Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
University of Hertfordshire
School of Engineering and Technology
Course Objectives
1. To appreciate the interactions of requirements within aerospace engineering.
2. To develop technical competence in the application of academic theory with an appreciation of the
limitations encountered.
3. To further develop the skills of written, graphical and oral communication.
Course Organisation
The total cohort of students will be divided into groups of 10 (or exceptionally 9 or 11), supported by
four academic staff. The number and sizes of groups will depend on student numbers.
Each design group will meet with a prescribed academic supervisor for 25 minutes every week over 2
semesters during the timetabled slots, in accordance with a set rota. The prime roles of the academic
supervisor during these formal meetings are to monitor the progress of the group and assist groups with
the design process rather than supplying technical expertise for the group in a particular area. Although
the course staff team have a wider knowledge of aircraft design than their specialisation may suggest, it
should not be assumed that they know the solution to this design challenge.
The programme embraces four phases, each lasting four or five working weeks, which provide useful
milestones to guide the groups progress. Introductory lectures to each phase will steer the way through
the course. The academic staff member supervising each group will change for each phase to permit
rotation of staff between groups. The rota for the exact times of these meetings and the allocated
supervisor will be published on Studynet.
The Group Project Manager is expected to organise and manage the group activity, with the guidance of
staff as and when necessary, and arrange and conduct the formal progress meetings and any subsequent
technical discussion. It is not acceptable for groups to claim to have held their formal progress meeting at
another time or place, although additional progress and technical meetings will almost certainly be
required. Minutes should be taken to record decisions and to establish new and ongoing actions. Agendas
and minutes should be issued to staff and all concerned each week in good time.
Aerospace Group Design Notes
Dr. Ken Hart - School of Engineering and Technology
University of Hertfordshire 2016
Page 1 Issue 1
Course Assessment
A Preliminary Design Review (PDR) for each group at the end of phase 2.
Group submission of a collation of individual technical reports from each group member at the end
of Phase 4.
A Critical Design Review and presentation (CDR) for each group at the end of Phase 4.
Individual student marks from the design reviews will be strongly influenced by a moderated peer
assessment process which is based on the quality and quantity of student effort throughout the course.
Helen Singer
Page 2 Issue 1
Minimum Requirements:
360-degree airborne surveillance capability
Advanced electronic surveillance systems and data links with extensive antenna farm.
6 multi-purpose operator consoles.
Range: Capability to operate at least 500 miles from base.
Maximum endurance - not less than 12 hours on station
Page 3 Issue 1
b) Long Range Open-Ocean Patrol, Coastal Surveillance and Search and Rescue
Minimum Requirements:
Altitude: Capability to operate at any altitude from near sea level to beyond 50,000 feet.
Range: Capability to operate at least 500 miles from base.
Maximum endurance - not less than 12 hours on station
Ocean surveillance radar system for finding/identifying a target and specifying its location.
Capability for slow-speed, low-altitude flying to drop a variety of rescue and survival
equipment to those in peril on the sea.
Mission operator consoles and communications suite.
ii.
Executive transport
iii.
iv.
v.
Maritime/Fisheries Patrol
Extended capabilities, such as operational range, may be offered beyond this baseline specification, but
the case for these must be made in terms of cost and operational/technical risk.
Affordability - Modern technology should be included, but only if shown to be effective in terms of
operational costs and initial purchase price, for which an initial production run must be declared.
Incorporation of technology from other civil and military aircraft programmes is encouraged to help
maintain costs and delivery timescales.
Certification: The aircraft must be designed primarily to comply with the appropriate standards for large
commercial aircraft as specified in EASA CS-25, which is available on Studynet. However, due to the
potential for possible conflict with hostile forces for some of the roles then aspects of the UK military
certification standards as specified in Def Stan 00-970 should also be considered. Def Stan 00-970 can
be downloaded as pdf files from StudyNet.
Students are strongly recommended to take a relatively conservative approach to the overall
configuration, since a more adventurous design is likely to be extremely difficult to model and
analyse. However, this is to be a new design and not a straight copy of an existing aircraft.
Phase Definitions
It is very important to keep to a schedule that ensures the whole operation is brought to a complete and
timely culmination. Hence, as guidance, the work that is expected to be completed in each phase is
defined below. Time will be quite limited and the Group Project Manager must organise group effort
efficiently. Occasionally it may be necessary for individuals to help the group progress by moving outside
their specific role. Nobody should stand idle waiting upon other members of the group. There must be
a balance between discussion and productive work to ensure progress.
Page 4 Issue 1
Phase 1
Introductory work, research, proposing ideas.
Decide upon group member roles.
Examine configurations and operating performance of
other aircraft with similar roles.
Investigate physical sizes of equipment to be carried
Establish the broad philosophy for the design and
produce sketched drawings of design options.
Estimate the likely take-off weight off the aircraft.
Investigate typical wing loadings of similar aircraft.
Produce initial estimates for key aircraft parameters such
as size of wing and fuselage
Define and understand performance goals.
Investigate thrust requirements and powerplant options
Phase 2
Refine design layout and component geometry.
Consider equipment load configuration options.
Assess weight distribution, centre of gravity position and
its extremes with and without equipment loads.
Find pitching moment of inertia
Detailed wing-lift and drag calculations.
Initial drag calculations for fuselage, tailplane,
undercarriage, nacelles and any external equipment.
Define operational flight profile.
Estimate thrust requirements and fuel burn for all phases
of operation in order to deduce fuel load.
Investigate stability, size control surfaces and define
control methods for all flight phases.
Set-up Merlin simulator input data to support aircraft
performance and stability analyses.
Phase 3
Freeze overall geometry & confirm aircraft specification
Detailed drag calculations for the whole aircraft.
Confirm powerplant type and size.
Detailed thrust requirements and fuel burn for all phases
of operation.
Produce aircraft performance data to include take-off
and landing distances, balanced field length, climb rates,
flight profile, range, fuel burn, altitude ceilings, loadrange charts and any altitude/ambient temperature
limitations.
Consider implications of OEI (one engine inoperative)
operation for all flight phases.
Stress analysis to support wing, fuselage, tailplane and
undercarriage design.
Calculate wing and fuselage shear force, bending
moment and torque distributions.
Detailed configuration and sizing of all major systems,
including failure analyses.
Assessment of tyre and brake performance for dry, wet
and emergency operation.
Design & operation of undercarriage retraction systems.
Phase 4
Complete layout drawings
Complete full aircraft design specification.
Confirm completion of all design and analysis work.
Confirm consistency amongst all group members
regarding all parameters declared in the final aircraft
specification and individual reports.
Page 5 Issue 1
Flight Simulation
Subject to availability, the Merlin flight simulator must be used by all groups throughout during the
course for important validation and development of many of the parameters which form the basis of the
design. It will permit groups to further explore the main stability, performance and handling
characteristics of their designs, at all stages of the project, and to develop them appropriately. This
simulation activity promotes quicker convergence to a workable configuration, although the resulting
design must still be refined and supported by calculations.
All groups will be expected to develop a full parametric model of their design, properly proven, and
progress on this will be investigated during the Preliminary and Critical Design Reviews.
Design Groups
As stated previously, the design groups will nominally comprise ten students. The allocation to groups
will be at random, but with a nominally uniform spread of industrial experience, and a mix of cohorts.
Requests to be allocated with specific students, or to change groups after allocation, will be refused.
Each group will comprise students from the BEng and BSc programmes and it is important that the roles
adopted by each student within the group are consistent with the material they are taught during their
degree programmes. Listed below are the role titles and a strong recommendation regarding which
roles are taken on by which groups of students.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The Performance & Propulsion and Stability & Control Engineers should take responsibility for the
proving of the aircraft behaviour using the Merlin Flight Simulator
The Project Manager and Design Engineer should ensure that any key certification issues are
addressed and the Project Manager should prepare the marketing brochure for the aircraft.
This is not to suggest that any roles are more or less important than any other, but that some of the
specialist the work is more suited to being divided up amongst the other group members.
All student group roles must be agreed by the group and approved by the Module Leader before the
last day of Phase 1.
Page 6 Issue 1
Role Responsibilities (this is NOT an exhaustive list - other tasks may arise during the project)
Project Manager.
Organisation and management of the Group
Leading an investigation into similar existing aircraft and establishing the procedural strategy.
Production and maintenance of a Project Time Plan to ensure that the group progress and decision
making are in line with the recommended expectations of the course.
Production and maintenance of an up-to-date working specification showing principal information
regarding all aircraft components and performance.
Convening and chairing meetings in an orderly and professional style, defining agenda, recording
decisions and issuing minutes. (The taking of minutes may be shared within the group.)
The project manager is not required to exercise an overall technical responsibility but is required to
ensure an agreed approach by the group on technical matters.
Co-ordinating the production of the Preliminary Design Review group report, collating the final
individual reports for the group and leading the Critical Design Review presentation.
Design Engineer.
Integration of all aircraft components.
Overall drawings of the aircraft. These will initially be in the form of working sketches and will develop
into CAD drawings and 3-D rendered views. A 3-view layout is essential for the Preliminary and
Critical Design Reviews and the final group reports.
Internal and external layout of mission equipment to take into consideration practicalities and
certification rules. (in conjunction with Mission Equipment Specialist)
Identification and design of aircraft mounted equipment required.
Internal layout of aircraft cabin and cockpit including controls, instrumentation and pilot ergonomics.
Design of fuselage (in conjunction with Aerodynamics Specialist)
External appearance of the aircraft.
Aerodynamics Specialist.
Detailed definition and design of wing aerodynamic geometry, including any high-lift devices and liftdump / spoiler / speed brake systems.
Detailed definition of aerodynamic geometry for tailplane horizontal and vertical components.
Calculation of lift and drag coefficients for all aircraft components, specifically wing, tailplane,
fuselage, nacelles, undercarriage and any externally mounted equipment.
Production of aircraft drag polar.
Performance and Propulsion Engineer.
Specification of powerplant system.
Detailed calculations to establish thrust requirements throughout the aircraft operating envelope.
This must include OEI considerations.
Calculation of take-off and landing distances for a range of aircraft weights, airfield altitudes and
ambient air temperatures. Specification of Balanced Field Length.
Detailed calculation of fuel required for all aircraft operations, including contingencies. Comparative
assessment of existing aircraft.
Specification of key aircraft performance characteristics such as climb rates, optimum and maximum
operating cruise altitude and speed, glide capability and load-range graphs.
Specification of any braking system provided by the engines.
Mission Definition and Equipment Specialist
Detailed research into the types, weights, sizes and power requirements for the equipment to be
carried internally and externally for the various aircraft roles.
Design of internal layout of aircraft cabin - in conjunction with Design Engineer.
Loading and storage of equipment on the aircraft and integration with other aircraft systems.
Specification of altitude and aircraft speed conditions required for execution of the various specific
roles.
Procedures and timescales to change the aircraft from one role configuration to another.
Page 7 Issue 1
Assessments
Marks will be accrued through two design reviews (at the ends of phases 2 and 4), and for an individual
student report. In the design reviews there will be a strong element of moderated peer assessment,
administered by the staff as described below. The emphasis in the Group Design Course will be on group
activity, and the assessments will reflect this throughout. Do not expect to get good peer assessment
marks unless you contribute and work as an effective group member throughout each phase it is not
sufficient just to present work at the end of the phase. Staff have the authority to moderate peer
assessments where necessary. The percentages below refer to the contributions to the Group Design
assessment, not to the complete module of which the Group Design forms a part.
The marks available are distributed as follows:
Preliminary Design Review (PDR): Group Mark with peer assessment
20%
Critical Design Review (CDR): Group Mark with peer assessment
30%
Individual contribution to Group Report
50%
Page 9 Issue 1
Plagiarism
You are strongly recommended to take heed of the general advice given to students regarding
plagiarism, particularly in regard to your report. If detected, instances of alleged plagiarism will be
automatically referred to the School Academic Conduct Officer for investigation. Please bear this in mind
and take care to reference any non-original work correctly. Each year, a number of students are
penalised for plagiarism offences and there are steps that you can take to avoid this.
DO NOT copy other peoples work, either from reports from previous years, or from the internet or
other sources this WILL be detected.
To avoid inadvertently presenting somebody elses work as your own, NEVER paste or copy-type into
the document you intend to hand in. If you feel it necessary to keep information in this way, create a
reference document that is completely separate to the document for submission.
Also, take very careful note of the Universitys rules on referencing. You should not need to quote
directly more than a sentence or two, and this must be correctly referenced to ensure it is recognised.
Studynet
This module will make significant use of StudyNet for communication and the sharing of information. Of
special interest for this project is the Group Working facility, which allows student groups to share files,
news and calendar functions. The academic staff for this module will also have access to these group
areas. Copies of these notes and other relevant materials will be posted on StudyNet, together with
useful web links.
Reference Material
Books
Civil Jet Aircraft Design, L R Jenkinson, P Simken, D Rhodes
Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design, E Torenbeek
Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Daniel P Raymer
The Design of the Aeroplane, D Stinton
The Anatomy of the Aeroplane, D Stinton
Flying Qualities and Flight Testing of the Aeroplane, D Stinton
Aircraft Flight, R H Barnard & D R Philpott
Aerodynamics, Aeronautics & Flight Mechanics, B W McCormick
Flight Stability and Automatic Control, Robert C Nelson
Aircraft Structures and Systems, R Wilkinson
Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems, Mike Tooley & David Wyatt
Airframe Structural Design, N C Niu
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, E F Bruhn
Landing Gear Design Handbook, N S Currey
The Jet Engine, Rolls Royce
Aircraft Powerplant, Kroes & Wild
Gas Turbine Performance, P.P. Walsh & P. Fletcher
Selection of Engineering Materials, F A Crane & J A Charles
Grumman Aerospace Gulfstream III, Study in Design, Mead, Coppi & Stakosch
Documents
Def Stan 00-970 Design and Airworthiness Requirements for Service Aircraft available through StudyNet.
Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes, CS-25, European Aviation Safety Agency, available
through StudyNet.
Engineering Data Sheets, ESDU International Ltd.
LRC: Helen Singer is the LRC Information Consultant for the School of Engineering & Technology and
may be approached for assistance in securing the reference material and other necessary searches.
There are various web links available from StudyNet, which will be updated as required.
Aerospace Group Design Notes
Dr. Ken Hart - School of Engineering and Technology
University of Hertfordshire 2016
Page 11 Issue 1
W/C
Activity
Group Meetings.
Staff: APL + KJH + PT + LK
Sem A
9
26 Sept 2016
10
03 Oct 2016
11
10 Oct 2016
Phase 1
12
17 Oct 2016
Phase 1
13
24 Oct 2016
Phase 1
14
31 Oct 2016
15
07 Nov 2016
16
14 Nov 2016
17
21 Nov 2016
Phase 2
18
28 Nov 2016
Phase 2
19
5 Dec 2016
20
12 Dec 2016
21
19 Dec 2016
22
26 Dec 2016
Christmas Holiday
23
2 Jan 2017
24
9 Jan 2017
NONE - General Sem A examination week (no Sem A exam for this module)
Phase 2
Phase 2
Phase 3
Group Meetings.
Staff: APL + KJH + PT + LK
Sem B
25
16 Jan 2017
26
23 Jan 2017
Phase 3
27
30 Jan 2017
Phase 3
28
06 Feb 2017
Phase 3
29
13 Feb 2017
Phase 3
30
20 Feb 2017
31
27 Feb 2017
Phase 4
32
06 Mar 2017
Phase 4
33
13 Mar 2017
34
Provisionally
Wednesday
22 Mar 2017
Phase 4
Page 12 Issue 1