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MechanicalSepara-ons

Sedimenta-onLecture4
CH2040MechanicalOpera-ons
BasavarajM.Gurappa
Departmentofchemicalengineering
IITMadras

SeGlingofasuspensionofpar-cles
Simple analysis for the uid par-cle interac-on for a single
par-cle is no longer valid because the mo-on of par-cles
are inuenced by the presence of the others. However,
models developed for single par-cles can be adopted for
mul-plepar-clesystem.
For a suspension of par-cles in a uid, Stokes law can be
assumed to apply but eec-ve suspension viscosity and
eec-veaveragesuspensiondensityareused

Eec&veviscosity e =
f ( )

isthevoidageorvolumefrac-on
oftheuid

AveragesuspensionDensity avg = f + (1 ) p

SeGlingofasuspensionofpar-clesStokeslaw

Eec&veviscosity e =
f ( )
AveragesuspensionDensity avg = f + (1 ) p

24
24
24 e
CD =
=
=
Re p D pU rel avg D pU rel avg
e
U rel istherela-vevelocityofthepar-cletotheuid
UnderterminalseGlingcondi-onsforapar-clefallingundergravityina
suspension,theforcebalance

Drag = Weight Upthrust

SeGlingofasuspensionofpar-clesStokeslaw
UnderterminalseGlingcondi-onsforapar-clefallingundergravityina
suspension,theforcebalance

Drag = Weight Upthrust


3
D p2 1

D
p
2
4 2 avgU rel C D = ( p avg ) 6 g

FD / Ap
CD =
2
avgU rel
2

D p2 1

D
24 e
p
2
4 2 avgU rel D U = ( p avg ) 6 g

p rel avg

U rel = ( p avg )

D p2
18 e

SeGlingofasuspensionofpar-clesStokeslaw
D p2
U rel = ( p avg )
g
18 e

andavg = f + (1 ) p
Subs-tu-ng e =
f ( )
WegetanexpressionfortheterminalseGlingvelocityforapar-cleina
suspension

U relT = ( p f )

D p2 g
18

f ( )

IfwecomparethisexpressionwithterminalseGlingvelocityofasingle
par-cleinauid,

U relT = UT f ( )

U relT isthepar-cleseGlingvelocityinthepresenceofotherpar-clesor
thehinderedseGlingvelocity

BATCHSETTLING

Objec-vemodelingSeGlinguxin
1. ZoneBhinderedseGling
2. ZoneCTransi-onLayer

BATCHSETTLING
Se#linguxasafunc0onofsuspensionconcentra0on(ZoneB)
When a batch of solids in suspensions are allowed to seGle, say in a
measuring cylinder in the laboratory, there is no net ow through the
vesselandtherefore

Qp + Q f = 0

Qf
Whereandarethevolumeowratesoftheuidandthepar-cles
Qp
U p (1 ) + U f = 0
Whereandaretheactualvelocityoftheuidandthepar-cles
Uf
Up

BATCHSETTLING
SupercialFluidVelocity U =
fs
SupercialPar-cleVelocityU

ps

Qf

Assump-onbothuidandpar-cles
areincompressible

Qp
A

Qf
Whereandarethevolumeowratesoftheuidandthepar-cles
Qp
andisthevesselcrosssec-onalarea
A
Theowareaoccupiedbytheuid()andthepar-cles()are:
Af
Ap

A f = A
Ap = A(1 )

BATCHSETTLING
SupercialFluidVelocity U =
fs

Qf

SupercialPar-cleVelocityU ps =

A
Qp

Assump-onbothuidandpar-cles
areincompressible

(1)

Qf
Whereandarethevolumeowratesoftheuidandthepar-cles
Qp
andisthevesselcrosssec-onalarea
A
Theowareaoccupiedbytheuid()andthepar-cles()are:
Af
Ap

A f = A

Ap = A(1 )

(2)

Fromtheequa-onofcon-nuity,

Q f = U pf A = AU f

Q p = U ps A = (1 )AU p

Up
U f theactualveloci-esoftheuidandforthepar-cles

BATCHSETTLING
Fromtheequa-onofcon-nuity,

Q f = U pf A = AU f

Q p = U ps A = (1 )AU p

Where,theactualveloci-esoftheuid()andthepar-cles()are:
Uf
Up

Uf =

U fs

Up =

Qp + Q f = 0

U ps
1

(1 )
U f = U p

U p (1 ) + U f = 0

InhinderedseGlingundergravity,therela-vevelocitybetweenpar-cles
andtheuid,()is.
U p U p U rel
T

BATCHSETTLING

U p U f = U relT = UT f ( )

(1 )
U f = U p

(1 )
Up + Up
= UT f ( )

U p = UT 2 f ( )
f ( ) = 2.5 Einstein (1 ) < 0.1
f ( ) = 2.65 for Re p < 0.3 Richardson Zaki
f ( ) = 0.4 for Re p > 500

Newtons law

BATCHSETTLING
Ingeneral,U p = UT n
Khan and Richardson recommended the following expression over
en-rerangeofReynoldsnumber.
0.27

4.8 n
p
= 0.043Ar 0.57 1 2.4

D
n 2.4

WhereDisthediameterofthevesseland

Ar =

D p3 f ( p f )g

isArchimedesnumber

BATCHSETTLING

U p = UT n
ThereforevolumetricsolidsseGlingux,U ps

Q p = U ps A = (1 )AU p

U ps = U p (1 )

U ps = UT (1 )

FluxVolumeowrateperunitarea
n

Dimensionlesspar-cleseGlingux,

U ps
UT

= (1 ) n

BATCHSETTLING

Dimensionlesspar-cleseGlingux,

U ps
UT

= (1 ) n

BATCHSETTLING
SharpInterfacesinSedimenta0on
Interfacesordiscon-nui-esinconcentra-onoccurinthesedimenta-on
orseGlingofpar-clesuspensions

BATCHSETTLING
SharpInterfacesinSedimenta0on Figure shows an interface between
a suspension of concentra-on C1
containing par-cles seGling at a
velocity Up1 and a suspension of
concentra-on
C2
containing
par-clesseGlingatavelocityUp2
C=1=par-cleconcentra-onorvolumefrac-on
The interface is falling at a velocity Uint. All veloci-es are measured
rela-vetothevesselwalls.Assumingincompressibleuidandpar-cles,
themassbalanceovertheinterfacecanbewriGenas

(U p1 U int )C1 = (U p2 U int )C2

BATCHSETTLING
SharpInterfacesinSedimenta0on

(U p1 U int )C1 = (U p2 U int )C2


U int =

(U p1C1 U p2C2 )
C1 C2

U int =

(U ps1 U ps 2 )
C1 C2

Par-clevolumetricux

U int =

U int =

dU ps
dC

U ps
C

C 0

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