Produced

b :
Technical
Cooperation
Department

II. Agreement on Agriculture

Market Access II: Tariff Rate Quotas

R. P
C

R. S
T
D

PURPOSE
T
Q

T
(TRQ ),

,
TRQ

CONTENTS
5.1 I
5.2 M

TRQ

5.3 V
5.4 S

KEY POINTS

TRQ

1995-1997. I

T
A

(TRQ )

A
.

R
TRQ

.F

TRQ

.
I
TRQ
I

.
TRQ
,
TRQ .

5.1 INTRODUCTION
O

U
.W

R
,

,
.T

"

"

"

"

TRQ .

,
WTO C

.
T

:
U

;
;
.

5.2 MARKET ACCESS IN AGRICULTURE THROUGH

TRQS
5.2.1 The concepts - minimum and current access and TRQs
Ta iff
a
e e i e ded
e c age
A
ade...

, WTO M
1986-88

.W

"

"

5
(

,
)
.T

2000 (
.
T
M da i ie ,

1995,
3
M

5
2004 (

),

.W

,
S

M da i ie
TRQ

TRQ . T
S
.T
(
MFN

TRQ

MFN

.H
"

TQ

TRQ ,

"

A
,
.A
,
( . .
( . .
,

S
T
"

). T

,
.
U

"

). B

,
.I

,
(VER )

TRQ

,
.

,
MFN
MFN

.O
, . .

,
.

5.2.2 Who offered the tariff quotas and how much new access
opportunities were created?
T

- WTO M
1 370
M
,
TRQ ,
N
...b
eai e i e
addi i a
a e acce
a c ea ed T

S
(T

1). A

36
(67
.

17

TRQ
,

19

1995
3 7

.O
10

, . .
.P

,
T

MFN
.W

.
( 2000

( 1995). T

2004)
,

3
17

,
(T

2).

Table 1. Number of tariff quotas b WTO Member

Member

Number of
tariff quotas

A
B
B
B
C
C
C
R
C
R
E
ES
E
C
G
H
I
I
I
J
K
,R .

T
S

2
36
2
73
21
67
29
24
17
11
85
22
70
90
2
12
20
67

36 M

Member

Number of
tariff
quotas

M
M
M
N
Z
N
N
P
P
P
R
S
R .
S
S
A
S
T
T
U
S
V

- 1 370

19
11
16
3
9
232
19
14
109
12
24
20
53
28
23
13
54
61

ce: WTO (1998),

Table 2: Number of tariff quotas and estimated increase in access selected major commodities
Commodit

C
W
R
C
G
D
P

Tariff quotas
numbers

215
183
249
350

Increase in access
000
tons

as percent of 1995
world trade

3
640
807
1
076
1
757

1.8
0.9
6.0
2.0
17.3
3.0
0.9

M
P
F
V
F
V
O
P
O

124
50

729
421
485
130
355
236
126
110
292

0.4
2.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.8

V
S

ce: C

(1998), J

(1998)

WTO (1998)

WTO N

5.2.3 How much of the tariff quotas were utili ed?

T

TRQ

, . .
1. T

60

1996
50
1997

TRQ
1997 (

TRQ
1995
,

TRQ
T

3). T

.T
,
WTO C

.V
.

Table 3: Tariff quotas - simple average fill-rates b product categor ,

1995-97
Simple average
fill-rate (percent)1
1995 1996 1997
C

64

63

43

65

63

30

76

71

55

64

63

49

60

56

62

41

44

36

57

66

37

72

69

46

85

76

72

45

72

. .

61

57

40

68

53

30

65

63

46

1O

1 370
996

,
1995, 989

1996

163

1997.
S

ce: WTO (1998).

5.3 VARIOUS METHODS USED TO ADMINISTER THE

TARIFF QUOTAS
T

A A
,
ad i i a i

TRQ ;
A
XIII GATT 1994 a i a i e e ic i 2. T A

-di c i i a

:"

,M

M
...". I

,
,

.N

TRQ .
T

.T
.W
.
A

,A

XIII
.S
,

.S
:
-

, . .
;
,

;
-

- ;
;
.

50

applied

tariffs (T

4),

S
-

.A

.T

,
,

,
.

Table 4: Categories of the principal methods used for the

administration of the TRQs

De c i i

f he

eh d

be
f a iff
a
1995 1996

649

646

102

104

306

314

32

30

65

76

22

22

.I
F

.I
;

.T
.
L

'
,

.T
-

aa
.

'

,
.

'
,

,
.
I

(
)
.

20

21

46

47

11

10

(
)
.
O

.
N -

ce: WTO (1997), T

3.

Table 5: Categories of additional conditions for the administration of

the TRQs

Description of the additional conditions

number of
tariff
quotas
1995 1996

39

39

102

111

25

25

.
L
-

.
E

.
P

58

58

.
N

So rce: WTO (1997), Tables 2 and 4.

R e-ba ed
e h d ha e
he ad a age
f
edic abi i ...T

first come, first-served

.T
(
)

FCFS
.

,
.T
.T

TRQ

,
TRQ

,
.T
, . .

.F
,
.
T

historical precedent
.T
,
.F

A
,

.T
:
.O

,
A

XIII.

lotter

.W
FCFS,

.I

... a e
eh d ae
i e
e ica e he
a e
f
a ade...T

auctioning
,
.W
,
-

.I

,
(

.
T

FCFS

.T
.A
WTO,
WTO

.W
,

,
,

GATT A

II - . .

.
... hi e
ad i i a i e
ced e
ea e g ea e
c ef
A
di c e i

state trading enterprises (STE ) -

.A

,
-

STE ,

.O
-

producer organi ations. T

.F

processors,

TRQ
-

.F

WTO S
-

,
.T

TRQ
.S

(1999)
,

.F

,
TRQ ,

TRQ

.S

TRQ

STE

.M

,
TRQ

.F

TRQ
,

5.4 SOME ISSUES ON TRQS

A

,
WTO C
TRQ ,
,

.A

,
,

.W

.
Sh d TRQ
c i e af e
he e
The
d?

e f he TRQ

e i

he c

i g ea . O
"

",

UR
,
?I

,
?G
TRQ

?F
de fac
"

MFN "

,
,

MFN

TRQ

.T
TRQ ,

.T
TRQ

)
.O

.I

, . .
,
,
,

TRQ ,
MFN

.
I

e i

he ad i i

ai
f he TRQ . A
TRQ

,
,
.

,
,
.T ,

,
.I
( . .

The "

,
TRQ ( . .
).

de -fi " f he TRQ a d i ea

.D
60
1995-97

.T
,
,

, . .

50

.M

.M

- . .
,

,
,

MFN

,
,

.I

,
.U

TRQ .W

- . .

.
S

ei

f a ic a c ce f
TRQ

he de e

i gc

.A

ie . O

.B

,
.A

.S
,

.A
S

(SDT), . .

TRQ .

REFERENCES
Carson, C. 1998. The U g a R
Croome, J. 1998. The P e e
T ade O ga i a i . E

d Ag ee e

f
R

Ag ic

T ade Neg ia i
S
, US D

e. P
i

, OECD.

he W
A

d
.

FAO. 1998. The I ica i

f he U g a R d Ag ee e
Ag ic
e
f De e i g C
ie : A T ai i g Ma a , S. H , R. P
& M.
S
.T
M
A
P
N 41. R
.
GATT. 1994. The Re
f he U g a R d f M
Neg ia i : The Lega Te . G
, GATT S
Josling, T. 1998. The U g a R d Ag ee e
L
i g A e e . P , OECD.
Skull , D. 1999. The Ec
#99-6.

ic

Tangermann, S. 1996. I
A
:I
P
N .3.
Tangermann, S. e a . 1997. I

f TRQ Ad i i

,J

i a e a T ade
.

Ag ic

e: A F

a i . IATRC W

U
R
a f Ag ic
U

A
a Ec
R

a dP

ic , V .47,
A

A
P

, IATRC C

N .12.

WTO. 1999. G ide

K
L I

he U g a R d Ag ee e
.T H
.

WTO. 1998. Ta iff a d O he Q

1998.
WTO. 1997. Ta iff Q
B

a Ad i i
S

WTO. C
A
A a i a dI f
ai

. WTO S

a .B

a i Me h d a d Ta iff Q
,N
1997.

1997-98. I f
a Pa e
E cha ge, N .1, 3. 7. 9.

,M
a Fi .

he P ce

______________________________
1T

.A
"

2A
Ag ee e

Lice i g P

", . .

TRQ
ii

3T
1995-97. S
S

WTO (1997), Ta iff Q

,N
.

100

TRQ .
,

.
WTO S
a Ad i i a i

Me h d a d Ta iff Q

a Fi , B