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2) Peltier effect: As per the Peltier effect, when two dissimilar metals are joined together to form two
junctions, emf is generated within the circuit due to the different temperatures of the two junctions of the
circuit.
3) Thomson effect: As per the Thomson effect, when two unlike metals are joined together forming two
junctions, the potential exists within the circuit due to temperature gradient along the entire length of the
conductors within the circuit.
In most of the cases the emf suggested by the Thomson effect is very small and it can be neglected by
making proper selection of the metals. The Peltier effect plays a prominent role in the working principle
of the thermocouple.
Q.19. What is a RTD?
A Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature Detector is a device which used to determine the
temperature by measuring the resistance of pure electrical wire. This wire is referred to as a temperature
sensor. If we want to measure temperature with high accuracy, RTD is the only one solution in industries.
It has good linear characteristics over a wide range of temperature.
Q.19. What is a piezoelectric sensor?
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in pressure,
acceleration, temperature, strain or force by converting them to an electrical charge. A piezoelectric disk
generates a voltage when deformed.
Q.20.How does a piezoelectric pickup work?
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical
and the electrical state in crystalline materials. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that
materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting
from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a
mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field).
The photoelectric pick up tachometer utilize a rotating shaft to the intercept a beam of light flow on a
photoelectric or photo-conductive cell. The shaft has an intermittent reflecting (white) and non reflecting
(blade) surface. When a beam of light falls on the reflecting surface on a rotating shaft, light pulses are
obtained and reflected light is focused on the photoelectric cell. The frequency of the light pulses is
proportional to shaft speed and so will be frequency of electrical o/p pulses from photoelectric.
Q.26. What is Torque?
Torque is a twisting or turning force about an axis that can be applied in a clockwise or counter-clockwise
direction.
Q.27. What is the most common torque measuring principle?
It uses bonded strain gauge technology, where the strain gauges are bonded to a suitably designed shaft.