STABILITY:

The stability of a system refers to the ability of a system to return back to its steady state
when subjected to a disturbance
The disturbance may be
An operator action(inadvertent cause)
Mal operation of the protection system (Intended action)
A fault due to natural causes
Due to lightning, storm
Flash over across insulators
INSTABILITY:
Unstable operation results out of synchronism. It is the cause of voltage
instability followed by voltage collapse.

CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Steady state stability:

It is the ability of the system to bring it to a stable condition or to maintain
synchronism after

Design methods for improving transient stability

1. Improve the maximum power transfer capability
a. Implement and use higher system voltage levels (system losses will decrease as
current flows will be lower, especially important in cases where line distances are
large)
b. Install additional transmission lines.
c. Install lines and transformers with smaller reactance values
d. Install series capacitive transmission line compensation to reduce the overall
reactance of lines
e. Install static VAR compensators and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
2. Implement high speed fault clearing
It is vital to clear faults before the critical clearing time is reached so the quicker a
fault is cleared the better.
3. Implement high speed re-closure of circuit breakers
As the majority of transmission line short circuits are temporary, re-closure post fault
can be beneficial in providing better power transfer capability. Care must be taken in
this case to ensure that the re-closing on a permanent fault and any subsequent reopening will not adversely affect the stability of the system.
4. Implement single pole switching
The majority of short circuits are single line to ground and the independent switch out
of only the faulted phase means that some power flow can continue across the
faulted line. Studies have shown that single line to ground faults are self-clearing
even when only the faulted phase is de-energised.
5. Use generators with larger machine inertia and with lower transient reactance

A larger synchronous machine inertia constant (H) results in a reduction in angular

acceleration and therefore a slowing down of angular swings. The critical clearing
time is increased.
Reducing the machine transient reactance increases the power
transfer capability during faults and in the periods post fault.

6. Use fast responding, high gain exciters

Modern excitation systems can be designed to act quickly and with high gain in
the event of sensing a low terminal voltage during faults. The effect is to increase
the generator output during the fault and post fault periods. Critical clearing times
are increased.
7. Implement fast valving
Some steam turbines are equipped with fast valving to divert steam flows and
rapidly decrease the mechanical output. When a fault occurs near to the
generator the electrical power output is reduced and the fast valving acts to
balance the mechanical and electrical powers. This provides reduced
acceleration and longer critical clearing times.
8. Breaking Resistors
In power systems, areas of generation can be temporarily separated from the
load areas. When the separation occurs the breaking resister can be inserted
into the generation area for a second or two in order to slow the acceleration.

SWING EQUATION FOR SMIB SYSTEM

SWING EQUATION FOR MULTI MACHINE SYSTEM

DHGFHJ