NOLO Y

tion course fd"r;-the

Junior Structural Edgineer
'.if;

''::

Aad Straathof

1.

.,

2.
3

is

4.
:::

:r

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
AN

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD

REF.

AISC

MANUAL OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS

API AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE

HMC DESIGN CRITERIA
OTHER STRUCTURAL INFORMATION

COURSE 1

By Aad Straathof

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Fig. 1-6 Typical tensile-test specimen

with extensometer attached; the
specimen has just fractured in tension.
(Courtesy of MTS Systems Corporation)

STRESS-STRABN DIAGRAMS

E'
Ultimate-._
stress
Yield stress...__
Proportional ---~-~ A
Hmtt

1/

. OF;'~==~==~==~~
Linear
region

Perfect
plasticity
or yielding

Strain
hardening

Necking

"'--~
~

p~'.!:.\.i)~~~;:>,)~;~P
Fig. 1-8. Necking of a barintension

Fig. 1-7 Stress-strain diagramfora

typical structural steel in tension (not
to scale)

Under the same amount of stress, some materials

stretch less than others. The modulus of elasticitY, ( E)
of a material simplilles the comparison of its stiffness

60

with that of another material. This property is the ratio

of the stress to the strain within the elastic range:

--- = "''io du Ius

Stress er
Stram E

1v.

. .. E
of eIastic1ty
.

50

"' 40

CL

0
0
0

30

."'
V)

Ql

l:

20

t/)

10
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

Strain, in./in.
FIG. 4 Stress-strain curves for several materials
show their relative elasticity. Only that portion
of curve displaying a proportienol relationship
. between stress and stro in is diagrammed.

On a stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is represented visually by the straight portion of
the curve where the stress is directly proportional
to the strain. The steeper the curve, the higher the
modulus of elasticity and the stiffer the material
(Fig. 4).
Any steel has a modulus of elasticity in tension of
approximately 30,000,000 .J22.. AISC in their specifications still use a ,more conservative value of 29,000,000
psi for the modulus of elasticity of steel. The modulus
of elasticity will vary for other metals. Steel, however,
has the highest value of any commercially available
metal used in the structural field.

Chapter 5

LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPIN6

2.4.4 Alternatively, where the lift is to be fitted to a

conventional ship and the ship' s characteristics are
known, the farces may be calculated forthe combination
of static and dynamic farces of Ch 3,2.11 forthe ship's
motions and acelerations obtained trom Tables 3.2.2
and 3.2.3 in Chapter 3.

a stress factor, F, which depends on the laad cas1

considered. The allowable stress is given by the genere
expression:
u.= Fu
where u. = allowable stress, in N/mm 2,
F = stress factor,
u = feilure stress, in N/mm 2.

2.5
Design loads
2.5.1
The design loads are to be consistent with the
ship' s loading man u al and are to include the details of the
number and spacing of vehicles the lift is designed to
accommodate, the type of vehicles, their weight, axle
loading, tyre print dimensions, and number and spacing
of wheels and supports. Fig. 5.2. 1 gives typicalloading
information. Due account is to be taken of asymmetrie
loading where applicable.

The allowable stress factor, F, tor steel in whicr

2. 7.2

uv~ 0,7, is to be as given in Table 5.2.1:.

O'u

= yield stress of the material stress, in N/mm2,

where O'y

O'u = ultimata tensile strength of the material, b

N/n:m 2

2.5.2
In addition to vehicle loading the lift is to be
considered with respect to uniform deck loading (UDL)
appropriate to the deckor decks at which it is stowed and
is to comply with the appropriate requirements of Pt 3,
Ch 3 and C.h 11 ofthe Seciety's Rules for Ships.Similarly
where the lift farms part of the ship's watertight
structure it is to comply with these requirements as
appropriate.

Table 5.2.1

Stress fa~:;tor, F

-Laad case
Stress factor, F

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

O,o

0,75

0,85

NQTE
Where the lift farms part of the huil structure the scantlings are t
comply with the requir!lments of the Rules for Ships.

2.6
load combinations
2.6.1
The lift is to be considered with respect to
design loads resulting from the following conditions:
(a) Case 1. Operating.condition.
(b) Case 2. Stawed condition.
(c) Case 3. Test load condition.

2.7.3

O'u

be derived from the following expression:

[

2.6.2 Case 1. The lift is to be considered with

respect to the self-weight and applied load multiplied by
a dynamic factor of 1,20, tagether with the horizontal
farces as defined in 2.4.2. This is represented by the
following expression:

0'8

= 0,41F(uu+O'y)

2. 7.4 The failure stresses for elastic failure are. givein Table 5.2.2.

1,2 (Lw+Lcl+Lhl +Lh2

where Lw = self-weight load,
Lc = applied laad,
Lh 1 = factored laad due to 5 heel,
Lh 2 = factored laad due to 2 trim.

Table 5.2.2 Failure stress

2.6.3
Case 2. The lift is to be considered with
respect to the torces resulting trom the accelerations
due to ship motion, tagether with the forces due to
consideration of static inclination as defined in 2.4.3 or
2.4.4 tagether with weather farces appropriate to its
stawed position.
- 2.6.4 Case 3. The lift is to be considered with
- respect to forces due to the self-weight plus the test
load, Lv multiplied by a dynamic factor of 1 ,20. This case
is-represented by the following expression:
1 ,2 (Lw +.Lt)
where '-t = SWL x proof load factor obtained from
Ch 9,1.9.

Mode of failure

Symbo.l

Failure
stress

Tension

u,

1 ,Ouv

Campression

O'c

1,0uv

Shear

0,58uv

Bearing

O'br

1,0uv

2. 7. 5 For components subject to combined stress es

the followlng allowable stress criteria are to be met:
(a) O'xx<Fut
(b)

O'yy<Fut

(c)

r 0 <Fr

(d) (ux/+ uv/-O'xxO'yy+ 3r0 2 )t < 1,1Fut

where O'x,( = applied direct stress. in

x direction, 'in
N/mm 2 ,
O'vv = applied direct stres in y direction,
.
N/mm 2 ,
r 0 = applied shear stress, in N/mm 2

2.1
Allowable stress -IE!astic faiture
2. 7.1
The allowable stress, u., is to be taken as the
failure stress of the component concerned multiplied by
Section 2

Forsteel with uv> 0,7, the allowable stress ist

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

COMP'D BY: ........................................................................

. . CALC. NO.

..............................................1''''''''''''''''''''''''""

DATE

STRE.SSC:.S

YIE.LD

GENERAL INFO

Padeye Material
The material to be used for padeyes and their attachments should
preferably be conform the following requrrements:

a.

Euronorm 25

Fe510-D (Fe360-D)

b.

Din 17100

St.52-3N (St.37-3N)

c.

B.S. 4360

50D

d.

A.S.T.M.

A572-50 (A36}

(40D)

//~

Fe510-D (Fe360-D)

thickness

\\.

~~

The minimum yield stressforthese materials is:

\.. "-v~ /;-./

/'

</-~\)
16

',

~-~5

23))/N/mm2

> 16..(4o--~45::{~2S) Njmm2

..

>.~9~ 63~.:~215)

>. 63'~ 80 .

<'
St.52-3N (St.37-3N)

/ >::_'B,O~jop .,>-315
'-'

... /

"'
~--~-'40

.01
. __..
I

/~

t.,_ /

.1 ~:;) y
/

/~"-- <J I
~ "'""/

I:A572~5D, ~6)

63

80

315 (215) N/mm2

"""'

100

/
/

fhick'ness ~ 16

345 (225) N/mm2

/_,/)

(1D) ~

355 (235) Njmm2

~-.> 63 ~ 80

/I'

<....

50D

40

-........: ........

. // />',,, --~~~~

/ /c.....i
I
....,/

//

335 (215) N/mm2

325 (215) N/mm2

i'

./''--, '....... ,

. "

.........

',

(195) N/mm2

// / ,.//)

thicliss .<-16
.

N/mm2
325 (205) Njmm2

355 (260) Njmm2

> 16 40
> 40 ~ 63

> 63 "

wo

345 (245) Njmm2

340 (240) N/mm2

(225) N/mm2

.,

<""

'v'

~
11r

z~

thick:ness

< 51

~ 102

"N''t/.
'
d'm stan dar d spec's.
mentwne

345 ( *) N/mm2

(250) N/mm2

/n
.:4. I
!!.k.f!t.

I
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4~?
RP 2A-WSD: Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms- Working Stress Design

77

TABLE 8.1.4-1
STRUCTURALSTEELPLATES
YIELD STRENGTH
GROUP

I!

CLASS

TENSILE STRENGTH

SPECIFICATION & GRADE

ksi

MP a

ksi

MP a

ASTM A36 (to 2" thick)

ASTM A131 Grade A (to W' thick)
ASTM A285 Grade C (to o/." thick)

36
34
30

250
235
205

58-80
58-71
55-75

400-550
400-490
380-515

ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM

34
35
35
36

235
240
240
250

58-71
65-85
65-77
58-80

400-490
450-585
450-530
400-550

ASTM A131 Grades CS, E

34

235

58-71

400-490

ASTM A572 Grade 42 (to 2" thick)*

ASTM A572 Grade 50 (to 2" thick;
591 required over

42

290

60 min.

415 min.

50

345

65 min.

450 min.

50
45.5
51

345
315
350

65 min.
68-85
71-90

450 min.
470-585
490-620
430-550
483-620
483-620

A131
A516
A573
A 709

Grades B, D
Grade 65
Grade 65
Grade 36T2

~2")*

II

ASTM A 709 Grades 50T2, 50T3

ASTM A131 Grade AH32
ASTM A131 Grade AH36

II

AJ'I P:lpec 2lf Grade 42

Grade 5_0 (to 2~" thick)
(over 2%'' thick)

42
50
47

290
345
325

62-80
70-90
70-90

API Spec 2W Grade 42 (to 1" thick)

(over 1" thick)
Grade 50 (to 1" thick)
(over 1" thick)
Grade 50T (to 1" thick)
(over 1" thick)
Grade 60 (to 1" thick)
(over 1" thick)

42-67
42-62
50-75
50-70
50-80
50-75
60-90
60-85

290-462
290-427
345-517
345-483
345-522
345-517
414-621
414-586

62 min.
62 min.
65 min.
65 min.
70 min.
70 min.
75 min.
75 min.

427
427
448
448
483
483
517
517

min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.

API Spec 2Y Grade 42 (to 1" thick)

(over 1" thick)
Grade 50 (to 1" thick)
(over 1" thick)
Grade 50T (to 1" thick)
(over 1" thick)

42-67
42-62
50-75
50-70
50-80
50-75

290-462
. 290-427
345-517
345-483
345-572
345-517

62min.
62 min.
65 min.
65 min.
70 min.
70 min.

427
427
448
448
483
483

min.
min .
min.
min.
min.
min.

ASTM A131 Grades DH32, EH32

Grades DH36, EH36
ASTM A537 Class I (to 2W' thick)
ASTM A633 Grade A
Grades C, D
ASTM A678 Grade A

45.5
51
50
42
50
50

315
350
345
290
345
345

68-85
71-90
70-90
63-83
70-90
70-90

470-585
490-620
485-620
435-570
485-620
485-620

ASTM A537 Class li (to 2W' thick)

ASTM A678 Grade B

60
60

4i5
415

80-100
80-100

550-690
550-690

API Spec 2W Grade 60 (to 1" thick)

(over 1" thick)

60-90
60-85

414-621
414-586

75 min.
75 min.

517 min.
517 min.

API Spec 2Y Grade 60 (to 1" thick)

(over 1" thick)

60-90
60-85

414-621
414-586

75 min.
75 min.

517 min.
517 min.

75
65
60

515
450
415

85
75
70

585
515
485

III

ASTM A 710 Grade A Class 3

(quenched and precipitation heat treated)
thru 2"
2" to 4"
over 4"
Maximum Vanadium Level Permitted =0.10% V.

78

American Petroleum lnstitute

,~

TABLE 8.1.4-2
STRUCTURALSTEELSHAPES

GROUP

CLASS

YIELD STRENGTH

ASTM
SPECIFICATION & GRADE

TENSILE STRENGTH

ksi

MP a

ksi

MP a

36
34

250
235

58-80
5880

400550
400550

A36 (to 2" thick)

Al31 Grade A (to

A709 Grade 36T2

36

250

5880

400550

rr

A572 Grade 42 (to 2" thick)

A572 Grade 50 (to 2" thick;
591 r~quired over

42

290

60 min.

415 min.

50

345

65 min.

450 min.

50
45.5
51

345
315
350

65 min.
68-85
7190

450 min.
470-585
490620

rr

W' thick)

W')

A 709 Grades 50T2, 50T3

Al31 Grade AH32
Al31 Grade AH36

Maximum Vanadium Level Permitted = 0.10% V.

TABLE 8.2.11
STRUCTURAL STEEL PIPE
YI.ELD STRENGTH
GROUP

CLASS

SPECIFICATION & GRADE

TEN$ILE STRENGTH

ksi

MPa

ksi

MP a

API 5L Grade B
ASTM A53 Grade 8
ASTM Al35 Grade B
ASTM Al39 Grade 8
ASTM A500 Grade A (round)
(shaped)
ASTM A501

35
35
35
35
33
39
36

240
240
240
240
230
270
25

60 min.
60 min.
60min.
60 min.
45 min.
45 min.
58 min.

415 min.
415 min.
415 min.
415 min.
310 min.
310 min.
400 min.

ASTM A106 Grade B (normalized)

ASTM A524 Grade I (thru %" w.t.)
Grade IJ (over%" w.t.)

35
35
30

240
240
205

60 min.
60 min.
55-80

415 min.
415 min.
380-550

ASTM A333 Grade 6

ASTM A334 Grade 6

35
35

240
240

60 min.
60 min.

415 min.
415 min.

rr

API 5L Grade X42 2% max. cold expansion

API 5L Grade X52 2% max. cold expansion
ASTM A500 Grade B (round)
(shaped)
ASTM A618

42
52
42
46
50

290
360
290
320
345

60 min.
66 min.
58min.
58min.
70 min.

415
455
400
400
485

IJ

API 5L Grade X52 with SR5, SR6, or SR8

52

360

66 min.

455 min.

IJ

See Par. 8.2.2

. '

seamless or with longitudinal seam weids

min.
min.
min.
min.
min.

JOB NO.

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-~~A.FA G.~,,Ji:

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.........

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" 1

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6./b.

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ....

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

Effective
~ngth

Table C-C2.1
(a)

(b)

.Lif-U
I

Situation

(c)

(d)

~~ AJ

I
I
I
I

I
I
I
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I

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7T,7r

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(f)

L. i ~ra r~

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\

(e)

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I

7T,t

l77r

lmf-

0.. 5

0.7

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

0.80

1.2

1.0

2.10

2.0

-~ 0.65

"""F

vWflJ
y

Factor
K

Rotation fixed and translation fixed

Rotation free and translation fixed
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free

Al'i:>C

'RE: <:.oMM~t-l'I>\S'.'OJ' \.VHE-~ \"t?~Al.

c.ot-lt'H'i"I~N~ ~~ ~?f'~O~\MA'l1~.p

Reduction
Factor
Cm(l)

Superstructure Legs
Braeed
Portal (unbraced)

1.0

Jacket Legs & Piling

Grouted Composite Section
Ungrouted Jacket Legs
Ungrouted Piling Between
Shim Points

1.0
1.0

(c)
(c)

1.0

(b)

0.8

1.0

(b)
(a) or (b)< 4l

0.8

(b) or (c)<4>

Face of leg to Centerline

of JointLengthof K
Braces<3l

0.8

(c)

Longer Segment Length of'

X Braces<3>
Secondary Horizontals

0.9
0.7

(c)
(c)

Deck Truss Chord Memhers

1.0 (a), (b) or (c)<4l

Deck Truss Web Memhers

In-Plane Action
Out-of-plane Action
Jacket Braces
Face-to-face length of
Main Diagonals

(a)
(a)

K(2l

(1) Defined in Section 3.3.1e.

(2) Use Effective Length Alignment Chart in Commentary of
. AISC. This may be modified to account for conditions different from thos assumed indeveloping the chart.
(3) At least one pair of memhers framing into a joint must be in
tension if the joint is notbraeed out of plane.
(4) Whichever is more applicable to a specific situation.

3.3.le Rednetion Factor. Values of the reduction factor Cm referred to in the above table are as follows
(with te'rms as defined by AISC):
(a) 0.85

3.3.ld Meniber Slenderness. Determination of the

slenderness ratio KI/r for cyndrical compression mernbers should Hlri accordance with the AISC. A rational
analysis for defining effective length factors should
consider joint fixity and joint movement. Moreover, a
rational definition of the reduction factor should consider the character of the cross-section and the loads
acting on the member. In !ieu of such an analysis, the
following values may he used:

"" No TR."NSV.1<5 E

l.oAt:~1NG . 1?>~.1\.JtE.~
~up~it> ...

(~ $.\.1~)

r' ~ (b) 0.6- 0.4 ( M1 ), but not less than 0.4, nor more
M2 than 0.85

(c) 1- 0.4 ( ~), or 0.85, whichever is less

F~

3.3.2 Combined Axial Tension and Bending. Cylindrical memhers subjected to combined tension and
bending should he proportioned to satisfy Eq. (3.3.1-2)
at all points along their length, where fbx and fby are
the computed bending tensile stresses ..

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.:

1~;.'1;).. .

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

r ab. ){~~;.o=o=--------->-1
--~-Ga~
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"

2.. . . . . . . . .

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..........................................................................

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC.NO.

..........................................................................

DATE

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~=v ...

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14

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tw ~~b
6~.-~

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S$.T

ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS

For hltw::; 380/-v:Fy, on the overall depth times the web thickness, the allowable shear stress is
(F4-1)
Fv = 0.40 F'y
For hltw > 380/-v:Fy, the allowable shear stress is on the clear distance between
flanges times the web thicknes~ is
F
(F4-2)
Fv =
(Cv) ::; 0.40Fy
9
where
C _ 45,000kv
.
v- Fy(h!tw) 2 when Cv IS less than 0.8

z.;

190

fk:,

= hitw y Ry when Cv is more than 0.8

kv

= 4.00 + (~i~;2 when a/h is less than 1.0

= 5.34 + (!i~~2 when alh is more than 1.0

tw
a
h

SEt:; SEC.&. F
A&SC. 3 ~,r~

= thickness of web, in.

= clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in.
= clear distance between flanges at the sectien under investigation, in.

For shear rupture on coped beamend connections see Sect. J4.

Maximum hltw limits are given in Chapter G.
An alternative design method for plate girders utilizing tension field action is
given in Chapter G.
AM:ERICAN INsTITUTE oF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

JOBNO.

: ..........................................................................

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COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

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COMP'D BY: .........................................................................

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SHEET NO.: ........Q.. . . .

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

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: ..........................................................................

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.JC.k\... . . . .

COMP'D BY : .........................................................................
CALC. NO.
DATE

'ReDucilo~

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F

Fe

~~QC)

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l='oR

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':/

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1

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3.2.2b Local Buckling. Unstiffened cylindrical "mem-

'S":J.

F')(c.. 0~
t)(Q.

~~~bricated from structural steels specified in Sectien 8.1 should be investigated for local buckling due to
axial ~mpression when the D/t ratio is greater than
60. When the D/t ratio is greater than 60 and Jess than
300, with waii thickness t 2: 0.25 in. (6 mm), both the
elastic (F xeland inelastic loc al buckling stress (F xc) due
to axial compression should be determined frpm:.:Eq.
". (3.2.2-3) and Eq. (3.2.2-4). Overall column buckfing
should be determined by substituting the critica! local
bucklirig stress (F xe or F xc whichever is smaller) for F Y
in Eq. (3.2.2-1) and in the equation for Cc.
L Elastic Local Buckli'.:..; Str~
The lastic local buckling stress, F xe' should be
determined from:
_".

F xe = 2CE t/D .............. .

(3.2.2-3)

I
I
f

where:

C =critica! elastic buckling coefficient

D = outside diameter, in. (m)

t = waii thickness, in. (m)

The theoretica! value of C is 0.6. However, a reducel
value of C = 0.3 is recommended for use in Eq.
(3.2.2-3) to account for the effect of initia! geometrie
imperfections within API Spec. 2B toleranee limits.
2. Inelastic Local Buckling Stress.
The inelastic J;;;i buckling-;tress, Fxc' should be
determined from:

Fxc= Fr (1.64- 0.23 (D/t)''] :S Fxe)

Fxc = Fy

for (D/t)

60

I
I

{.o

F)4c.. To

ee.

uc&~e \N "c.KL\r-Ji

l:'oRM\,j LP\\~

I
I
I
I
I

I
I

... (3.2.2-4) -l

For memhers with a D/t ratio greater than 60, substitute the critica! loc al buckling stress (F xe or F xc whichever is smaller) for F y in determining Cc and Fa

JOB NO.

11. . . . . . ..

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: .......

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

. CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................
DATE

......
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COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

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JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ..

COMP'D BY:
CALC.NO.
DATE

For extremely short deep beams, the assumption oflinear stress distribution,
on which the simple theory of flexure is based, is no langer valid. Equation
1 gives sufficiently accurate results for span/depth ratios down to about 3;
for still smaller ratios it was believed formerly that the actual stresses were
smaller than the formula indicates (Refs. 1 and 2), but more recent analyses
by numerical methods (Refs. 43 and 44) indicate that the contrary is true.
These analyses show that at s/dbetween 1.5 and 1, depending on the manner
of loading and support, the stress distri bution changes radically and the ratio
of maximum stress to Me/ I becomes greater than 1 and increases rapidly
as s/d becomes still smaller. In the following table, the influence of s/d on
both maximum fiber stress and maximum horizontal shear stress is shown
in accordance with the solution given in Ref. 43. Reference 44 gives comparable results, and both strain-gage measurements (Ref. 45) and photoelastic
studies (Ref. 46) support the conclusions reached in these analyses.
! I I l l l

1
Ratio

Ratio

lid

spanld

2.875
2.395
1.915
1.4375
0.958
0.479
0.3193

j_

~Spon 23/241--lt
Uniform load over entire l
max u1
max
max ac

3
2.5
2.0
1.5
1
0.5

Span 23/24 l

__lj

Td
1

Uniform load over middle -b,l'

Afe/l

Ale/I

-VIA-

max ut
Me/I

max oe
Me/I

-VIA-

1.025
1.046
l.ll6
1.401
2.725
10.95
24.70

1.030
1.035
1.022
0.879
0.600
2.365
5.160

1.58
1.60
1.64
1.80
2.43
4.53
6.05

0.970
0.960
0.962
1.038
1.513
5.460
12.35

1.655
1.965
2.525
3,585
6.140
15.73
25.55

1.57
1.60

maxr

I. 70
1.92
2.39
3.78
7.23

These established facts concerning elastic stresses in short beams seem

incompatible with the contrary influence of s/ d on modulus of rupture,
discussed in Art. 7.15, unless it is assumed that there is a very radical redistribution of stress as soon as plastic action sets in.

..\.t~.2. .

JOB NO.

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: .....

J.~. . . . .

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................
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COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

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FoR.

-jo.~

'e12-.t:: \ t.J te; ~

ir,j ~ba

~I~~

o~

v'3

t{((it~\~""'' ~e.

\,)

0~.

ENt:>S .

'

y~ R~~\~~~e."''

~-..hr~'D e~ ~\t;H\e...

o~

I l<i!Si<P.\~'t>

~Uow~"&le. ~1~e.~~e,~

'::J

"bEfE~D\t-.\6

LO~~"",)~

\si.) '!e.- \""\c..e<e:~~a~

\.te ~ t~'b

~e-e ~l~o \~c./~-rt

t=o~ AOO~i\~tJ~L \~l=o

\.1. 1
1.

SHEET NO.:

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

TABLE 9
VALUES OF

F'e

For Use in Formula (1.6-1a), Sect. 1.6.1, forSteel of Any Yield Stress

F'e

F'e

F'e

Klb
rb

(ksi)

Klb
rb

(ksi)

Kh
rb

(ksi)

Klb
rb

(ksi)

Klb
rb

21
22
23
24
25

338.62
308.54
282.29
259.26
238.93

51
52
53
54
55

57.41
55.23
53.16
51.21
49.37

81
82
83
84
85

22.76
22.21
21.68
21.16
20.67

111
112
113
114
115

12.12
11.90
11.69
11.49
11.29

26.
27
28
29
30

220.90
204.84
190.47
177.56
165.92

56
57
58
59
60

47.62
45.96
44.39
42.90
41.48

86
87
88
89
90

20.19
19.73
19.28
18.85
18.44

116
117
118
119
120

11.10
10.91
10.72
10.55

31
32
33
34
35

155.39
145.83
137.13
129.18
121.90

61
62
63
64
65

40.13
38.85
37.62
36.46
35.34

91
92
93
94
95

18.03
17.64
17.27
16.90
16.55

121
122
123
124
125

36
37
38
39
40

115.22
109.08
103.42
98.18
93.33

66
67
68
69
70

34.28
33.27
32.29
31.37
30.48

96
97
98
99
100

41
42
43
44
45

88.83
84.65
80.76
77.13
73.74

71
72
73
74
75

29.62
28.81
28.02
27.27
26.55

101
102
103
104
105

14.64
14.35
14.08
13.81
13.54

46
47
48
49
50

70.57
67.60
64.81
62.20
59.73

76
77
78
79
80

25.85
25.19
24.54
23.93
23.33

106
1107
108
109
110

13.29
13.041
12.80
12.57
12.34

N()te: F'e

1271'2E

23(Klblrb) 2
A

(1.6-1a)

F'e

F'e

F' e

(ksi)

Klb
rb

(ksi)

142
143
144
145

7.51
7.41
7.30
7.20
7.10

171
172
173
174
175

5.11
5.05
4.99
4.93
4.88

~0.37

146
147
148
149
150

7.01
6.91
6.82
6.73
6.64

176
177
178
179
180

4.82
4.77
4.71
4.66
4.61

10.20
10.03
9.87
9.71
9.56

151
152
153
154
155

6.55
6.46
6.38
6.30
6.22

181
182
183
184
185

4.56
4.51
4.46
4.41
4.36

9.41'
9.26
9.11
8.97
8.84

156
157
158
159
160

6.14
6.06
5.98
5.91
5.83

186
187
188
189
190

4.32
4.27
4.23
4.18
4.14

131
132
133
134
135

8.70
8.57
8.44
8.32
8.19

161
162
163
164
165

5.76
5.69
5.62
5.55
5.49

191
.192
193
194
19q

4.09
4.05
4.01
3.97
3.93

136
137
138
139
140

8.07
7.96
7.84
7.73
7.62

166
167
168
169
170

5.42
5.35
5.29
5.23
5.17

196
197
198
199
200

3.89
3.85
3.81
3.77
3.73

16.20. 1 126
127
.,15.87
15.55
128
15.24
129
14.93
130

14~

J.2. .L.2

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

t.

SHEET NO.: ......l.Q.9,..

jOB NO.

14. . . . . . ..

SHEET NO.: .....

: .........................................................................

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................

DATE

~AtK \~~

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( fA'OtS'JS HIC.~~G'~b)

t..

)<.

\ h..,.

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~e;e:rae.HA 'DG.~t~~ Q~~~ ,~

Trie. ~llovJ~.:~l~

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f\~ 'e>~RH.J~ S'TRS$~ ~~ ~~l~ 1/r"l \1:)

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W\l-4

tOT'H.e:~.

\ t='t:>R~~ L"- ( S\4. 's)

lob RAr\~

~e.e: A~evE

ts
4- 155

WELDEO JOINTS
Standard symbols
BASIC WELD SYMBOLS
FILLET

BACK

Groove or Bult

PLUG
OR
SLOT

SQUARE

BEVEL

FLARE V

D 11 V V Y

FLARE
BEVEL

\rl(

SUPPLEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS

BACKING

SPACER

CONTOUR

WELD ALL
FIELD WELD
AROUND

_o_ -D-

}:-

FLUSH

CONVEX

--

".............

For other basic and

supplementary weid
symbols, see
AWS A2.4-'86

STANDARD LOCATION OF ELEMENTSOF A WELDING SYMBOL

Fmish symbol - - - - - - ,

, - - - - Groeve angle or mcluded

angle of countersmk
tor plug weids

Contour symbol - - - - - ,
Root opening, dept(!
of filhng lor plug
and slot weids - - - - - - .
Effective throat - - - ,
Depth of preparation;
size ar strength for ~
eertaio weids
Relerenee line

Length of weid

F
A

Specification, process

; ; Field weid symbol

R..c: Q;

~:0~"'}

ar ether relerenee ~ .~<Et ~ ~

___j

Tail (omitted when

relerenee is not used)

~..c::
,/

Basic weid symbol _ _ ___,//

ar detail relerenee
Note:
<- -. ..

.. ,...

.:.
~

'

6j

P1tch (c. to c. spac1ng)

of weids

?:~ }

~ ~~

Weldallaround symbol

L@ P

f_ roo,.~log

ref"oo" lloo

to arrow side memher of joint

or arrow side of joint

Size, weid symbol, length of weid and spacing must read in that order trom lelt to right along the relerenee line. Neither orientation of relerenee line nor location of the arrow alters this rule.
The perpendlcular leg afb., V, f-1, Irweid symbols mustbeat lelt.
Arrow and Other Side weids are of the same size unless otherwise shown. Olmenslons of lillet weids
must be shown on bath the Arrow Side and the Other Side Symbol.
.
.
.
Fiag of field-weid symbol shall be placed above and at right angie to relerenee lme of JU netion
with !he arrow.
Symbols apply between abrupt changes in direction of welding unless govemed by the "all around"
symbol or otherwise dimensioned.
. These symbols do nol explicilly provide lor the case that frequently occurs in structural work, where
duplicate material (such as stiffeners) occurs on the lar side of a web or gusset plate. The fabricating industry has adopted this conventlon: that when the billing of the detail material discloses the existence of
a member on the lar side as well as on the near side, the welding shown lor the near side shall be duplicated on the lar side .

AMEru:cAN lNSI'lTUTE oF STEEL CoNSTRuCTioN

SHEET NO.: ....

JOB NO.

.Jb. . . . . ..

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

-------'"_J_s_LOI~i, ~-'e::~~~~<."Di~~'- t".a\J_!_~

lAMei<ICA~ \JGL'Ou~~

Ei.;t)

~R~-ovJ

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'11

'V

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SHEET NO.: ........~......... ..

JOB NO.
COMP'D BY: ........................................................................ ..
CALC.NO.
DATE

* ~!

I /ct K
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,.;;:~,

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a.

I
I
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fAf<T

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8FF"e~rtvE

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THt<oAT 18

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JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: .........tf.~J...

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

'

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FdiE
SoTH

WE.Ll/6

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11\.111\o<t

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11>

~lb.

n \hsT wE:.l o
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JOB NO.

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: ........

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

.,g""

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JOB NO.

. .

SHEET NO.: .......17~ ~

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: .........................................................................

DATE

W.."Dt rJ~ '5'J.H~L

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.....
A

~E.

~\l)~

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S

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F0U ~c-J.

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(il)

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~tbE.

~x

....
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.\..8. . . . . .

SHEET NO.: ....

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY
CALC. NO.
DATE

1.5.3

Weids
Except as modified by the provisions of Sect. 1. 7, welds shall be proportioned
to meet the stress requirements given in Table 1.5.3.
TABLE 1.5.3
ALLOW ABLE STRESS ON WELDS

Type of Weid and Stress

Required Wels\,
Strength Level ,c

Allowable Stress
Complete-Penetration Groove Weids

Tension normal to
effective area

Same as base roetal

Comf:ressiori normal to
effec ive area

Same as base roetal

Tension or compression
parallel}o axis of weid

Same as base roetal

Shear on effective area

0.30 x nomina! tensile

strength of weid roetal q;si),
exceQt shear stress on ase
roetal shall not exceed 0.40 X
yield stress of base roetal

"Matching" weid roetal must

be used.

Weid roetal with a strength

level equal to or less tfan
"matchmg" weid roetal roay
be used.

Partial-Penetration Groove Weldsd

Comeession normal to
effec ive area

Same as base roetal

Tension or coroRression
parallel to ains of welct

Same as base metal

Shear parallel to axis of

weld

0.30 x nomina! tensile

strengthof weid roetal (ksi),
exceQt shear stress on base
metalshall not exceed 0.40 X
yield stress of base roetal

Tension normal to effective

area

0.30 'X nomina! tensile

strength of weid metal q;si),
exceQt tensile stress on ase
metalshall not exceed 0.60 X
yield stress of base roetal

Shear on effective area

nommal ~ensr.l,e
strength of weid roetal (ksi),
exceQt shear stress on base
metalshall not excee.d 0.40 X
yield stress of base metal

Weid metal with a strength

level equal to or less tlian
"matchmg" weid roetal may
be used.

Fillet Welds

Tension or compression
parallel to axis of weid

U~ilU

.~

Same as base metal

Weld me tal with a strength

level equal to or less tfan
"matchmg" weid roetal may
be used.

Plug and Slot Welds

Shear parallel to fayinJ surfa ces (on effective area

0.30 x nomina! tensile

strength of weid roetal (ksi),
exceQt shear stress on base
roetalshall not exceed 0.40 X
yield stress of base metal

Weld roetal with a strength

level equal to or less tfan
"matchmg" weid roetal may
be used.

For definition of effective area, see Sect. 1.14.6.

b for "matching" weid metal, see Table 4.1.1, AWS D1.1-77.
c Weid roetal one strength level stronger than "matching" weid roetal wil! be permitted.
d See Sect, 1.10.8 for a limitation on use of partial-penetration groove welded joints.
Fillet weids and partial-penetration groove weids joini~ the comQonent elementsof built-up
members, such as flange-to-web connectionsl ma& be esigned without regard to the tensile
or compressive stress m these elements para lel o the axrs of the weids,

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ...

J9. . . . .

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

NEN 2062
NORMTEKST

5.4

Voor de onder 5:2 genoemde spanningen dient een vergelijkingsspanning te worden berekend met de volgende formule:

pJai + 3(t'I + t';7)

De grootte van de cofficint Pvolgt voor staalsoorten volgens Euronorm 25-72 uit. onderstaande tabel.
O'cl

sta:1lsoort
volgens
Euronorm 25-72
Fe 310
Fe 360
Fe 430
Fe 510

(Fe 33)
(Fe 37)
(Fe 44)
(Fe 52)

rekenwaarde voor
de vloeigrens
N/mm 2 (kgf;mm 2 )
200
240
280
360

(20)
(24)
(28)
(36)

{3
0,7
0,7 1 )
0,75
0,85

Basisgevallen van het berekenen van hoeidassen

J;l

L,
Fv=2xaxlxTu

~ '-z,~xl

neem L1 :1cm
"b =
6xMv
- , - =MSxl
W
F1 =Sx 0 h
11 ="1 = 0,353x~

2
5

F,

F. =I';= 2:0,353 F.
TJ.=UL=

I['I
0,353 f1
axl

F,

(/)

F,

F,:Fi

=?z,

7.l=!ll=

F,

:0,353 F,

M,

0,353 Fv
axl

L
Minimum lasdil<te
Te verbinden dilue in mm

van 12 tot 19

van 19 tot 38

van 38 tot 57

van 57 tot 152

van152 en hoger

16

a in mm

6 tot 12

van

_1

ll

12

l,
F, =

(1)

SHEET 1\JO.: ......,....,. . =.....

)OBNO.

COMP'D BY: ..................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

F="\lLE.T

~--

FT'

---tJa> 'l'.L.
.L

keetdoors~e

I
'">(
.

fig. 7. 6

. (THR 1~AT)

Hoeklas, afmetingen, krachten en spanningen werkend op

de keeldoorsnedeJcr.L, TJ. en -r 11 ) en de dwarsdoorsnede (cru)
Indien de richting van een kracht of spanning loodrecht
staat op de wortellijn, dan wordt deze voorzien van de index L.
Indien de richting evenwijdig is an de wortellijn, wordt de
kracht of spanning voorzien van de index u.
~ v

J. -

F
O'.L

aR- '

.L -

T~

--aT' . '

Tu -

1' 11

aR-

SHEET NO.: .... ~ ..\... ........ .

JOB NO.
COMP'D BY : ... ,......................................................................
CALC.NO.
DATE

<.~f.E WELP-*.
c~ILculATiotJtb

Fv

lloo \-(',...)

&-1 :: ~tOO

~,...)

>

t)E:

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1.2. . . . . . .

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: ......

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC.NO.
DATE

~..1.

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v.c-:.

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t-J~!'J '2.obZ,

~, !G~ ~ f~t .~ rz.)

\"" VI J. -+ "' l j" + I/
~ -:. Hp..JG.R\Al F'"\c..oR

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jOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ......~....

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

. CALC. NO. : ...........................................-............................
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ButLT-

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we.t 'fo

'FL~~~e..

( c.~~~~0o~;,

"lil.

,,~

~=~llE.T

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('2~C\.) x 1

w~~~

1:>;
A

11!,

AQ~A et:

~!:'L~<>.,.l~l!

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e.o.~

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TH~e~~~e~~

2fl. . . .

SHEET NO.: ........

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

:3

j>
::. ~OO;<.Iox4ool\~Xc;;"Z.r::;;
10
\.Jel'"D .Z.~Io X 1.'?'2.;<. 1o
2P.j THRei

10

..."'

oK

~"M

Minimum Weid Size

(AWS Bldg Art 212(a)l, AWS Bridge Par 217(b),
AISC 1.17.4)
TABLE 3-Minimum Weid Sia:es for Thick
In joints connected only by :fillet welds, the miniPlates (AWSl
mum leg size shall correspond to Table 3. This is
determined by the thickness of the thicker part joined,
MINIMUM LEG SIZE
THICKNESS OF THICKER
OF FILLET WELD
PLATE JOINED
but
does not have to exceed the thickness of the
w
t
thinner part joined.
3\6''
to 'h" Incl.
!)
f-:
The American Welding Society recognizes that
V4"
over 'h" thru %"
~ ;;}
thick plates offer greater restraint, and produce a
~6'' ....
---.,..---4
over %" thru l'h"
:X
over 1"!2" thru 2 14"
\1)
W
faster cooling rate for the weids.
%"
over 214" thru 6"
UJ
~
'h"
Table 3 is predicated on the theory that the
over 6"
)"\ ~
'%"
required minimum weld size will provide sufficient
Minimum leg size need nol exceed thickness of the. thinner plote.
welding heat input into the plate to give the desired
slow rate of cooling.
This is not a complete answer to this problem;
for example, a plate thicker than 6" would require a
minimum weld size of %", yet in actual practice this
would be made in several passes. Each pass would
'---t;..be equivalent to about a %a" fillet, and have the heat
input of approximately a %a" weld which may not be
13. WHEN AND WHY TO PREHEAT
sufficient unless the plates are preheated;

--

~'"5''[ii73tt

Preheating, while not always necessary, is used for one

of the following reasans:
1. To reduce shrinkage stresses in the weld and
adjacent base metal; especially important in highly
restrained joints.
,_"g. To provide a slower rate of coolins through the
critica! temperature range (a bout 1800 F to 1330 F)
preventing excessive hardening and lowered ductility
in both weld and heat-affected area of the base plate.
3. To Eravide a slower rate of cooling through
the 400F range, allowing more time for anyliydrogen
that is present to diffuse away from the weld and
adjacent plate to avoid underbead cracking.
4. To increase the allowable critical rate of coqling
below: which there will be no underbead cracking.
Thus, with the welding procedure held constant, a
higher initial plate temperature increases the maximum
safe rate of cooling while slowing down the actual
rate of cooling. This tends to make the heat input
from the welding process less critical.
Cottrell and Bradstreet* show the following critical
cooling rates ( Rcr) for a given steel at 572F ( 300C)
using low-hydrogen electrode in order to prevent underbead cracking for various preheats to be:

5. To increase the notch toughness in the weid

zone.
6. To lower the transition temperature of the we!d
ar1d adjacent base metal.
Normally, not much preheat is required to prevont
underbead cracking. This is held to a minimum whr.i\.
low-hydrogen welding materials are used. Higher pre::
heat ~emperature might be required for some other
reason, e.g. a highly restrained joint between very
thick plates, or a high alloy content.
Preheating makes other factors less critica!, btf
since it invariably increases the cost of welding,
cannot be indulged in unnecessarily.
.. -

it

&

AVJAR,E. OF S\G.t,hFtCAN
STlFFNE~~ ~~:oucnot-l 'B':i RA~iIN6

.-.DE.Fl~1'\orJ ~~~~

e".)

E Moo.k"

SHEET NO.: ......2.4.1.~.4.

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

""'

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~

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\(~

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JOB NO.

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.:

.2.6.. . . ..

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

\IVIPRoV~~4

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lMT'~V\N~

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vJG.B '5~6~

CA.P!A.~\'T~

Lo~L ~LA~tt CAPPG~i~

"')E.~cR i'f:'PL,t~G

CA~~AG\T'"j

~P~e. \%'::)

W~ S\4~ e;p.~:PAc..(\j
A?PI1\ot4A.l 5\\~fE~E:.R~
~

IF

~w )

~e

I M'PRoV~

bo

- <o,"G:r

He.~ ~

wee '&~E.t

CA.?. ~J AODl\lo~..l S\l f'~~~

SHEET NO.: ....... ~~: ...

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: .........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

@V

""'Jl~~~ AN'D t=L~~t.::G~ u~"~l2. ee,..J~Jr~~"'-ret)

L~P,..Q~

'TTE&'l"'i

K1.

1.

WEBS AND FLANGES UNDER CONCENTRAlED FORCES

Design Basis

Memhers with concentrated loads applied normal to one ftange and symmetrie
to the web shall have a flange and web proportioned to satisfy the local flange
bending, web yielding strength, web crippling and sidesway web buckling criteria of Sects. K1.2, K1.3, K1.4 and Kl.S. Memhers with concentrated loads applied to both flanges shall have a web proportioned to satisfy the web yielding,
web crippling and column web buckling criteria of Sects. K1.3, K1.4 and K1.6.
Where pairs of stifteners are provided on opposite sides of the web, at concentrated loads, and extend at least half the depthof the member, Sects. K1.2 and
K1.3 need not be checked.
Por column webs subject to high shears, see Sect. K1.7; for hearing stiffeners,
see Sect. K1.8.

Stiffened Webs and Flanges Under Concentrated Farces

AISC (ASO) Specificatien : June 1989 : Section K1
Description

Grillage stifteners

Input Data
R
Compressive Force
Enhancement Factor (for Pbt)
Iw
Web Thickness
lf
Flange Thickness
d
Overall Member Depth
bf
Flange Breadth
Root Radius or Weid Size
Unbraced Length of Flange
e
End Distance
N
Stift Bearing Length
Fy
Yield Stress
lnclude One-Third Overstress? Yes

F,!l'!ng~

Rest(alnt. ~
. .,.,.
.. - - .- - - . "

,~}~iaHo~<~liY U:~i-~ai{r~

PRk~\(ciii~ll:f'R~\n~.

kN
(Ref: K1.2)
mm
mm
1mm
mni
mm
mm
mm
mm
N/mm 2

Factored Load
Web Depth
Clear Web Depth
(d- de) /2

Pbf

h
de

kN
mm
mm
mm

tr

I
I

Iw

~~'
I

Typical Stiftener Geometrv

.h

JOB NO.

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: ......

~6. J.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................

DATE

l
G1l FI='E~f\{'b 1<1C!:?01 RE."t> T<-:l H..a~o.J(;
FlA~6 '&A~\L~ \'j M'P

we.e J!\ELt> ~~6

E~iG,...)"D

Pt(E:\J'et.JT

~~E.6't) t~or

~o\<E \H~

To

\4A.Lr '\HE:'

wE'~ "D'E. ?\H .

6\\fFE.t--!Et<~

'REQV\RED T~

\HfR.c\l

W6~ 6\A~\ll 1 C.A0'bE:'D rb:::J

5LE~-.soER vJG:E>b

\..JI~:ecQ \f'fL,Ni;

ETc. \">hG-o lo~~eg,, LE;..J~rH.

(wE:~ -o'E.,~rH)

JOB NO.

. .................................................................

(1"1"::2

SHEET NO .. ......

f!...T"""'

COMP'D BY: .................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

,.

Local Flange Bending

A pair of stiffeners shall he provided opposite the tension flange or flange plate
of the heam or girder framing into the memher when the thickness of the memher flange t1 is less than
:: ;-=.;:JZ

(Kl-1)
where

Fyc

arJ-l~ VALio

F'o~ nrJ~Ior-J

FLAN~~

= column yield stress, ksi

the computed force delivered by the flange or moment conneetion

plate multiplied hy %, when the computed force is due to live and
de ad load only, or by %, * when the computed force is due to live and
dead load in conjunction with windor earthquake forces, kips
If the lengthof loading measured across the member flange is less than O.l5b,
where bis the member'flange width, Equation (Kl-1) need not be checked.
Pbf =

Acc. AIS.C

R :. AP?ho LoA'C

-e

!'1

~ leJ'>l~TH oF ~o

o:.

P'fH oF FLANGE.
(d2wa~

+ R.Ao\us

SHEET NO.: ......

JOB NO.

~.......

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

Local Web Vielding

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided ifthe c~mpressive stress at the web toe ofthe
fillets resulting from concentrated loads exceeds 0.66.F,:.
a. When the force to be resisted is a concentrated laad producing tension or
compression, applied at a distance from the memher end that is greater
than the depth of the memher,
.

R
t-.y(Jy + 5k) ::::;; 0.66Fy

(Kl-2)

b. When the force to beresistedis a concentrated load applied at or near the

end of the memher,

R
tw(N+ 2.5k) ::::;; 0.66Fy
where
R
tw

(Kl-3)

= concentrated load or reaction, kips

= thickness of web, in.
= lengthof hearing (not less than k for end reactions), in.
= distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, in.

N
k

Web Crippllng

Bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of memhers under concentrated leads, when the compressive force exceeds the following lirnits:
a. When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2
from the end of the member:
(Kl-4)
b. When the concentrated load is applied less than a distance d/2 from the
end of the member:

= 34t; [ 1 + 3

(~) c~) u] .YFyw t11tw

(Kl-5)

where

F;.w = specified minimum yield stress of beam web, ksi

d = overalldepthof the member, in. :
t1

= flange thickness, in.

If stiffeners are provided and extend at least one-half the web depth, Equations

(Kl-4) and (Kl-$) need not be checked.

===C>
~EE, ~.l~Q

tJerJ

hb~~

SHEET NO.:

)OBNO.

'"''@
.~l.
....... .

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

2.6.7

Puntlasten op liggers
00Tc~ NE~ No~M
Lijven van gewalste I-balken of gelaste plaatliggers met overeenkomstige hoogte-dikte verhouding behoeven niet te worden verstijfd ter plaatse van een geconcentreerde kracht, mits aan de volgende voorwaarden wordt voldaan:
Bij eindopleggingen: F < tw (c' + d') a.
tv
In andere gevallen: F < tw (c' + 5 d') a. als c' < 3,33 d' ......~,-,- - - - - - :
F~tw(c')a.
als.c'>11,67d'
F < tw (0,4 c' + 7 d') a. als 3,33 d' < c' < 11,67 d'
HiE;!rin is (zie fig.19 op blz. 85):

F is de geconcentreerde kracht ten gevolge van de rekenbelasting,

tw is de lijfdikte,
c' is de lengte waarover de kracht wordt uitgeoefend.
Bij een eindoplegging behoeft voor c' geen kleinere waarde te worden aangenomen dan d'.
Indien F wordt uitgeoefend door een onverstijfd profiel (I) mag voor c' geen grotere waarde worden
aangenomen dan {2 d' (I) + t (f) }.
d' is de afstand van de buitenkant van de flens tot het begin van de overgang lijf-flens.

NEN 3851
NORMTEKST
85
F

Fig. 19

5.

Sidesway Web Buckling

The sidesway web buckling criteria were developed after observing several unexpected failures in beams (Yura, 1982). In these tests, the compression
flanges were braeed at the concentrated load, the web was squeezed into compression and the tension fl.ange buckled. (see Fig. C-K1.2).
Sidesway web buckling will not occur in the following cases:
Por flanges restr~ned against rotation:
dcftw
etb
f

> 23

(C-Kl-1)

Los_

Por flange rotation not restrained:

(C-Kl-2)
Sidesway web buckling can also be prevented by the proper design of lateral
bracing or stifteners at the load point. It is suggested that local bracing at both
flanges be designed for 1% of the concentrated load applied to that point. Stifteners must extend from the load point through at least one-half the girder
depth. In addition, the pair of stifteners should be designed to carry the full
load. If flange rotation is permitted at the loaded flange, stifteners will not be
effective.

l
(iliiiliiiifl
Tension flange

Fig. C-Kl.2 Sidesway web buckling

AMERlcAN INsTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

VA-sT

---+~EZ;Q;:;!:Zl! -Brace

----

SideswaY

web bucKie

2'1/d . . .

SHEET NO.: ....

JOB NO.

COiv\P'D BY : .....................................................................
CALC. NO.

DATE

Sidesway Web Buckling

Bearing stiffeners.shall be provided in the websof memhers with flanges not restrained against relative movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject
to yoncentrated compressive loads, when the compressive force exceeds the
~
.
following limits:

a. If the loaded flange is restrained against rotatien and (deltw)l(l!b1) is less

than 2.3:

= 6,800t~ [ 1 + O 4 (deffw)
h

llb

3
]

(K1-6)

b. If the loaded flangeisnot restrained against rotation and (djtw)/(llb1) is

less than 1. 7:

R
where
l

= 6,800t~
h

[o 4 (deltw)
llb

3
]

(K1-7)

= largest laterally unbraced length along either flange at the point

of load, in.
width, in.
de = d - 2k = web depth clear of fillets, in.
Equations (K1-6) and (K1-7) need not be checked providing (dcltw)l(llb1) exceeds 2.3 or 1. 7, respectively, or for webs subje~t to uniformly distributed
load.
br

= flange

Campression Buckling of the Web

A stiffener or a pair of stiffeners shall be provided opposite the compression

flange when the web depth clear of fillets de is greater than

1-1 Vl...~ 4100 tw/V!,

p
bf
where
twe "" thickness of column web, in.

(K1-8)

jOB NO.

2..0..J

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: .....

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................
DATE

oF'

C4ECt'<

:p ~

vJEt;, .)' ~E L-o\rJ ~

'l.o

~ ....~

/
~:?"

L
\iJ&'

!-

___..l

'"

~~

V
ll
...

'2Q
~~

(;'Zt

SHEET NO.: .........~ ....:........

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

CHAPTER

BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Beams shall be distinguished from plate girders on the basis of the web slenderness ratio hltw. When this value is greater than 760/VF;, the allowable bending
stress is given in Chapter G. The allowable shear stresses and stiffener requirements are given in Chapter P unless tensionfield action is used, then the allowabie shear str~sses are given in Chapter G.
This chapter .applies to singly or doubly symmetrie beams including hybrid
beams and girders loaded in the plane of symmetry. It also applies to channels
loaded in a plane passing through the shear center parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points and points of support. Por merobers
subject to combined fiexural and axial force, see Sect. Hl.
F1.

1.

ALLOWABLE STRESS: STRONG AXIS BENDING OF 1-SHAPED MEMBERS

AND CHANNELS

Members with Compact Sectiens

Por merobers with compact sections as defined inSect. B5.1 (excluding hybrid
beams and merobers with yield points greater than 65 ksi) symmetrical about,
and loaded in, the plane of their minor axis the allowable stress is

Fb = 0.66 Fy
(Pl-1)
provided the flanges are connected continuously to the web or webs and the
laterally unsupported length of the compression fiange Lb does not exceed the
value of LP as given by the smaller o :

76bt
20,000
--or
VF;, (d!A1) F>:

(Pl-2)

Merobers (including composite merobers and excluding hybrid merobers and

merobers with yield points greater than 65 Isi) which meet the requirements
for compact sections and are continuous over supports or rigidly framed to columns, may be proportioned for 9ho of the negative moments produced by gravity loading when such moments are maximum at points of support, provided
that, for such members, the maximum positive moment is increased by 1/10 of
the average negative moments. This reduction shall not apply to moments produced by Ioading on canti! evers. If the m;gative moment is resisted by a column
rigidly framed to the beam or girder, the V10 reduction is permitted in propor-
tioning the column for the combined axial and bending loading, provided that
the stress fa due to any concurrent axialload on the merober, does not exceed
0.15Fa
AMERicAN lNsTITUTE oF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

w
BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL ML . .i ERS
2.

Members with Noncompact Sectlons

Wh en

For memhers meeting the requirements of Sect. Fl.l except that their flanges
are noncompact ( excluding built-up memhers and memhers with yield points
greater than 65 ksi), the allowable stress is

Fb = Fy [ 0.79 - 0.002

~~ VF;, J

:"\e.cK'

[0.79- 0.002 br
2t1

{F;]
Yk;

..

/102 x 103eb < -l <

Fy
- rr-

J-iO

2
Fy (l!rrY ]F
Fb = [ 3 - 1530 x 103 eb Y

:s;

5-47

x -10 3eb .
Fy

0.60 Fy

(F1-6)

Wh en

= Fy

(Fl-3)

For built-up memhers meeting the requirements of Sect. Fl.l except that their
flanges are noncompact and their webs are compact or noncompact, (exclu ding i ,
hybrid_ girders and members with yield points greater than 65 ksi) the allowable
drem
1

Fb

ALLOWABLE STRESS

Sect. F1]

[Chap. F

C::H~~<

.!_ ~

=>

(F1-4) '

rr

Fb =

where

f5iOX leP eb:

\1 ------py

170 x 10

(l!rr) 2

eb :s;

0.60 Fy

(Fl-7)

For any value of l!rr:

t

k 4.05 .
c - (hltw)0.46 if hltw > 70, otherwise kc

t;

,'r

= l.O.

C\-tE:c~ ~

Fb =

12 x 10

ld!Ar

eb :s;

0.60 Fy

(F1-8)

where
For merobers with a noncompact section (Sect. B5), but not included above,
and loaded through the shear center and braeed laterally in the region of
compression stress at intervals not exceeding 76b1 1VF;, the allow~ble stress is

'

Fb = 0.60 Fy

= distance between cross sections braeed against twist or lateral displacement of the compression :fiange, in. For cantilevers braeed
against twist only at the support, l may conservatively betaken as the
actuallength.

rr = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange

plus 1;3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane
of the web, in.

(Fl-5)

A1

= area of the compression :fiange, in.Z

eb= 1.75 + 1.05 (M1/M2 ) + 0.3 (M1/M2 f, butnotmore than 2.3: where

3.

For flexural merobers with compact or noncompact sections as defined in Sect.

B5.1, and with unbraced lengths greater than Lc as defined inSect. F1.1, the
allowable bending stressintension is determined from Equation (F1-5).

!i-

1.1:1

r~,:;~~,
I

il!!!
.

', i!

~~

U.
'i::

Memhers with Compact or Noncompact Sections with

Unbraced length Greater than Lc

l ,;, .

For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their
web, the allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the~ lt
value from E uations Fl-6) or (Fl-7) and (F1-8), except that Equation (F1-8)
is app 1ca - eon y to sections Wit a compresswn ange that is solid and approximately rectangular in cross section and that has an area not less than the tension flange. Highervalues of the allowable compressive stress are permitted if
justified by a more precise analysis. Stresses shall not exceed those permitted
by Chapter G, if applicable.

M 1 is the smallerand M 2 the larger bending moment at the endsof

the unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the merober, and
where M 1 /M2 , the ratio of end moments, is positive when M 1 and M 2
have the same sign (reverse curvature bending) and negative when
they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending). When the
bending moment at any point within an unbraced length is iarger
than that at both ends of this length, the value of eb shall be taken
as unity .. When computing Fbx to be used in Equation (Hl-1), eb
may be computed by the equation given above for frames subject to
joint translation, and it shall be taken as unity for frames braeed
against joint translation. eb may conservatively betaken as unity for
cantilever beams. **

-vl

JOB NO.

: ........................................................................ .

SHEET NO.: ...

3..3. . . . ..

COMP'D BY: ........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

f$~P.HftE. __:_HEc.-~ oF' C.OtfP1~a~~\~ F~~~ ~,joQr~~.;'tL~ ~

AC~oR.'OI~~

A~t>G

0.<!

DHEA~

0.C.

~G,."lct~4

V,C.

-::::.

Z'Z.o
'ZI.': ,i..,

t .- J.L

~rt;.<.,

boo
'Z- "5 .. 4

~)-

~~~b

<

Lo

rO,'dS

<

11 0

\'='::'} -::.
h

:;

"7~

..

"!/~,,1..

\I

'!,O.Oc:>O

->

'=

l!

"l.;.,b"L

8:;- }\

Gt ov'EQ_w~&

07~

x-!5o

::: llo, S

A\towA~l tf. ?i'A~ ~

!:'

"2..8ob

t-1.4 """''

So

K~I

JOB NO.

%.. . . . ..

. ..................................................................

SHEET NO.: ......

COMP'D BY: .....................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

A)

f='1~0

tb)

RE.D~

c'\

HEAv\e~

'D)

Le~?

'.1

~'"'

:, pA~ L6'~\\-~ L

oR,

<PR.

~6'AM

loA'D
F='4--~ I

FoRMiJlA~~

'5 EiE

F~

R~OUC.Sti

r--t-? I

F 4.. ~

( A.lbc.)

r4~

\.' : ' ~

~ :I

....:

\2

~ x 1-1
~

I< -

-> \.}~

L
rt

::

--=-:---

srt>,'P

\1or.tH0LA t=~~~

\/\o't~ ~:"':; ~ 1.;.~

h~ WHIC:.H

-: ~~.'Z. ' ~~

eb

~.o

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ....3..S.. . .

: ..........................................................................

COMP'D BY : ..........................................................................
CALC. NO.

: ..........................................................................

DATE

lS.o

::

ALSc> c.HE:ct< ~'R:ot~x:;

F'"~Q..

,t>".."

r;-...~ :::1

v'j!.-... L.l E.

o t:

Fof<M~

F1... 8.

L~,~~e.R.

~o

L~
t.

"' 1"2. K

I C>

~X

C ';:;.

L,,d/A*

r:"6

p~o~o,~4

r1 .. 7

--------------~-

~e Fo~< Ge,-;:~'1 ~?.

~t--1.

CoNclJ'S\o~

t3GM

~~~~~Le;

~? t;;oo

.('?>

wi\\ -eec~oM~

c~<\r')
~' )t;... ~ - r::J ~r \ ._.\ ;:
- - f' {: ' "''''''' t"'<

' ''""' t.,~

0\a

SHEET NO.: .......

JOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

CHE.GI<'

~"i~\L\

bil

"",..

'!,eo

~~

tf

:;;

"b.o

~ ..~

tw

;I

\~.'5

CH'EG\<

~\@

,_

\~

Yl>l

..

r:~ ~

""

F'ib ~ 10,~~
~

-1

P<

~
-

r-

<P
-'--

7:t

j
11

if::J

'l:J.b.. . . .

JOB NO.

'J;,j-.. . . . . .

: ..........................................................................

SHEET NO.: ...

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO. : ..........................................................................
DATE

L -4S.'l.

~~

rb
F~

...

.,.

-..

'

14. '-1

[i-

I te>\

rs .. ~ (z4.t-f'

~0

'\'S:,o "\e'?" ;( l.o

1.~.1."

~~1

--

\bj

x\.4}

-=
N~W~K ~b~")~

l}.~ l.~{:t~6{,

~0. ~~~h~ ~ ~o;r t~t

1(

<fJ10 G:~.JEQ;~t~cJb.

JOB NO.

SHEET NO.: ......

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.

DATE

Stiftener Requirements for Concentrated Loads

Stiffeners shall be placed in pairs at unframed ends or at points of concentrated

loads on the interlor of beams, girders or columns if required by Sect. K1.2
. through K1.6, as applicable.
/
If required by Sects. K1.2, K1.3 or Equation (Kl-9), stiffeners need
not extend more than one-half the depth of the web, except as follows:

If stiffeners are req uired by Se cts. Kl. 4 or Kl. 6, the stiffeners shall be designed
as axially compressed memhers (columns) in accordance with requirements of
Sect. E2 with an effective length equal to 0. 75h, a C!OSS section composed of
two stiffeners and a strip of the web having a width of 25tw at interlor stiffeners
and 12tw at the endsof members.

t6

1\- \

To ~t:VC::t-JT

loC.A..l

\'

~\tF~~R ~e\/l\!-l-

- 'vJ e~ t~~ iH ~
"DE~~r.J vJe ~ I _ _.,.
\\1"'1".

~ 6 ~x \1" llj Lo.~-~:DE.'D

At~C.

1\4

C\1A'Pi.
.

e:~~ r~~ l"l

~~

SHEET NO.: ..

jOB NO.

COMP'D BY: ..........................................................................

CALC. NO.
DATE

Wnen the load normalto t~e flange is tensile, the stifteners shall be welde.d to
the loaded flange. When the load normalto the flange is compressive, the stifteners shall eithr bear on or be welded to the loaded flange.
When flanges or moment conneetion plates for end connections of beams and
girders are welded totheflange of anI- or H-shape column, a pair of columnweb stifteners having a combined cross-sectionat area As1 not less than that
computed from Equation (Kl-9) shall be provided whenever the calculated
value of Ast is positive.
'
#
Ast

Pbf-

F;,ctwc (tb + Sk)

F

(Kl-9)

yst

where
stiftener yield stress, ksi

Fyst

= distance between outer face of column fl.ange and web toe of its

fillet, if column is a rolled shape, or equivalent distance if column is a welded shape, in.
= thickness of flange or moment conneetion plate delivering concentrated force, in.

tb

Stifteners required by the provisions of Equation (Kl-9) and Sects. K1.2 and
K1.6 shall comply with the following criteria:
1. The width of each stiftener plus 1h the thickness of the column web
shall be not less than V3 the width of the flange or moment conneetion plate delivering the concentrated force.
2. The thickness of stifteners shall be not less than one-half the thickness of the flange or plate delivering the concentrated load. *
3. The weid joining stifteners to the column web shall be sized to carry
the force in the stiftener caused by unbalanced moments on opposite
sides of the column.

The gross area (total area, when stifteners are furnished in pairs), in sq. in., of
intermediate stiffeners spaeed as required for Equation (G3-1) shall be not less
than

=1-

A
st

Cv

[~h

(alh)z
YDht
Yl + (a/h)Z

(G4-2)

lt

wr;.~:>
~Uc.K::L1~G

where
Cv, a, h, and t are as defined in Sect. F4

= ratio of yield stress of web steel to yield stress of stiftener steel

Y
D

(~\-\G:~R.)

= 1.0 for stifteners furnished in pairs

= 1.8 for single angle stifteners
=

2.4 for single plate stifteners

= thickness of web, inches

a = clear distance betweE?n transverse stiffeners, inches

h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation,

inches
45 OOOk

( I

Fy h t

19

)Z

Vk

h 1t

Fy

.
when Cv 1s less than 0.8
when Cv is more than 0.8

k = 4.00

+ c:i~~2

= 5.34 + c!i~~2

when a/h is less than 1.0

when a/h is more than 1.0

..

.S..9. . . . .