m
Enzymes are required in relatively small amount because enzymes remain unchanged in
the reaction.
1m
Enzymes are proteins. They are easily denatured by high temperatures and extreme values
of pH.
1m
The actions of enzymes are specific. Each enzyme catalyses only one type of reaction.
1m
Examples of enzyme application:
Biological washing powder, papain in meat tenderizers, enzyme to coagulate milk to
produce cheese, enzyme to modify the starch in bread, enzymes to break down plant cell
wall in fruit juices, enzymes to remove hairs from hides
2m
Advantages of using enzymes in the above applications:
Enzymes are specific in action. This reduces the production of unwanted products.
1m
Enzymes are efficient in small amounts. This lowers the cost of production.
1m
Many enzymes work at moderate conditions. Extreme conditions such as high

temperatures and pressures are not required.
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.15/23

1
Buchner observed that the yeast extract had changed the sugar solution into alcohol.
1m
Certain enzymes in yeasts catalyse the conversion of sugar to alcohol. They could work
inside or outside living cells.
1m
Buchners discovery was important in opening up a new area of research, i.e. enzymes
working outside living cells.
1m
Many commercial products (e.g. cheese) rely on application of enzymes which work under
this condition.
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.16/23
Ch 5 Food and humans

Exercise
1
5
D
D
2
6
D
D
3
7
A
D

8
HKCEE Human Biology 2001 I Q4
HKCEE Biology 2005 I Q6
10
Constituent of the diet
Description of one effect of deficiency
vitamin A
reduced ability to synthesize retinal pigments
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
scurvy / bleeding from small blood vessels or

gums / poor wound healing
calcium
rickets / weak bones or teeth / bleeding /

decreased muscular activity
iron
reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen

1m x 4
11
0.5m
Grapes: 84.7
0.5m
Fat
1m
Apple contains more carbohydrate / pears contain less carbohydrate.
1m
Apple contains less water / pears contain more water.
1m
Use several samples of each fruit / Repeat experiment
0.5m
Calculate average result
0.5m
12
Bananas: 75.7
B, because it is rich in vitamin A.
1m
ii
A, because it contains the largest amount of fats. (Though E also contains the
same amount of carbohydrates, fats give more energy than carbohydrates for the
same amount.)
1m
iii
C, because it contains the largest amount of proteins which are important for
growth.
1m
iv
E, because it contains carbohydrates only and sugar is a kind of carbohydrates.

1m
A, because it is rich in vitamin D.
1m

Textbook answer
vi
b
Book 1A
p.17/23
B, because it is rich in vitamin C.
1m
This is because high temperature will destroy vitamin C in food.
1m

13
a
One rich
source
carbohydrate potato
Nutrient
One function of nutrient

energy source / energy storage / component
of DNA
fat / lipid
butter
insulation around nerve cells
protein
meat
growth and repair / source of amino acids /

formation of enzymes, hormones and
antibodies OR protein-containing tissue /
energy source
vitamin A
carrot
(good) night vision / allows rods to function /

prevents night blindness
vitamin D
oily fish
absorption of calcium OR phosphate /

deposition of calcium OR phosphate in bones
OR teeth / helps harden bones OR teeth /
prevents rickets
1m x 5
b
c
Bar for pregnancy higher than normal
1m
Bar for breast feeding higher than pregnancy (and normal)
1m
Any two from:
1m x 2
Protein needed to allow foetus / baby to grow / develop
1m
Growth of mothers cells / tissues
1m
Used for growth of named tissue (maternal or foetal), e.g. placenta, umbilical cord,
bone, muscle
1m
14
a
b
For production of milk / milk contains protein
1m
After birth baby growing more quickly
1m
Repair mothers tissues damaged during birth
1m
Different people have different needs.
1m
RNI changes with age / gender / sex / pregnancy / lactation.
1m
ii
Any two from:
1m x 2
Inflammation (of eyes)
1m
Scarring / drying of cornea
1m
Loss of sight / blindness
1m
Night blindness / poor vision in dim light / rod cells do not function
1m
Minimum mass of carrot needed =
0 .5
12
100 4 g

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.18/23
(2m for correct answer and working, 1m for incorrect

answer but correct working, 1m for answer = 4.16)
c
i
ii
15
Made in skin under sunlight
1m
From cholesterol
1m
Any two from:
1m x 2
Absorption of calcium in gut
1m
Deposition of calcium in bones and teeth
1m
Makes bones hard / stops bones from going soft
1m
Prevent rickets
1m
Mix equal volume of Benedicts solutions and liquid food sample in a test tube.
1m
Boil the test tube of mixture in a water bath for a few minutes. Observe for any
changes.
0.5m
ii
A brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars.
0.5m
Transfer a drop of liquid food sample to the well of a spot plate.
0.5m
Dip the test end of Albustix paper into the sample and observe any colour
change.
0.5m
If protein is present, the test end will change from yellow to green.
b
C and D
1m
0.5m x 2
C shows positive results with iodine test, test using Albustix paper and DCPIP test.
0.5m
D shows positive results with Benedicts test and iodine test.
c
d
0.5m
C: starch, proteins and vitamin C
2m
D: reducing sugars and starch
2m
The carbohydrate may be a non-reducing sugar with a sweet taste. It does not give a
positive result with Benedicts test because it is non-reducing.
1m
It may be sucrose.
1m
Test for glucose using Clinistix paper.
1m
If glucose is present, the test end will change from pink to purple.
1m
16
HKCEE Human Biology 1993 I Q4c
17
Essay (p. 5-35)

18
Carbohydrates contain the elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
1m
Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose and fructose) are the simplest sugars of which other
carbohydrates are composed.
2m
Glucose is a source of energy. It is the substrate in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 1m


Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.19/23
Two glucose molecules can combine to form a disaccharide, maltose, by condensation.

1m
A glucose and a fructose molecule can combine to form another disaccharide, sucrose, by
condensation.
1m
Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides.
1m
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharieds joined together by condensation.

Starch, glycogen and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides.
2m
Starch provides large number of glucose molecules for respiration.
1m
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the body.
1m
Cellulose is the major component of plant cell walls.
1m

1
The amount of carbohydrates in a high protein diet is very small.
1m
When fewer carbohydrates are eaten, the body will break down the stored fat (instead of
carbohydrates) to release energy.
1m
2
Fruits and grains are rich in dietary fibre.
1m
If fruits and grains are not consumed for a long period of time, constipation may result.
1m
3
A high protein diet usually contains a lot of lipids including saturated fatty acids and
cholesterol,
0.5m
which increase the level of cholesterol in the blood.
0.5m
Excessive cholesterol may deposit on the inner walls of the blood vessels and lead to a
blockage. Heart disease may result.
1m
4
No, a high protein diet is not a balanced diet.

A balanced diet should contain all the food substances in the right amounts and
proportions.
The high protein diet contains large amounts of proteins and lipids,
but little or no carbohydrates and dietary fibre.
0.5m
1m
0.5m
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.20/23
Ch 6 Nutrition in humans
Exercise
1
4
7
A
B
D
2
5
8
D
A
B
3
6
9
D
D
C

10
Physical digestion breaks down food into fine pieces to increase its surface area to enhance
chemical digestion. Chemical digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller
molecules.
1m
The products after chemical digestion are small enough for absorption but those formed
after physical digestion are not.
1m
Physical digestion is done by physical actions whereas chemical digestion is done by the
action of digestive enzymes.
1m
Chemical digestion involves changes in the chemistry of the food but physical digestion
does not.
1m
11
HKCEE Biology 2003 IQ2
12
a
Part of gut
where digestion
occurs
Enzyme
Substrate
Product
Stomach
Protease
Protein
Polypeptides /
peptides
Duodenum
Lipase
Lipid / fat
Fatty acids and

glycerol
Duodenum
Amylase
Starch
Maltose
Ileum
Carbohydrase /
maltase
Maltose
Glucose
(1m for both correct in each row, 1m x 4)

b
13
Absorbs / transports lipids / fats
1m
ii
Enables villi to move
1m
Increased contact with food
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.21/23
14
Proteins are digested / broken down
0.5m
into amino acids
0.5m
in the stomach and small intestines
1m
by the action of proteases.
1m
The amino acids are then absorbed into blood capillaries of the villi,
0.5m
and carried to other parts of the body by the blood.
0.5m
The liver deaminates excess amino acids by removing and converting the amino
groups into urea.
1m

15
HKCEE Biology 2001 I Q1c
16
HKCEE Human Biology 2004 I Q1
17
18
The digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth.
1m
Saliva contains amylase which catalyses the conversion of starch to maltose.
1m
Further digestion of carbohydrates takes place in the small intestine.
1m
Amylase from pancreas catalyses the breakdown of remaining starch to maltose. 1m

Carbohydrases from small intestine catalyse the breakdown of dissacharides (e.g.
maltose) into monosaccharides (e.g. glucose).
1m
b
19
Kills bacteria
1m
Provides an acidic medium for the enzyme to work properly.
1m
Activates enzymes
1m
Essays (p. 6-31)

20
Physical digestion of proteins takes place in mouth and stomach.

Chemical / enzyme digestion starts in stomach.
One of the proteases in stomach catalyses the breakdown of proteins into peptides.
1m
0.5m
1m
Another protease coagulates soluble proteins (e.g. those in milk) into insoluble ones. 1m
Further digestion of proteins takes place in small intestine.
0.5m
Proteases from pancreas further catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides and some
peptides into amino acids.
0.5m
Proteases from duodenum and ileum catalyse the breakdown of some peptides into amino
acids.
0.5m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.22/23
Amino acids, end-products of protein digestion, are then absorbed into the capillaries of
the villi of the small intestine
1m
by diffusion and active transport.
0.5m
They are carried to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
0.5m
Amino acids are used by cells to make different types of proteins for growth and repair.
1m
They are also the raw materials for making enzymes, antibodies and some hormones. 1m
Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and are deaminated in the liver.
21
1m
Effects on carbohydrate metabolism:

Any three from:
1m x 3
Less glucose absorbed by liver cells

Less glycogen stored / glycogen synthesis
(because) liver cells do not respond to insulin
Less release of glucose from stored glycogen
(if) liver cells do not respond to glucagon
Less production of glucose from amino acids / glycerol (can be part of protein
metabolism)
Effects on protein metabolism:
Any three from:
1m x 3
Less breakdown of protein

Less conversion of amino acids to ammonia / less deamination
Less urea production
Reduced synthesis of protein
Consequence of each of the above, such as blood clotting, transport role of proteins, water
potential, blood glucose concentration is high / inability to regulate blood glucose /
diabetic-like symptoms / need for amino acid supplements
1m x 2

1
The stomach produces mucus to cover its inner wall. The mucus protects the stomach wall
from being damaged by the stomach's own enzymes and acid.
2m
The enzymes catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides and coagulate soluble
proteins into insoluble ones.
1m
The hydrochloric acid provides an acidic medium needed for the action of proteases and
kills most bacteria in food.
1m
Most peptic ulcers are caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori.
1m

Textbook answer
Book 1A
p.23/23
The bacteria release substances that can reduce the mucus secretions from the stomach.
The protection by the mucus fails.
1m
4
H. pylori can survive in a low pH medium where most other bacteria cannot.
2m
Scientists preconceived ideas that bacteria cannot survive in a low pH medium may
have hindered this discovery
1m
because observations are theory laden (i.e. biased by what scientists have expected to
see or what other people have seen earlier).
1m

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