TEST IZ LEKSIKOLOGIJE, OKTOBAR 2013

2. Neoclassical neologisms are a subcategory of neologisms. They are called

neoclassical because they have some elements of the classical languages, that is ancient Greek and Latin. Examples: megalomaniac, person.

3. Historical semantics is the study of the change of meaning in time.

Results of semantic change in the denotative meaning:
Narrowing refers to the shrinking of denotation - (the Modern English word meat
had an earlier meaning of food, today it is restricted for a type of food only, gay joyous, today homosexual) The opposite process is widening.
Widening is a process of broadening the denotation (the Modern English word bird
had a meaning of nestling, rubbish in Old English only meant broken stones, present
day expression is wider - all unwanted property)
Branching - the lexeme becomes polysemous: head - mind, part of the body, life,
leader ...
Metaphor - a kind of meaning transfer, figure of speech in which a term or phrase
is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a
resemblance (their relationship turned sour, a dog eat dog situation ...
Metonymy - a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for
another with which it is closely associated or of which it is a part - we must wait to
hear from the crown - a royal person, serve the dish - an entire plate of food
Synecdoche - a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the entire
whole or the whole to represent a part of it, the special for the general or the
general for the special as in: the word sails used to refer to a whole ship, the word
wheels refers to a vehicle, the word police can be used to represent only one or a
few police officers
Litotes - understatement, an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its
contrary - not bad at all (diminution)
Hyperbole - the opposite of litotes - a description that is exaggerated for emphasis
- so hungry I could eat a horse
Degeneration - the process of semantic change which refers to deterioration of the
original meaning of the word - Modern English word knave meaning dishonest
developed from the word knave which meant boy. The opposite process is
*elevation - knight once meant manservant, queen meant woman ...

4. Statistical analysis in morphology is important because of its precision and its

relevance to information theory, communication engineering, speech recognition,
machine translation, lexicography, theoretical linguistics, applied linguistics etc.
5. Etymology is the study of historical linguistic change, especially as applied to
individual words. - the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their
form and meaning have changed over time.
6. Complementary distribution refers to the situation when two morphs never
occur in the same position in certain contexts - the negative prefix im- occurs
before the bases starting with the sounds p or b improbable, impartial / the prefix iroccurs before the bases starting with r irreplaceable irregular ... A vice versa
situation is not possible. These two morphs are contextually conditioned and are in
complementary distribution - the occurrence of one morph excludes the occurrence
of the other in the same position.
7. Compound relative pronouns - contain -body or -one in them: somebody,
nobody, everybody, someone, anyone, no one
8. According to means of composition, compounds are divided into
compounds formed by joining constituents with no linking element - goldfish,
moonshine, house-dog ... / and compounds with a linking element speedometer, statesman, Afro-American ...
9. Calques in Serbian which are translation loans from English - Calque is a
translation loan. It is a word or expression which is a result of literal translation from
another
language.
skyscraper - oblakoder waterfall - vodopad ?
10. Lexicon is an inventory of words of a language and all relevant
information...There are two lexicons - an implicit list of all the possible words that
could be generated by the grammar of words, and the second, an explicit list that
contains only the actual words of the language.
11. Phonetic elision has relevance in morphology. it is the way of forming
shortened words. The processes of phonetic elision are: aphesis, apocope and
syncope.
aphesis - the loss or omission of an initial vowel or a syllable - count for account,
squire
for
esquire
apocopated form of stonewashed is stonewash, final /t/ has been elided
ma'am is a syncopated form, /d/ has been elided. maths - mathematics

12. Internal clipping - ellipsis (vamp - vampire, maths - mathematics)

13. A simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often

introduced with the word "like" or "as". Her cheeks are red like a rose. / He is
cunning as a fox.

14. Varieties of English - Educated speech is also referred to as BBC

English or Standard English. This speech is given prestige and it is used by
the government, the press and learned professions. The two broadest
national standards are British and American English. Uneducated English is
often called Substandard, and it is the speech of the less privileged classes.
15. Transformational analysis - a kind of morphological analysis which
may be defined as re-patterning of word-structure with the aim of
disambiguation of word-meaning of the words which are structurally the
same
and
have
the
same
distributional
patterns.
water-carrier -person whose job is to carry water / water-carrier - a container
for water
grinding wheel - does the grinding / driving-wheel - used as an instrument for
driving
jugful - enough to fill a jug / boastful - characterized by boasting / graceful showing
grace
/
shameful
full
of
shame
/
hopeful
having/expressing/inspiring hope - a jugful has a different logical pattern,
because the suffix -ful here has a different meaning - that is 'amounts and
measurements' and the other suffixes refer to 'characteristics and qualities'
17. Prefix - an obligatory bound morpheme which does not realize a lexeme
and which precedes the base. Types: those not correlated with any
independent word (un-, dis-, mis- ...) and semibound prefixes: those which
are correlated with functional words (prepositions, out-, over-, up-, under- ,
under the circumstances, underestimate) . Class-changing prefixes shift a
word to another category (be- befriend, en, encircle) Class-maintaining
prefixes do not change the word-class of a word (arch- archbishop,
maladjusted)
18. The prefix mis- sth has been
misunderstand, mislead, mistreat ...

incorrectly

performed:

misspell,

19. The prefix self- forming nouns - self-esteem, self-confident, selfeducated, self-winding

21. Suffixes that have derogatory force: -let (kinglet) -ling (lordling)
22. Acronyms can be used attributively: a macho relish, RAM device
23. Back slang A form of slang in which words are spoken or spelled
backwards yob - boy, penny - yennup
24. The language of mobile communication abounds in acronyms and
clippings: brb - be right back, lol - laughing out loud, y - why, sql - school

25. Assimilation of loan words denotes partial or total conformation to

the phonetic, graphic, morphological and semantic standards of the receiving
language
Loan words not assimilated semantically: baksheesh, balalaika, sari,
sombrero, sheik, vodka, sherbet ...
Loan words not assimilated morphologically - they keep their foreign
plurals (medium, media, bacterium, bacteria, basis, bases, crisis, crises,
phenomenon, phenomena, hypothesis, hypotheses, criterion, criteria ...
Loan words not completely assimilated phonetically - have traces of
their foreign-ness in their phonetic shape - camouflage, sabotage, massage,
prestige, karaoke
Loan words not completely assimilated graphically: ballet, buffet, cafe,
cliche, bouquet, coup d' etat, maisonnette
Barbarisms - loan words not assimilated in any respect and exist alongside
their English counterparts: addio - good-bye, ergo - therefore ...
Loan words completely assimilated - take the English plural -s: bonus,
bonuses, chorus, choruses, area, areas, arena, arenas, era, eras, idea, ideas,
umbrella, umbrellas, album, albums, demon, demons, museum, museums,
asylum, asylums ...
analyze pirouette

26. Words inherently marked for definiteness:

1) some kinds of pronouns and determiners - me, my, him, her - definite
(oneself, whichever, whoever - indefinite)
2) personal and geographical names are all definite - Robert, Belgrade,
Thames ...

27. Antonym - a word which is opposite in meaning to another word

complementary: the presence of one sense component excludes another
single/married, happy/unhappy, male/female, dead/alive
converseness: reciprocal correlates - husband/wife, buy/sell, send/receive,
up/down
incompatibility: refers to relational contrast between items in a semantic field
- today is Wednesday is incompatible with today is Sunday
Antonymy is the only meaning relation which in the process of wordformation can be signalised by the introduction of a special morpheme in the
position of a prefix or a suffix (happy/unhappy, lucky/unlucky,
agree/disagree, behave/misbehave ..
Antipodals - one member of the pair represents an extreme in one direction
while the other represents the other extreme (top/bottom, north/south,
head/toe, cradle-grave)
Reversives - one member of the pair represents movement in one direction
and the other one movement in the opposite direction (enter/exit,
climb/descend, strengthen/weaken, encourage/discourage ...

*The relationship of reverse antonyms holds between prefixal

derivatives and the bases they are derived from: dress/undress,
tie/untie, obey/disobey ...