Nama : Gloria N Samosir

NIM

: 15223841
TUGAS 1 RADAR

1. Specify the flow of radar signals from the originating device in given radar set to the user
display!
Answer:

The figure shows the operating principle of a primary radar set. The radar antenna illuminates
the target with a microwave signal, which is then reflected and picked up by a receiving device.
The electrical signal picked up by the receiving antenna is called echo or return. The radar
signal is generated by a powerful transmitter and received by a highly sensitive receiver.
Transmitter (The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power rf pulses of
energy that are into space by the antenna)
Duplexer (The duplexer alternately switches the antenna between the transmitter and
receiver so that only one antenna need be used. This switching is necessary because the
high-power pulses of the transmitter would destroy the receiver if energy were allowed
to enter the receiver)
Antenna (The Antenna transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the
required distribution and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical way on
reception). In free space the radio waves propagate with a constant speed in a straight
line. When radio waves strike a body with a conductive surface (find the aim), a part of
them will be reflected, and the echo signal received by antenna.
Receiver (The receivers amplify and demodulate the received RF-signals. The receiver
provides video signals on the output.)
Display (The radar screen (in this case a PPI-scope) displays the produced from the
echo signals bright blibs. The longer the pulses were delayed by the runtime, the further
away from the center of this radar scope they are displayed. The direction of the
deflection on this screen is that in which the antenna is currently pointing.)

2. Describe the field of functions of a duplexer and state a case on that condition given radar can
work without a duplexer
Answer:
The function of a duplexer is, whenever a single antenna is used for both transmitting and
receiving, as in a radar system we must use an electronic switch. Duplexer has an important
function to switching the antenna between the transmit and receive.
But, switching the antenna between the transmit and receive modes presents one problem;
ensuring that maximum use is made of the available energy is another. The simplest solution is
to use a switch to transfer the antenna connection from the receiver to the transmitter during
the transmitted pulse and back to the receiver during the echo pulse. No practical mechanical
switches are available that can open and close in a few microseconds. Therefore, electronic
switches must be used and a radar able to function without using a duplexer if using two
antennas separately. Respectively as a transmitter antenna and the other as a receiver antenna.
3. A frequency-diversity radar with two identically transmitter use one transmitter only.
a. Please calculate the decreasing the range of the radar (without consideration of the
fluctuation loss) according the radar equation.
Answer:
Without considerationof the fluctuation loss:
total system Loss
= 21.1 dB 8.4 dB
= 12.7 dB
Ls = 18.6

Rmax= 4

Ptx .G2 2 t
3
4 Pmds (Ls)

1900

0.11

106

Rmax=4
Rmax=124082.39 m
Rmax=124 k m

b. How the additional influences of the fluctuation loss affect the radar range tendentiously?
Answer:
On the frequency diversity of radar, the fluctuation losses could increrase the maximum
range well or increase the probability of detection.

4. The transmitter pulse width of pulsed radar is 1.5s and the duplexer recovery time is 0.5s.
How far-off the antenna an air plane must be located at the least as to be detecting by the radar?
Answer:
Transmitter pulse: 1.5 s
Duplexer recovery time: 0.5 s
8
Co : 3x 10 m/s

Rmin=

Rmin=
Rmin=

( +t recovery ) . Co
2

( 1.5106+ 0.5106 ) . 3 108

2

(2 )( 3). 102
=300 m
2