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INTRODUCTION
Small and Medium Enterprises are very popular and can be a great factor in an
economy especially in a developing nation (Ramakrishnan, 2013). Gomez (2010)
emphasized the lack of training of neighborhood variety stores and the size of it to
compete with other kinds of established business. While a study by Wilkie (2010) said
that most stores have insufficient fund due to lack of investment and conscious price
entrepreneur would like to buy goods at historical cost for them to gain at the same time.
For this research, we would like to concentrate to a retail business specifically called
neighborhood variety store and the accounting practices applied by store owner of it, to
find out if their age, sex and educational attainment affect how they practice accounting
in their business and to improve their knowledge regarding accounting practices.
The researchers conducted a study to know the accounting practices of variety
store owners and how they may be able to use the information the researchers have
gathered and if it really helped in the sustainability and survivability of the businesses
through the years of operations.
Sex
Age
Civil Status
Educational Attainment
Number of years in Operation
Conceptual Framework
This framework merely elaborated the study of accounting practices among
variety stores in Barangay Villamonte, Bacolod City. The variables of this study were the
variety store owners profiles which comprise the age, gender, civil status, educational
attainment and number of years in operation.
The accounting practices may vary depending on different variables, one of them
is the age of the variety store owners. Studies show that people tend to be more ethical as
they grow older. However, some empirical studies find that younger people render stricter
ethical judgments than older people (Ede et al., 2000; Vitell et al., 2007).
Male and female have different perception about a business and they both have
their weaknesses and strengths when making a decision. Huston (2014) said that multiple
studies appear to have shown that men and women make decisions differently in times of
stress, and how this seems to demonstrate distinctions in how men and women react to
the hormone cortisol.
Also, certain studies suggest that higher levels of education lead to better
performance in entrepreneurial activities than when working as an employee (Evans and
Leighton, 1989). It is believed that well-trained workers tend to be more productive and
earn more money than workers with poorer training.
Lastly, the number of years the variety stores have been operating may affect the
owners application of accounting practices. It is believed that there is a relationship
between the age of the business and how it is operated to achieve efficiency and
effectiveness. The decline of the performance of the business may be a reason for the
failure for it to last longer. (Loderer, Neusser, and Waelchli,2009).
Owners Profile
Age
Sex
Civil Status
Educational Attainment
Number of years in operation
Accounting Practices
Financing
Recommendations to the sari-sari store owners
Purchasing
Revenue Generation
The scope of the study tackled the profile of the respondents and their
corresponding accounting practices of the variety stores located in Barangay Villamonte,
Bacolod City. These accounting practices will include the financing, purchasing, and
revenue generating activities. Moreover, the study will be also limited to the chosen
variables, namely age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and number of years in
operation. Due to limited timeframe, the researchers decided to choose 100 variety stores
through convenience sampling. The researchers expected limited information due to its
confidentiality.
Definition of terms
Davila (2005) found that the age of the entrepreneur is relevant to explain the
management accounting system. Solle and Roubey (2003) explain that the emergence of
management tools is intimately linked to social relations. Moisdon (1997) declares that to
rationalize the choice of management tools is a reductive vision and depends largely on
subjective appreciations. Walley et al. (1994) note that the factors which relate to the
characteristics of the actors have a significant influence on the adoption of modern
systems of costing.
Ngongang (2007) found that both behavioral contingency factors of experience
and age of the manager had no significant effect on accountants practice. Similarly, in
Tunisian context Lassoued and Abdelmoula (2006) conclude that the age of the leader has
no influence on the use of accounting data. They also show that the experience of the
manager did not significantly influence the use of accounting data, but the leader training
level is significantly related to the degree of use of accounting data without determining
clearly the direction of the relationship. However, the profile of the manager determines
the use of tools and accounting practices of the Tunisian SMIs.
Age is a variable for which empirical results differ across studies. Research
frequently predicts the relationship between age and strictness of ethical judgments to be
positive (Chiu, 2003; Peterson et al., 2001; Vitell, Singh and Paolillo, 2003). That is,
people tend to be more ethical as they grow older. However, some empirical studies find
that younger people render stricter ethical judgments than older people (Ede et al., 2000;
Vitell et al., 2007). Other studies report no significant relationship between age and
ethical judgments (e.g., Barnett and Valentine, 2004; Schepers, 2003). Despite these
inconsistencies, the theoretical consensus appears to support that age improves one's
ability to apply relevant ethical standards, which produces more disapproving views of
ethical lapses. H2. As age increases, ethical judgments become stricter.
Another influential biographic variable that might have bearing on job satisfaction
is marital status of the employees. However, there are not enough studies to draw any
conclusion about the effect of marital status on job satisfaction but the limited research
conducted on this area consistently indicates that married employees are more satisfied
with their jobs than are their unmarried coworkers (Austrom et. al. 1988; Federico et. al.
1976; Garrison and Muchinsky 1977; Watson 1981). The reason may be marriage
imposes increased responsibilities that may make a steady job more valuable and
important. And job satisfaction is required to have a steady job. Many, in such cases,
strive to coup up or adjust them with the facets they are dissatisfied with. A separate
stream of the literature has analyzed the impact of marital status on financial choices (see,
among others, Waite and Gallagher, 2000 and Lupton and Smith, 2003). Other
contributions have considered marital status and gender jointly. For example, Sundn and
Surette (1998) point to the interaction between gender and marital status in determining
the allocation of assets in retirement savings plans, with single women exhibiting a more
cautious attitude. Jianakoplos and Bernasek (1998) find that single women exhibit
relatively more risk aversion in financial decision making than single men. Barber and
Odean (2001) report that the differences in portfolio turnover and net return performance
are larger between the accounts of single men and single women than between the
accounts of married men and married women. Schmidt and Sevak (2006) document large
differences in American households' wealth accumulation by gender and marital status.
Zissimopoulos et al. (2008) show that the large differences in wealth accumulation
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with
each
other.
Economically
successful
countries
will
hold competitive and comparative advantages over other economies, though a single
country rarely specializes in a particular industry. This means that the country's economy
will be made of various industries that will have different advantages and disadvantages
in the global marketplace. The education and training of a country's workers is a major
factor in determining just how well the country's economy will do.
The study of the economics of training and education involves an analysis of the
economy as a whole, of employers and of workers. Two major concepts that influence the
wage rate are training and education. In general, well-trained workers tend to be more
productive and earn more money than workers with poorer training.
Kohlberg (1981) theorizes that people who better understand complex and
nuanced issues will display more sophisticated levels of moral reasoning. Grounded in
this view, researchers frequently hypothesize positive relationships between education
and ethical judgment. Empirically, the evidence does not appear to support this view.
Many studies fail to find a link between education and ethical judgments (Swaidan et al.,
2003), while others report negative relationships (Chiu, 2003). Although these empirical
results might seem contrary to Kohlberg's theory, they may actually support it. Higher
levels of education might encourage people to more fully consider alternate perspectives
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