Moving Boundary Work 4.1C It sepresents the boundary work for quasi-equilibrium processes. 4.20 Yes. 4-3C The area under the process enrve, and thus the boundary work done, is greater in the constant preseure case 44C 1kPa-m? =1k(N/m?)-m?* N-m=18 45 A pistow-cylinder device contains uitoyen gas at a specified state. The boundary work is to be determined for the polytropie expansion of nitrogen. Properties The gas constant for nittogen is 0.2968 kTkeX (Table A-2) Anatysis The mass and volume of nitrogen at the inital state are Ne 3 naZh 0304007) osrgprtg 130 kPa ‘RF, (0.2968 kJ/kg K)(120+ 273K) 120°C x 3 z MRT _ (0.07802 kg) 0 2968kPam Ake XY(100+273R) _ 9 og637 3 zy 100 kPa The polyropie index is determined from AY = PyVs —+(130kPa)(0.07m')” = (L00KPa)(0.08637 m3)” —>n =1.249 The boundary work is determined fom PV, —PV; _(100kPa)(0.08637 m*) -(130kPa)(0.07 m°) w= lon 1-1.24946 A piston-cylinder device with a set of stops contains steam at a specified state. Now, the steam is cooled. The compression work for twa cases and the final temperature are ta be determined. Anat ss (a) The specific Voluues forthe stil and final states are (able A-6) MP. |, = 0.30661 Ake MPal = 0.23275 mg j= 400°C) sor] 2 = 028275 ke Noting that pressure is constant daring the process, the boundary work 1s determined from Wy, =mP(u — vy) = (0.3 kg)(1000 kPa)(0. 30661 —0.23275)m3/kg = 22.16 kd (b) The volume of the cylinder at the final state is 60% of initial volume. Then, the boundary work becomes Th, = mP(v; — 0.6044) = (0.3 kg)(1000 kPa)(0 30661 — 0.60 0.30661)m‘/kg = 36.79 kd Steam ‘The temperature at the final state is SMPa uy = (0.60% 0.30661) meg hs =161.8°C (Table 4-5) 4-7 A piston-cylinder device contains nitrogen gas at a specified state. The final temperature and the boundary work are to be determined for the isentropic expansion of nitrogen. Properties The properties of nitrogen are R = 0.2968 KTKRK , k= 14 (Table A-2a) Analysis The mass and the final volume of nitrogen are FY, __ (30kea)(0.07m') =007800kg Rhy (0.2968k0/keK)(120+273K) BU; = PV} —+(130 kPay(0.07 m*)!4 = (100 kPayy}* —>¥, = 0.08443 m? ‘The final temperature andthe boundary work are determined as Vy (100KPa)(0.08443 m*) 346K "mR (0.07802 kg)(0.2968 kPam?ikg K) PW; —PV, _(100kPa)(0.08443m*) ~(130KPa)(0.07 m3) Lk 114 =1.64kd49. Reffigerant-134a in a cylinder is heated at constant pressure until its temperature rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process i to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant ducing this process, the specific volumes at the initial ‘and the final states are (Table A-11 through A-13) A a} 5 44 =¥pasooun, =0.0008580 mg Pp Sst hand , (KPa) 900 Anaysis The boundary works determined frm ts definition tobe 5 me, assay . % 0.0008580 m>/kg and Moa = | PaY = PU — 4) = mPtv — 4) = 253.1000 KDE carers -oconsssomtng| = S571kd 4-11E Superheated water vapor in a cylinder is cooled at constant pressure until 70% of it condenses. The ‘boundary work done during this process is ta be determined Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant during this process, the specific volumes atthe initial and the final states are (Table A-4E through A-6F) ln =15686 88 om e (psia) 40 = 0.01715 + 0.3(10.501—0.01715) 1623 #7 bm Anatyss The boundary work is determined from its definition to be ° 2 Woo = | PaY = PW; —Y) = mP(w, —u)) = (46 tbam(40 pia) 3.1623 -15.68 Bn __ =i tes-sceon a | 4483 Btu Discussion The negative sign indicates that work 15 done om the system (work input),4-12. Air in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until its pressure rises to a specified value ‘The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The process is quasi-equilibsium. 2 Airis an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of at is R= 0.287 ki/kg-K (Table A-1). p Anaiysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be 150 kPa ‘600 kPa 2.4 kg)(0.287 KYkg- K)(28S Kn 272 ka Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input). 4.21 CO, gas m a cylinder is compressed until the volume drops to a specified value. The pressure changes ) i G124 KPa mn? kg-KX550 K) Substituting into the energy balance, One = (0.33307 kg)(10 377 KiMkgK)(S50 - 350)K = 686.2 kd 3307 ke4-58 A room is heated by a radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan. Heat is lost from the room. ‘The time it takes for the air temperature to rise to 20°C is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Aux is an ideal gas since it 1s at @ high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -141°C and 3.77 MPa, 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ‘Ake = Ape = 0. 3 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in nepligible ervor in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 100, kPa. 5 The room s air-tight so that no air leaks in and out dur the process Properties The gas coustant of ai is R = 0.287 kPa.m’/kgX (Table A-1). Also, ¢.= 0.718 kI/kg.K for air at room temperature (Table A-2) Analysis We take the air in the room to be the system, This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary. The energy balance for this stationary constant-volume closed system ean be expressed as Ean Eag = ME Nceergr mete es wyiewwat aims padi es see a+ Wann ~Quas = AU = My Ty ~F) (since KE = PE = 0) (oa + Wenia —Qaus)At = Mey ag(Ts —T) Steam The mass of ars SS ct V=4x5x7=140m> Ww, 10,000 ki/h RV (100 Pay(140 my ~ RF, ~ (287 kPa-m'ikg RCH K) Using the ¢, value at zoom temperature [10.000-5,000)3600 ki/s~+0.1 kis]4r = (172.4 kg 0.718 tke“ C)@Q0-10)"C yields t= 831s4-62 A cylinder equipped with a set of stops for the piston to rest on is initially filled with helium gas at a Specified state, The amount of heat tat taust be fansferred to raise the piston ito be detenmaned. Assumptions 1 Helin 1s an ideal gas with constont specific heats. 2"The kinetic and potential energy Ghonges re negiirble Ake Ape'=0. 3 There are no work tteractions tavolved. 4 The thermal ene stored in the eylindoritselt 5 nesigible Properties The specific heat of helium at room temperature is ¢,= 3.1156 ky/kg X Table A-2) Amaiysis We take the helium gas tn the eylinder as the system. This 1 a closed system sine? no mass Grosses the boundary of the system. The energy balance for this constant Volume Closed system can be expressed as Em~Foe = SEsyetec ybent tak sedis Channa tarts Qn =AU = muy 1) Qm = muy —m) = Mey (TF, —T1) “The final temperature of heliom ean be determined fromthe ideal gas relation o be AY BY Bi 7, S00ka nT . 1, (298 K)=1490K 100 kPa Substituting into the energy balance relation gives Qn = (0.5 kegy(3.1156 ki/kg:K)(1490 - 298)K = 1857 kt4-65 A cylinder is initially filled with air at a specified state. Air is heated electrically at constant pressure, and some heat is lost in the process. The amount of electrical energy supplied is to be determined. 1 Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the resistance wires is negligible, 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties The mutial and final enthalpies of air are (Table A-17) hy = have = 298.18 KI/ ke hny = hg 3595, = 350.49 WI /kg Anaiysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a ‘closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as En~Foe = SE SSSSESS. Caggaealee Wig ~ Qa Mo. = SU > Wig = 108. —F4) + Qo since AU~+ 1W, = AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process, Substituting, (05 kp)(350.49 -298.18)keg + (60 kd) = 845 ki LkWh or, Wey = (84° 3600 kr Aiternative solution The specific heat of ai at the average temperature of Tg = (25+ 77)2= 51% K is, from Table A-2, care = 1.0065 kv/kg.°C. Substituting, Maia = me (Ts ~) + Qu = (15 kg)C1.0065 kik °C)(77 ~25)°C + 60k = 8451 kWh on Ma = (045 = 0.235 KWH 2-81) Discussion Note that for small temperature differences, both approaches give the same result. 35 kWh =324 4-71. A cylinder initially contains argon gas at a specified state. The gas is stirred while being heated and expanding isottermally. The amount of heat transfer isto be determined. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential eneray changes are zero. 2 The fir is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 The compression or expansion process is quasi- equilibrium. Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This isa closed system since mo mass crosses the system boundary. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as Em Foe = SE system emery easter “sna wyhetwa anim Quite mee Qa, + Wyaia — Moat = AU = (ur —1,) = me, u(Z) for ideal gases, and thus u a = Meat Mw in i 3h4-74 A mumber of brass balls are to be quenched in a water bath at a specified rate. The rate at which heat needs to be removed fom the water in order to keep its temperature constant is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the balls are constant. 2 The balls are at a uniform temperature ‘before and after quenching. 3 The changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Properties The density and specific heat of the brass balls are given to be p = 8522 kg/m* and c, = 0.385 kiike°C. nati We tke a single ball asthe sytem. The ener balance fr this closed system ean be expressed = Ag, AE en cieweiy raster Change intemal kine, Brass balls, 120°C whan atom > = Oot = AT ga = ety m) Water bath 50°C oa = MCC “The total amonnt of heat transfer from a ball is : m= pV =p 522 ka) OOS = 0558 og: = me(T, ~T>) = (0.558 kp)(0.385 krkg.°C)120~74)°C = 9.88 kVball ‘Then the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the water becomes 6 (100 balls‘min)><(9.88 krMball) = 988 K/min ‘Therefore, heat must be removed from the water at a rate of 988 KT/min in order to keep its temperature ‘constant at 50°C since energy input must be equal to energy output for a system whose energy level remains constant. That is, Es, When AE now =4-80 An electronic device is on for 5 minutes, and off for several hours. The temperature of the device at the end of the 5-mmin operating period 4s to be determaned for the cases of operation wath and without a heat sink. Assumptions 1 The device and the heat sink are isothermal. 2 The thermal properties of the device and of the sink are constant. 3 Heat loss from the device durimg on time is disregarded since the highest possible temperature is to be determined Properties The specific heat of the device is given to be cp = 850 J/kg."C. The specific heat of aluminum at room temperature of 300 K ss 902 Jike.°C (Table A-3). Analysis We take the device to be the system. Noting that electrical energy is, ‘Supplied, the energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as Electronic bey ae device, 25°C VERSES. cree AU gece = (tty — 14) me(Ts ~Ti) ‘Substituting, the temperature of the device at the end of the process is determined to be G0 3/s)(S = 60 5) = (0.020 kgX850 J/kg. CMT; 25°C Ty = 554°C (without the heat sink) (Case 2 When a heat sink is attached, the energy balance can be expressed as U ance + AU resin WigsgAt = me (Ps ~Fanice + CT — Fret nk ‘Substituting, the temperature of the device-heat sink combination is determined to be B0I/5)(5 x 608) = (0.020 ke 850 Ikg.°CMTs ~ 25)°C + (0.200 ka )(902 Ike“CHTs ~ 25)% 70.6°C (with heat sink) Discussion These are the maximum temperatures, In reality. the temperatures will be lower because of the heat losses to the surroundings, 4-112 The ideal gas in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure. The gas constant and the molar mass of this gas are fo be determined. Assumptions There is no friction between piston and cylinder Properties The specific heat ratio is given to be 1.667 Anatysis Noting that the gas constant represents the boundary work for a ‘unit mass and a unit temperature change. the gas constant is simply Ideal gas determined from 0.8 kg AT=10°C _ Ws 16645 “MAT (0.8kg)(10°C) .075 kJikg.K ‘The molar mass of the gas is Ry _ 8314 ki/kmol K 2207S kkk ‘The specific heats are determined as R 2075 bikeK kl 1667-1 y+ R=3.111 kg K +2.075 kikeK = 5.186 kJikg.°C 4.007 kgikmol 114 kulkg.°C4120 A cylinder is initially filled with helium gas at @ specified state Helum is compressed polytropically to a specified temperature and pressure. The heat transfer during the process is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibnum. Properties The gas constant of helium is R= 2.0769 kPa.m’lkg.K (Table A-1). Also, ¢,= (Table A-2. Analysis The mass of helium and the exponent n are determined to be Aw (150 Kpajo.5 m3) 1156 KWkeK 123 ke _ 413K 150 kPa 1" 303K "400 KPa (RHE) (eee) 05m? =0.264m? ‘Then the boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from 2 2Vy— AY, mR(Z,~ [piv --28=8 ie 5) (0.123 kea)(2.0769 ki/kg- K)(413- 293) 11536 We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Taking the direction of heat transfer to be to the cylinder, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as Fin = Fou yeawteece whee ual, ads Ms, =572 = me, (Ty —T)— Moin @ ‘Substituting, Qe.= (0.123 kg)(3.1156 kirk K)(413 -293)K - (57.2 KD) ‘The negative sign indicates that heat is lost from the system, 1.2 kd4-141 An insulated nigid tank initially contains saturated liquid water and air. An electric resistor placed in the tank is fumed on until the tank contains saturated water vapor The volume of the tank, the final ‘temperature, and the power rating of the resistor are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work interactions. ‘Properties The initial propetes of steam are (Table A-4) i Brea = 0001157 mag 20 fy =950.46 kik Anniysis (a) We take the contents ofthe tank as the system. This isa closed system since no mass enters or eaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance fortis stationary closed system ean be expressed as FatFe = SSapm ASSt. ose Wey =AU = muy uy) (since Q=KE=PE =0) ‘The initial water volume and the tank volume are Y= muy = 0.4 kg)(0.001157 m°ikg) = 0.001619 m* Ung, = 20161? BF _ 9.006476 m? 025 (®) Now, the final state can be fixed by calculating specific volume 0.006476 m? nae lak = 0.004626 mi /kge ‘The final state properties are 0.004626 m? nie =371.3°C 1 201.5 kik (© Substituting, Wag = (0 4Kg)(2201 5 850.46)kIke Finally the power rating ofthe resistor is Taig _ 1892 1 20x60 1.576 KW Tian =