Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(5)
Boundary Layer Theory
Objective:
The purpose of this experiment to introduce the types of flow (Laminar and
Turbulent Flow) over the smooth and rough surfaces, and to measure the
velocity values inside and outside the boundary layer, as follows:
Measurement of the velocity profile in laminar and turbulent boundary
layers.
Measurement of the velocity profile in the boundary layer formed over
both rough and smooth plates.
Measurement of the velocity profile in the boundary layer at various
distances from the leading edge of the plate.
Effect of the pressure gradient on the boundary layer velocity profile.
Introduction:
When a fluid (liquid or gas) flows over a solid surface it immediate contact
with a surface moves with it, and the relative velocity increases from zero at
the surface to the velocity in the free stream through a layer of fluid which is
called (boundary layer).
Consider steady flow over a flat smooth plate as shown in fig. (5.1), where
the stream velocity U is constant over the length of the plate. It is found
that the thickness of the boundary layer grows along the length of the plate
as indicated in that diagram. The motion in the boundary layer is laminar at
beginning, but if the plate is sufficiently long, a transition to turbulence is
observed. The flow is grows rapidly and merge to produce the random
fluctuations of velocity which are characteristic of turbulent motion. The
parameter which characteristics the position of the transition is the
(Reynolds number) based on distance X from the leading edge:
Re x
Ux
..(5.1)
1 dy ..(5.2)
U
0
Where: h
Another definition is called (momentum thickness ), of the boundary layer
U
0
u
U
dy .(5.3)
The total skin friction per unit width on a plate of length L is equal to:
D f 0.5 U 2 2 L (5.4)
Or,
Cf
Df
0 .5 U 2 L
2 L
L
..(5.5)
.(5.6)
Now for laminar layer, the displacement thickness and momentum thickness
are given by:
5.0
(5.7)
x (Re x )1 / 2
*
1.721
.....(5.8)
x
Re x
0.664
cf
X
Re x (5.9)
...(5.10)
0.16
...(5.11)
x (Re x )1 / 7
0.046 X
Re x
0.036 X
Re x
..(5.12)
(5.13)
0.0288 U 2
w
(Re x )1 / 5
.(5.14)
...(5.15)
Procedure Of Operation:
1. Estimate the velocity profile for turbulent flow over a smooth surface,
by using pitot-tube to estimate the total pressure inside and outside the
boundary layer film.
2. Estimate the velocity profile for turbulent flow over a rough surface,
by using pitot-tube to estimate the total pressure inside and outside the
boundary layer film.
3. Estimate the effect of pressure gradient by using (two liners to make
the passage as a diffuser) and measure velocity profile for turbulent
flow over a smooth surface, by using pitot-tube to estimate the total
pressure inside and outside the boundary layer film.
Description of Apparatus:
Figure (5.2) shows the arrangement of the test section attached to the outlet
of airflow bench. A flat plate is placed at mid height in the section, with a
sharp edge facing the oncoming flow. One side of the plate is smooth and the
other is rough so that by turning the plate over, results may be obtained on
both types of surface.
A fine pitot-tube may be traversed through the boundary layer at a section
near the downstream edge of the plate (without liners).
Liners may be placed on the walls of the working section so that either a
generally, accelerating or decelerating free stream may be produced along
the length of the plate, depending on which way round they are fitted. With
the liners removed, uniform free-stream flow conditions are obtained over
the plate length.
P
Po
(5.17)
Where ( Po , U ) are the pitot tube pressure reading in the free stream
(outside boundary layer), air velocity outside of boundary layer, while (
P , u ) are the pitot tube pressure reading inside the boundary layer, air
velocity inside the boundary layer film. The air pressure value outside of
boundary layer is equal to:
Po h
UL
..
(5.19)
Readings:
Table (5.1a) velocity distribution inside boundary layer on smooth surface
without liners. U
, Re L
, Po
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
H
(mm)
Distance
y (mm)
pressure
P (N/m2)
Velocity
u (m/s)
Velocity ratio
u
U
h
(mm)
Distance
y (mm)
pressure
P (N/m2)
Velocity
u (m/s)
Velocity ratio
u
U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
P
Po
(5.17)
Where ( Po , U ) are the pitot tube pressure reading in the free stream
(outside boundary layer), air velocity outside of boundary layer, while (
P , u ) are the pitot tube pressure reading inside the boundary layer, air
velocity inside the boundary layer film.
The air pressure value outside of boundary layer is equal to
Po h
(5.19)
UL
..
H
(mm)
Distance
y (mm)
pressure
P (N/m2)
Velocity
u (m/s)
Velocity ratio
u
U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Discussion:
1. Estimate the values of ( , , , H ) for turbulent flow over a smooth
surface, when x=L=0.265m.
2. Estimate the values of ( , , , H ) for turbulent or laminar flow over
a smooth surface, when x=0.02m, and x=0.05m.
u / U ( y / 3) 7