Secondary Two Science Bridging

Holiday Homework
Chemical Bonding

In an element or compound, forces hold the particles

together.
water

chlorine gas

H O

sodium chloride

The (attractive) force holding the particles

together is called a chemical bond.

What is chemical bonding?

The ways of forming chemical bonds are known as
chemical bonding.
Atoms can be joined
together in 3 possible ways
Metal and
non-metal

Ionic Bonding

Non-metals
only

Covalent Bonding

Metals only

Metallic Bonding
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Ionic Bonding
Objectives
Understand why most atoms do not occur singly.
Describe the formation of ions by electron
loss or gain.
Describe the formation of ionic bonds between
metallic and non-metallic elements using
dot-and-cross diagram.
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What are ions ?

Ions are charged particles :
positively charged or negatively charged
particles

How are ions formed ?

Ions are formed by the loss or gain of
electrons by atoms :
Loss of electrons positive ions
Gain of electrons negative ions
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Formation of positive ions (cations)

E.g. 1

loses 1 electron
Na

Na

Na+ ion

Na atom 2,8,1
E.g. 2
Mg

Mg atom 2,8,2

loses 2 electrons

2,8

Mg

Mg2+ ion 2,8

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Formation of negative ions (anions)

-

E.g. 1

gains 1 electron

F
F atom

F
F- ion

2,7

2,8

E.g. 2

gains 2 electrons

O
O atom

2,6

O
O

2-

ion 2,8

What are Noble Gases ?

Group VIII elements
Helium (He)

Krypton (Kr)

Neon (Ne)

Xenon (Xe)

Argon (Ar)

Radon (Rn)

[The Noble Gases]

are all gases and extremely
unreactive
- they do NOT combine
readily with other elements
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Electronic Structure of Noble Gases

xx
x He

helium
2.

x x Ne x x
x
x
xx

neon
2.8

xx
xx
x x x Ar x x x
x x
x x
xx
xx

argon
2.8.8

These atoms all have full outermost shells of electrons.

This makes them very stable. Hence these atoms exist
as single atoms (uncombined).
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Why are ions formed ?

Atoms of elements (besides the noble gases) react to
achieve the noble gas structure.
They do so by losing, gaining or sharing valence electrons.
When atoms lose or gain electrons, they form ions.
Usually atoms of metals lose electrons while
atoms of non-metals gain electrons.

When are ions formed ?

When a metal undergoes chemical reaction with a
non-metal to form an ionic compound [a compound
made up of positive ions and negative ions].
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E.g. Formation of Sodium Chloride

+
Sodium
Na
Na
Na
Na

Na
Na
Na
Na

Na
Na
Na
Na

Chlorine Sodium Chloride

Na
Na
Na
Na
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Structure of Sodium Chloride

Sodium Chloride

How are Na+ and Cl- ions formed

(from Na and Cl atoms) ?

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Transfer of electrons in making

sodium chloride (NaCl)
transfer of
one electron

Na

Na atom

Cl

2,8,1

Each Na atom
needs to give away
1 electron to
attain noble gas
structure

Cl atom

2,8,7

Each Cl atom
needs to receive
1 electron to
attain noble gas
structure

Transfer of electrons in making

sodium chloride (NaCl)

[ ][ ]
+

Cl

Na

Na+ ion

2,8

Ionic bond

Cl ion

2,8,8

This is the Dot-and-cross diagram of formation of NaCl

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Transfer of electrons in making magnesium oxide

(MgO)
transfer of 1
electron

Mg

O
transfer of 1
electron

Mg atom

2,8,2

Each Mg atom
needs to give away
2 electrons

O atom 2,6
Each O atom
needs to receive
2 electrons

Transfer of electrons in making magnesium oxide

(MgO)

2-

2+

[ ][ ]
O

Mg

Mg2+ ion 2,8

Ionic bond

O2- ion 2,8

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Calcium
oxide
(CaO)
Each Ca
atom
needs to
give away
2 electrons

transfer of 1 electron

Ca

Each O
atom
needs to
receive 2
electrons

transfer of 1
electron

O atom 2,6

[ ][ ]
Ca atom 2,8,8,2

2+

Ca

Ca2+ ion 2,8,8

2-

Ionic bond

O2- ion 2,8

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Magnesium
chloride
MgCl2
Each Mg
atom
needs to
give away
2 electrons

x
xx

transfer of 1 electron

Each Cl
atom
needs to
receive 1
electron

Cl

x x Mg x x
x
x

Cl atoms

xx
x transfer of 1 electron
Mg atom

2,8,7
Cl

2,8,2
xx

2+

x x Mg x x
x
x

Cl

xx
Mg2+ ion 2,8

2 Cl ions

2,8,8

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Each Na
atom
needs to
give away
1 electron

sodium
oxide
x x O x x Na2O
x
x

transfer of
1 electron

Na

transfer of
1 electron

Na atoms
2,8,1

x
O atom
2,6

Na

+
Na

x
x x O
x

Each O
atom
needs to
receive 2
electrons

2x x
x

x
2

Na+

ions

2,8

O2-

ion

2,8

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What type of elements form ionic bonds ? Why ?

Ionic bonds are formed between atom of metal and
atom of non-metal.
Atoms of metals usually have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons.
To attain the stable noble gas structure (fully filled
valence shells), these atoms need to give away electrons.
Atoms of non-metals usually have 5, 6 or 7 valence
electrons. To attain the stable noble gas structure
(fully filled valence shells), these atoms need to receive
electrons.
Hence transfer of electrons takes place between atom
of a metal and atom of a non-metal (when the metal
reacts with the non-metal).
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The atomic number of elements A, B, C and D are 12, 14,

16 and 18 respectively. Which two elements are likely to
form an ionic compound ?
Atom A has 12 electrons. Electronic configuration is 2,8,2
Hence it tends to lose 2 electrons to a non-metal.
Atom B has 14 electrons. Electronic configuration is 2,8,4
Hence it tends to share electrons with a non-metal.
Atom C has 16 electrons. Electronic configuration is 2,8,6
Hence it either receive 2 electrons from a metal or shares
electrons with another non-metal.
Atom D has 18 electrons. Electronic configuration is 2,8,8
Hence it is stable and will not react to form compounds.
Answer : Element A and element C.

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We have heard ofionic compounds.

Is there such a thing asionic elements ?
Ionic bonding is formed between atom of a metal and
atom of a non-metal in a substance.
Since at least 2 elements are involved, the substance
Must contain at least 2 elements chemically combined.
Thus the substance has to be a compound.
Ionic bonding is found only in compounds,
NOT in elements.
Hence there is no such thing asionic elements!

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NOW YOU THINK ..

Positive
ions
(+)
More protons than
electrons

How are they

different ?
proton :
electron ratio

Negative
ions (-)
Less protons than
electrons

positive

overall
charge

negative

Usually are ions of

metals

type of
element

Usually are ions

of non-metals
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Concept Map
Element
Atom
Metal
Lose
electron

Positive ion
(cation)

Noble gas
Stable electronic
configuration
Ionic bond
(electrostatic force))
Ionic compound

Non-metal
Gain
electron

Negative ion
(anion)
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