Electronics

Engineering

Digital Electronics
Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

Publications

Publications

MADE EASY Publications

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Digital Electronics
Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above
mentioned publisher of thisbook.

First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: 2016 (Revised and Updated)

All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
written permission from the publisher.

Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise
book on Digital Electronics. Keeping in focus the importance of this subject
in GATE and ESE, we have done a proper study and thereafter developed
the content of the book accordingly. This edition has an expanded
discussion of all relevant topics in the subject.
Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems
in GATE and ESE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We
identified their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject,
difficulty in solving simple questions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These strengthened
our determination to present a complete edition of Digital Electronics textbook.
The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts, objective type problems and conventional problems, articulated in a lucid language. The concise
presentation will help the readers grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems
quickly. The book not only covers the entire syllabus of GATE and ESE, but also addresses the need of many other
competitive examinations. Topics like Boolean algebra, logic gates, combinational and sequential logic circuits,
registers, counters, logic families, converters and semiconductor memories, are given full coverage in line with
our research on their importance in competitive examinations.
We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience of
the readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.
Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.
It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the authors, editors
and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book.
With Best Wishes
B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY

Contents

Digital Electronics

Chapter 1
Basics of Digital Electronics..................... 1

1.1.

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

Digital Number Systems.............................................. 2

Codes.................................................................................. 7
Arithmetic Operations................................................10
Signed Number Representation.............................13
Over Flow Concept......................................................19
Student Assignments....................................................21

Chapter 2

5.3

5.4

Conversion of Flip-Flops......................................... 129

Applications of Flip-Flops....................................... 131
Student Assignments................................................. 133

Chapter 6
Registers................................................135
6.1 Shift Register............................................................................. 135

Student Assignments................................................. 144

Boolean Algebra & Minimization

Techniques..............................................22

Chapter 7

7.1

Asynchronous/Ripple Counters........................... 147

7.2

Synchronous Counters............................................ 152

7.3

Synchronous Counter Design............................... 159

7.4

State Diagram and State Table............................. 162

7.5

Finite State Model/Machine.................................. 165

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

Logic Operations..........................................................22
Laws of Boolean Algebra...........................................23
Boolean Algebric Theorems.....................................24
Minimization of Boolean Functions......................27
Representation of Boolean Functions..................27
Implicants, Prime Implicants and Essential Prime
Implicants.......................................................................37
Student Assignments....................................................41

Chapter 3
Logic Gates and Switching Circuits.......43

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

Basic Gates......................................................................43
Universal Gates.............................................................49
Special Purpose Gate..................................................52
Realization of Logic Gates Using
Universal Gates.............................................................57
Student Assignments....................................................61

Chapter 4
Combinational Logic Circuits................63

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

Design Procedure for Combinational Circuit.....63

Arithmetic Circuits.......................................................64
Non-arithmetic Circuit................................................77
Hazards......................................................................... 108
Student Assignments................................................. 111

Chapter 5
Sequential Logic Circuits.....................114

5.1
5.2

Latches and Flip-Flops............................................. 115

Race Around Condition........................................... 126

Counters................................................145

Student Assignments................................................. 167

Chapter 8
Logic Families.......................................170

8.1

Switching Circuits..................................................... 171

8.2

Classification of Digital Logic Family.................. 175

8.3

Characteristics of Digital Logic Family............... 176

8.4

Logic Families............................................................. 181

Student Assignments................................................. 204

Chapter 9
A/D and D/A Converters.......................207
9.1 Digital to Analog Converter................................................ 207
9.2 Analog to Digital Converters.............................................. 217

Student Assignments................................................. 229

Chapter 10
Semiconductor Memories....................231

10.1 Memory Device, Parameters

and Specifications..................................................... 232

10.2 Memory Classification............................................. 233

Student Assignments................................................. 244

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