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LANDSAT Assisted Geostructural

Analysis of the Bacon-Manito
Geothermal Field
Southeastern Luzon, Philippines
BY
HERMES P. FERRER! EMMANUEL S . BATE,' DANIEL R. CUERRERO,' and ANTHONY P. FERRER'

Abstract
L A N D S A T imageries covering
the Bacon-Manito geothermal field
a n d its vicinity were analyzed a n d
interpreted t o define the regional
structural framework of t h e area.
T w o L A N D S A T scenes were utilized.
Data f o r m a t s used were false color
composite prints f o r b o t h scenes a n d
a computer compatible tape (CC'J)
c o n t a i n i n g digitized multispectral
d a t a . T h e prints were enlarged to
I :250.000 a n d analy7ed manually.
T h e CCT was processed on the multispectral imagery analy7er of the
Natural Resources Management Center ( N R M C ) , photographed on the
color C R I ' screen a n d interpreted.
The stud!.area covered both the
Bacon-Manito area a n d the adjacent
regions in o r d e r to take a d v a n t a g e of
the synoptic character of the imagery,
which in past studies has proven quite
u s e f u l in p r o v i d i n g a r e g i o n a l
ow r v ie w .
Lineaments which may represent faults a n d fractures a s well a s
circular features which could define
potential craters o r vents were drawn
o n overlays. T h e defined structural
sets were correlated with t h e tectonic
setting of t h e Ricol Region a n d with
the inferred prevailing stress direction.
1 PNOC-Energy Development Corporation
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Metro Manila
Natural Resources Management Center
Triumph Bldg., Quezon Blvd., Quezon City

Page 8

T h e preferred orientation of lineaments interpreted from I.ANDSA-r

i m a g e r i e s a r e n o r t h - n o r t h west
northwest, north-northeast and
n o r t h e a s t . These 1 i nea me nt s a re
attributed to a t least two episodes of
d e f o r m a t i o n . F i r s t is t h e w e s t northwest shear couple d u e to a S
75" W primary compressive stress.
a n d the second is d u e t o release o f t h i s
compressive force combined with the
vertical forces resulting from volcanic
a n d magmatic activities. T h e overall
structural framework, therefore, is
o n e of gravity faulting in response to
magma withdrawal but the direction
of individual fractures is strongly
influenced by t h e regional stress field.

Introduction
This study was conducted by
PNOC-EDC a n d N R M C t o determine the regional geostructural setting of Bacon-Manito (BacMan) area
through the use of satellite remote
sensing d a t a . T h e study involved
regional a n d semi-detailed analysis of
LANDSA-J d a t a covering the southern part of Bicol a n d theentire RaconManito geothermal reservation. A tectonic synthesis of the region
was compiled a n d then correlated
with a n a l y z e d i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m
L A N D S A T imageries. T h e s t u d y
aimed to delineate the major structural lines in southern Ricol a n d
identified the regional stress directions
which were responsible for the deformation a t BacMan.

Methodology
F r o m the NRMC's LANDSAT
d a t a library, t w o scenes were chosen
f o r this study. These a r e scenes 118701352 taken 26 J a n u a r y 1973 a n d
3 15-200 1262 taken 3 May 1982. Data
formats used f o r the study a r e positive transparency of false color coniposites (FCCs) of b a n d s 4, 5 a n d 7
and computer compatible tapes
(CCTs). Unfortunately, d a t a interpretation was hampered by the partial cloud cover in t h e LANDSAT
scene 1187-01352 of southern Bicol
a n d the inferior quality of the false
c o 1 o r c o m p o s i t e p o s it i ve t r a n s parency.
False color composite of bands
4 . 5 a n d 7 was chosen to produce the
best color contrast o n raw d a t a for
geologic interpretation. F r o m the
p o s it i ve t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e
L A N I X A T scene ( a b o u t 180 x I80
kms.) the subscene of the study area
was extracted a n d enlarged photog r a p h i c a l l y t o w o r k i n g scale of
I :250,000.
T h e computer compatible tape
o n t h e o t h e r hand was r u n o n the
Image 100 multispectral imagery
analyzer. Subscene covering the area
was likewise extracted a n d generated
o n the Image 100 C R T screen with a
scale of 1 :250,000. To emphasize lineaments a n d o t h e r geologic features,
the imagery was enhanced using ratioing a n d linear contrast stretching of
the multispectral bands.

Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN May 1986

Positive p r i n t s of e n h a n c e d
imageries were reproduced from t h e
Image 100 C R T screen using a large
f o r m a t camera. Prints were enlarged
in the color p h o t o library t o working
scale.
U si ng c o n ve n t io n a 1 a i r p hot o
interpretation techniques, positive
prints o f both raw a n d enhanced imageries were interpreted for geologic
features. Obscure lineaments which
were not readily recognizable o n the
prints were referred t o the color C R T
display. By varying color combinations and intensities assigned to each
b a n d , a better contrast of the imagery
is obtained.
Interpretations were drawn o n
overlays a n d then transferred t o a
1:250,000 scale base map. Structures
were later transferred t o a 1:50.000
topographic m a p of t h e area using a
r o o m transfer scope. Lineament d a t a
were compiled a n d lineament frequency histograms were generated
using the LOTUS program a n d a n
IBM PC-XI computer.
T h e wrench tectonics model by
R . E . Wilcox, a n d others (1973) was
a d o p t e d by t h e a u t h o r s t o explain the
structural regime of the area.

Volcanism in HacMan has been

active in not t o o distant geologic past.
Travaglia a n d Baes (1979) a n d R a k e
a n d others (1979) infer that volcanic
activity commenced a r o u n d Late
Miocene a s evidenced by volcanic
flows overlying Upper Miocene sedimentary units. Lawless a n d others
( 1983) further suggest that deposition
of a certain volcanic formation was
active until probably Pleistocene a n d
Recent times.
The most prominent regional
structure in the area is the northwestsoutheast S a n Vicente-Linao Fault
which obliquely cuts across the Bicol
Peninsula. This feature was recognized earlier by Travaglia a n d Raes
(1979) a n d by the Bureau of Mines
( 1963). Other structures identified by
t h e previous workers trend east-west
a n d northwest. Lawless a n d others
( 1983) also recognired north-south,
northwest a n d north-northeast sets.
All these a u t h o r s used aerial photographs a n d ; o r satellite imageries in
their structural interpretation.

Detailed ground survey by Panem

a n d Alincastre (1985) showed that
s t r u c t u r e s in B a c M a n a r e predominantly steeply dipping gravity
f a u l t s which t r e n d n o r t h - s o u t h ,
northwest, northeast a n d eastwest.
North-south faults a p p e a r t o be the
youngest a n d t h e most a b u n d a n t set
of structures.

Tectonic Environment
T h e Bacon-Manito geothermal
field is a part of the northwestsoutheast trending Quaternary Bicol
volcanic belt ( F i g u r e I ) . Active
volcanic centers in this belt include
Mayon a n d Rulusan, while volcanoes
presently inactive a r e Labo, Isarog,
lriga a n d Pocdol (Phivolcs, 1985).
This belt is paralleled t o the east
by the Philippinerrench which marks
the westward subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath the eastern
P h i 1i p pi ne I s 1a n d s . -1- he Phi 1i p p i ne
Trench extends from the vicinity of
l a l a u d Islands in southern Mindanao
northwards t o the Bicol Peninsula a t

Regional Geological Setting

Generalized Geology
T h e topography of Bac M a n is
typical of volcanic terrains. It is rugged a n d characteri7ed by numerous
cones, domes a n d crater structures.
Surface morphology is very diagnostic of underlying lithology. Areas
underlain by pyroclastics are
generally gently sloping while lava
flows a r e usually steeply sloping with
prominent l o b a t e f r o n t s . Several
craters a r e well preserved signifying
very recent volcanic activity while
o t h e r craters a r e partly eroded a n d
s o m e h a v e a p p a r e n t l y collapsed.
Several small lakes occur within well
preserved craters. A m o n g these lakes
a r e Osiao, Pulog a n d Rangas. Intermontane depressions a n d probable
r e m n a n t s of collapsed craters o n t h e
o t h e r hand a r e filled u p with eroded
materials a n d pyroclastic debris. A
cluster of volcanic peaks rise prominently at t h e eastern part. T h e highest
peak in t h e a r e a is M o u n t Pangas
with a n elevation of 1082 meters ASI..
Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN M a y 1986

FIGURE 1
Distribution of active and inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
(After Phivolcs. 1985)

Page 9

a b o u t latitude 15"N where it is connected to the incipient East Luzon

trench by an east-west left lateral
transform fault ( S e n o a n d Kurita,
1978; Karig, 1973; Lewis a n d Hayes,
1980). These tectonic features are
shown in Figure 2.
An earlier episode of westward
subduction in eastern Luzon has been
active from Late Mesoioic t o Early
C e n o i o i c a s inferred from the presence of Cretaceous a n d Paleogene
volcanics a n d pyroclastics in the
southern Sierra Madre (Gervasio,
1973; Karig, 1973). T h e magmatic
belt of this subduction system extends
through northern and southern Sierra Madra, Bicol, S a m a r a n d eastern
M i n d a n a o ( B a k e a n d others, 1979).
This phase of subduction is evidenced
by the geology of the Pacific Cordillera of eastern M i n d a n a o where the
Agusan-Davao trough appears t o be
the forearc basin of a mid-Tertiary
east facing subduction zone ( M o o r e ,
1981).
Many geologists agree that this
particular episode of westward sub-

duction in eastern Luzon "flipped" t o

a n eastward subduction in western
Luzon ( M u r p h y , 1973; Karig, 1973;
Bowin a n d others, 1978; De Boer a n d
others, 1980; B a k e a n d others, 1980).
Timing of the polarity reversal, however, is the bone of contention as estimates vary from Early Oligocene to
Pliocene ( H a m b u r g e r a n d others,
1980). Karig (1973) hypothesi7.ed
a n o t h e r i m m i n e n t reversal. He
believes that the Philippine TrenchEast Luzon subduction system is
growing northwards a n d will replace
the Manila Trench as the major plate
boundary in the region. Consistently,
Cardwell and others (1980) noted the
absence of indications of active underthrusting beneath the Luzon Arc.
Recent, seismotectonic activities
and other evidences manifest varying
subductive scenarios along eastern
Philippines. Fitch (1972) suggests
that the shallow belt of seismicityeast
of central Luzon is a n indication of
incipient subduction along eastern
Luzon. Cardwell a n d others (1980),
o n the basis of focal mechanism solu-

FIGURE 2
Tectonic features of the Philippines (After PAGASA, 1984)

Page 10

tions of these shallow earthquakes,

likewise believed that deformation
beneath eastern Luzon may be a n
example of rejuvenation of a n old
plate interface. H a m b u r g e r a n d
others (1980) also cited the striking
similarity of seismic patterns and
focal mechanisms associated with
shallow, well developed subduction
zones a n d east Luzon, a n d thus, interpreted the activity along the latter as a
reactivation of subduction along a
previously convergent margin.
At the portion of the trench east
of the Bicol Region, Hamburger a n d
others (1980) noted that the Benioff
zone does not extend westward as far
a s the volcanic front a n d that the well
constrained intermediate earthquakes are located farther south,
beneath Leyte, S a m a r a n d Mindanao. These observations cast d o u b t
o n the relationship of the Quaternary
volcanoes in Bicol a n d the present
subduction activity along the Philippine Trench. In addition, Acharya
a n d Aggarwal (1980) observed that
north of latitude 13"N earthquake
activity is sporadic a n d the trench is
not well defined by bathymetric data.
O n this basis they suggest that subd u c t i o n a l o n g t h i s p o r t i o n is
disrupted.
Activity a l o n g the Philippine
Trench from M i n d a n a o to the south
exhibits a different scenario. It is presumed to be propagating southwards
f r o m M i n d a n a o t o t h e 'Palaud
Islands. Evidences that support the
recent southward propagation of subduction along the Philippine Trench
are the absence of Quaternary volcanoes in eastern Mindanao, the
absence of accretionary prism in the
forearc region ( H a m i l t o n , 1979;
Karig, 1975), a n d a shallow Benioff
zone that extends less than 200 km.
beneath M i n d a n a o a n d Talaud
Islands (Cardwell and others, 1980).
MaJority of the earthquakes in
the Bicol Region during the period
1962 to 1973 are confined along the
trace of the Philippine Fault zone at
the back arc and along the trench arc
gap. Acharya and Aggarwal (1980)
suggest that earthquakes along the
Philippine fault in the region are
mostly shallow e a r t h q u a k e s with
depths less t h a n 70 kms. These were
Geothermal Resources C o u n c ~ lBULLETIN M a y 1986

stresses not released in underthrusting. Focal mechanism solutions of

earthquakes(between I963 a n d 1983)
associated with t h e Philippine Fault
z o n e indicate sinistral wrenching
while those located offshore in t h e
trench-arc g a p indicates thrusting
solution with axis of maximum compression t r e n d i n g west-south-west
( P A G A S A , 1984; C a r d w e l l a n d
others 1980).

r"C^'1

Interpretation of LANDSAT Data

I n t e r p re t a t ion of LA N DS A T
imageries of the BacMan area is
greatly hampered by extensive cloud
cover. Nevertheless, lineaments were
obtained from L A N D S A T imageries
using the techniques described earlier.
Both linear a n d circular features were
mapped a n d plotted o n t h e base map.
Regional lineaments a s well a s lineaments in t h e vicinity of BacMan a r e
shown in Figures 3 a n d 4.
Linear features were compiled in
t h e form of rose diagrams. T w o diag r a m s were prepared, o n e for
regional lineaments a n d a n o t h e r f o r
BacMan. F r o m t h e compilation in
Figure 5 A , it is evident t h a t t h e preferred orientation of lineaments in the
region a r c N 10 t o 50" W a n d N 20 t o

FIGURE 4
Lineament map of Bacon-Mantto Geothermal Field (Based on LANDSAT Data)

60" E. Similar lineament pattern was

observed in BacMan (Figure 5B)
where t h e N 10 t o 25" E structures a r e
locally d o m i n a n t .
Circular Features
Numerous circular features were
identified in t h e area. S o m e of them

have been identified o n t h e ground

either a s collapsed caldera, craters or
lithological boundaries. A major
circular feature occurs s o u t h of t h e
town of Manito. It has a maximum
radius of approximately 3.5 kilometers. T h e eastern margin of the circular form is defined topographically
by the Manitohan River while the
western boundary is defined by a n
arcuate ridge. This circular feature is
associated with the Kayabon volcanic
center. Clusters of small circular structures a l s o occur south-southwest of
Manito a n d south of Osiao crater.

Northwest Set

FIGURE 3
Major lineaments in the Bicol Region (Based on LANDSAT Data)

Ceorhermal ResourcesCouncil BULLETIN M a y 1986

Based o n t h e rose diagram of the

southern Bicol Peninsula, the northwest trending lineaments a r e the most
conspicuous set of structures. T h e
lineaments a r e preferentially oriented
between North 10 a n d 40" West. T h e
L A N D S A T d a t a indicate that these
structures a r e less in number but a r e
long a n d thorough-going. A n imp o r t a n t structure in this set is the
M a y o n Lineament which traverses
t h e volcanic centers in t h e Bicol
Region.
A small number of structures
which trend N 65" W is evident in the
satellite imageries. A major structure
in this set is t h e S a n Vicente-Linao
Fault, which a p p e a r s t o be a result of
Page 11

FIGURE 5A
Lineament distribution pattern in Bacon-Manito

divergent wrenching (Wilcox a n d

others, 1973) a l o n g the Philippine
Fault. T h e S a n Vicente-Linao Fault
obliquely cuts across the Bicol Peninsula a n d p r o b a b l y intersects t h e
Mayon Lineament in Poliqui Bay.

Northeast Set
T h e preferred o r i e n t a t i o n of
northeast trending lineaments in the
region varies between N 20 a n d 60" E.
In contrast, structures within t h e
BacMan geothermal field a r e preferentially oriented N 5 t o 25" E. T h e
local structures trending N 5 to 25"E
a r e presumed t o be antithetic. while
the N 4.5 to 55" E a n d t h e N 60 t o 7.5" E
a r e believed t o be tension a n d synthetic fractures, respectively. Northeast structures a p p e a r to have short
traces a n d a r e highly disjointed. T h e
most prominent member of this set is
the Bangerohan-Donsol Lineament
which transversely cuts across the
southern part of the peninsula. T h e
lineament passes through the western
shore of Poliqui Bay where it possibly
intersects the Mayon Lineament a n d
the S a n Vicente-Linao Fault.

North-South Set
T h e north-south set is disposed
along north-south to N IOOE a n d N
I0"W. T h i s set is n o t r e g i o n a l l y
Page 12

FIGURE 58
Lineament distribution pattern in southern Bicol

prominent, but it is highly conspicu o u s in t h e s t u d y a r e a . M a j o r

members of this set are: ( a ) the
Dumadlagan Fault which apparently
extends from the western shoreline o f
Sorsogon Bay to t h e central portion
of t h e area; ( b ) the segmented norths o u t h structures a t the centre of t h e
geothermal field, a n d (c) the gravity
faults east of Bacon. Panem a n d Alincastre (1985) identified this set a s the
youngest of t h e most dominant faults
in BacMan.

East- West
T h e r e a r e very few east-west
lineaments in t h e a r e a . T h e preferred
direction o f t h i s set varies f r o m N 80"
W t o EW. T h e speculated extension
of t h e S a n Vicente-Linao Fault in
B a c M a n is p r o b a b l y t h e east-west
l i n e a m e n t in t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n
q u a d r a n t o f t h e a r e a . This is where
t h e e x t e n s i o n of t h e fault aligns if it
is projected a c r o s s t h e Poliqui Bay
a n d a s s u m i n g i t is n o t displaced by
e i t h e r t h e M a y o n or BangerohanD o n s o l L i n e a m e n t s . To f u r t h e r
verify t h e e x t e n s i o n a n d a l i g n m e n t
b a t h y m e t r i c d a t a o f t h e Bay was
s t u d i e d . T h e r e were s o m e topog r a p h i c alignments noted o n t h e
seafloor of t h e Bay but these a r e
inconclusive.

Structural Analysis
T h e predicted plate convergence
a l o n g eastern Philippines is northwest but t h e generally observed
general direction is east-west with
slight local variations. To explain the
difference, Fitch (1972) suggests that
t h e northwest directed convergence is
separated into a normal component
which is the westward underthrusting
a t t h e Philippine Trench a n d East
Luzon a n d a parallel component
which is manifested by strike-slip
movement along the Philippine
Fault.
Focal mechanism solutions of
shallow to intermediate earthquakes
a n d the orientation of the Philippine
Trench in the region indicate approximately a S 75"W directed primary
compression generated by the oblique
convergence a l o n g t h e Philippine
Trench (Cardwell a n d others, 1980;
PAGASA, 1984). Such directed compression would generate a left lateral
primary structure (presumably the
S a n Vicente-Linao Fault) causing
divergent wrenching (nonparallel displacement of blocks) (Wilcox a n d
others, 1973) a l o n g the eastern flank
of the Philippine Fault. Sinistral
wrenching along t h e S a n VicenteLinao Fault would g e n c r a t e a derived
Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN M a y 1986

compression directed N 55" E. This

compression will produce antithetic
shears trending approximately N I5
to 30"E. synthetic shears striking N
60 t o 75" E , tension fractures oriented
a l o n g N 45 to 55"E a n d fold axes
trending IV 55" W (Figure 6). This pattern o f lineament distribution is reflected in the rose diagram (Figure
5A).

Although the postulated stress

orientation accounts for the dominant trend of structures in BacMan. it
d o e s not a d e q u a t e l y explain t h e
preponderance ofgravity faults in the
area. 1-ahoratory a n d field observations by Wilcox a n d others ( 1 9 7 3 ,
however, indicate the antithethic fractures usually inherit some of the
tensional component of a wrench
deformation a n d commonly become
nearly vertical normal faults wiith
negligible lateral displacement. Fur-

thermore, divergent wrenching favors

formation of tensional structures,
mainly normal faults.
A I t e r na t i vel y , t h e I i nea men t d istribution pattern a n d t h e predominance of steeply dipping gravity faults
in BacMan may be attributed to a t
least two episodes of deformation.
T h e first event involved t h e southsou t h wes t t rend i ng p r i mar y c o m pressive stress a n d the corresponding
derived compressional force directed
N 55"E. T h e second episode, o n the
other hand, involved the release of the
south-southwest compressive stress
combined with the effects of volcanic
a c t i v i t y a n d t h e m a g m a t i c withdrawal. T h e general structural picture
of BacMan, therefore, is o n e of
normal faulting in response t o magma
withdrawal but the orientation of individual fractures a r e strongly influenced by the regional stress field.

'L

VECTOR OF COMPRESSION M R I V E D FROM WRENCHING

VECTOR OF EXTENSION

--FOLD

DERIVED FROM WRENCHING

Conclusions
BacMan is in a very young gcologic t e r r a i n where volcanism
probably commenced during Late
Miocene a n d continued until the
R e c e n t ti m e . C i rc u m st a n t ia 1 ev i dences indicate that volcanic activity
in the region m a y not be related to the
present subduction activity along the
Philippine Trench. As noted by Hamburger a n d others (1980), the Benioff
7one does not extend a s f a r a s the
volcanic belt. Acharya a n d Aggarwal
(1980) also observed that seismic
activity along t h e trench is sporadic
a n d suggested that subduction along
t h e northern part of t h e trench is disr u p t e d . Volcanism in t h e Bicol
Region, therefore, is possibly related
t o a n earlier phase of subduction
along eastern Philippines
T h e prevailing primary stress
o r i e n t a t i o n in t h e a r e a is westsouthwest-east-northeast a s sugg e s t e d by t h e f o c a l m e c h a n i s m
solutions o f e a r t h q u a k e s , the trend of
the Philippine Trench, a n d the
regional lineament distribution
pattern. This primary compressive
stress a n d t h e associated derived compressional force evidently played a
major role in the deformation of
BacMan. Their effects a r e conspicuously manifested by the Bicol fold
belt a n d the predominance of northeast trending gravity faults in the
area. T h e juxtaposition of geologic
structures in BacMan, however, suggests t h e presence of a n o t h e r episode
of deformation. This event which
generated north-south trending normal faults a p p e a r s to be related to the
combined effects of magmatic withd r a w a l a n d t h e release of the westsouthwest compressive stress following t h e disruption of subduction in
t h e northern segment of the Philippine Trench located east of the Bicol
Region. T h e overall structural framework is o n e of normal faulting in
response t o magmatic withdrawal but
t h e direction of individual fractures
a r e s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h e
regional stress field. 0

AXES

References
FIGURE 6
Forces and resulting structure from sinistral wrenching along the San Vicente-Linao Fault
combined schematically with strain ellipse (After Harding, 1974)

Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN M a y 1986

Acharya. H . K . and Y . P . Aggarwal. 1980. Sei+

micity and tectnnics o f the Philippine
Island>.J . G't,ophi,s. RCL,8 5 . 3239-3250.

Page 13

Bake, G.R.. A . L . Magpantay and A.S.

Zanoria. 1979. Tectonic scenarios of the
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the <;eology and 'lectonics of Eastern
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E. Lara, 1980. Geology of the Baguio District and its implication o n the tectonic
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265-287.
Bowin, C.. R.S. I.u, C.S. Lee, a n d H. Schouten, 1978. Plate convergence a n d accretion
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