Consolidation

TITLE:
AIM:
CONSOLIDATION TEST
To investigate the behaviour of a consolidated soil.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Plot a graph of deformation vs the square root of time and determine the time to 90%
consolidation t90. Using this value of t, determine the coefficient of consolidation cv,
where Tv = Cv. t/D2.
2. Plot a graph of deformation vs log10 time and determine the time to 50% consolidation t50.
Using this value of t, determine the coefficient of consolidation.
3. Determine the total compression during each load stage h and the value of the
coefficient of volume compressibility mv.
4. Determine the permeability, k of the sample during each load stage.
5. Determine the pore water pressure at the center of the soil sample at times t5 , t15 , t30, t50.
Indicate the number of terms required to obtain a stable solution.
6. Determine the degree of consolidation at the center of the soil sample at times t5 , t15 , t30,
t50. Indicate the number of terms required to obtain a stable solution.
7. Plot a graph of theoretical vs. measured settlement on the same axes and compare the
two.
APPARATUS/ MATERIALS:
Dial gauge
Consolidation cell
Load Frame
Weights on hanger
1 | Page
PROCEDURE:
1. The empty consolidation ring together with the glass plate was weighed.
2. The height and inside diameter of the ring was measured
3. The prepared sample was placed on the consolidation ring and the sides of the sample
were cut to be approximately the same size and the outer diameter of the ring. The ring
was rotated and the excess soil was removed by using the cutting tool, this was done to
reduce the sample to the same inside diameter of the ring.
4. The ring was then carefully turned over and the portion of the soil that protruded above
the ring was removed.
5. Using the metal straight edge, the soil was cut flush with the surface of the ring. The final
portion was removed with extreme care.
6. The previously weighed glass plate was placed on the freshly cut surface of the soil and
the ring was turned over again so that the other end could be cut in a similar manner.
7. The specimen, glass plate and ring was weighed using the electronic balance.
8. The ring and sample was carefully removed from the glass plate.
9. The porous stones were then centered over the top and bottom surfaces of the soil sample.
The stones were properly secured to the sample by pressing lighting to ensure it adhered
to the surfaces of the sample.
10. The assembly was then cautiously lowered into the base of the water reservoir.
11. The reservoir was filled with water until the specimen was completely covered and
saturated.
12. Being careful to avoid movement of the porous stones and ring, the load plated was fixed
centrally on the upper porous stone and the loading device was adjusted.
13. The dial gauge was set to zero.
14. A 1 kg load was applied to the sample and after every 24 hours, the next loading stage
began following the order of 2kg, 4kg and 8kg.
15. The dial gauge readings were recorded for the specified time intervals on the data sheet.
16. After the last 24 hour reading was obtained for the last loading stage (8kg) the sample
was carefully removed from the consolidation ring, loss of soil was prevented as much as
possible during this stage.
17. The sample was then placed in a previously weighed moisture tin.
18. The moisture tine containing the sample was then placed in the oven to dry for
approximately 24 hours.
19. The weight of the dry sample and the moisture tin was recorded for calculations.
2 | Page
THEORY:
All soils are compressible so deformation will occur whenever stress is applied to soils. Soil
minerals and water are both incompressible. Therefore, when saturated soils are loaded, the load
first acts on the pore water causing pore water pressures that are in excess of the hydrostatic
pressures. The excess pore water pressures are largest near the application of load and decrease
with distance from the loading. The variations in excess pore water pressure cause total head
gradients in the soil which, according to Darcys Law, will induce water to flow from locations
of high total head to low total head. The excess pore water pressures dissipate as water flows
from the soil and, to compensate for the applied stress, the stress is transferred to the soil
minerals resulting in higher effective soil stress. The flow of water from the soil also causes
reductions in the soil volume and settlements at the ground surface. Fine-grained soils have very
low permeability so they can require substantial periods of time before the excess pore water
pressures fully dissipate. This process of time-dependent settlement is referred to as
consolidation. Terzaghis theory for one-dimensional consolidation provided the means to
calculate the total amount of consolidation settlement and the consolidation settlement rate. In
practice, engineers obtain representative soil samples, conduct consolidation tests and use
Terzaghis consolidation theory to predict the total settlement and time rate of settlement for
embankments and foundations (Soil Mechanics Laboratory, The University of Toledo).
Consolidation occurs mainly through the following three mechanisms:
1. Deformation of the soil particles
2. Relocation of soil particles
3. Expulsion of water from void spaces in the soil.
During the consolidation process, the dry density of the soil ultimately increases while the water
content decreases and as such consolidated soils have higher strength parameters than
unconsolidated soils.
Figure 1: A picture demonstrating the spring theory of consolidated soils (Texas Tech University).
The four most important soil properties which is determined using the consolidation test are
3 | Page
1. the pre-consolidation stress,
i.e. the maximum stress that the soil has 'felt' in the
past.
2. The compression index Cc, which indicates the compressibility of a normally
consolidated soil.
3. The recompression index Cr which indicates the compressibility of an over
consolidated soil and;
4. The coefficient of consolidation, Cv which indicates the rate of compression under a
load increment.
The governing equations in consolidation theory are therefore:
i.e. the rate of consolidation:
Cv
the degree of consolidation:
u=
volume compressibility Mv:
4 | Page
2 u
z 2
Mv =
u 0 u ( z ,t )
u0
H
H
u
t
x 100%
(change in strain/ change in stress)
5 | Page
RESULTS:
1kg loading stage
Time
Dial
Deformation
elapsed Reading
(mm)
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
15
30
60
120
-
20.8
18.17
18.09
18.01
17.95
17.9
17.86
17.83
17.81
17.79
17.789
-
0
0.00668
0.006883
0.007087
0.007239
0.007366
0.007468
0.007544
0.007595
0.007645
0.007648
-
2kg loading stage

Time
Dial
Deformation
elapsed
Reading
(mm)
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
15
30
60
120
4hrs
24hrs
17.785
17.55
17.53
17.505
17.46
17.395
17.32
17.22
17.085
16.935
16.805
16.701
16.59
0
0.000597
0.000648
0.000711
0.000825
0.000991
0.001181
0.001435
0.001778
0.002159
0.002489
0.002753
0.003035
4kg loading stage

Time
Dial
Deformation
elapsed Reading
(mm)
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
15
30
60
120
4hrs
24hrs
16.59
16.44
16.38
16.3
16.18
16.03
15.83
15.6
15.26
14.88
14.55
14.355
14.19
0
0.000381
0.000533
0.000737
0.001041
0.001422
0.00193
0.002515
0.003378
0.004343
0.005182
0.005677
0.006096
8kg loading stage

Time
Dial
Deformation
elapsed
Reading
(mm)
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
15
30
60
120
4hrs
24hrs
14.19
13.72
13.65
13.54
13.38
13.15
12.85
12.49
12
11.5
11.11
10.91
10.675
Table 1: Table showing experimental results for the 4 different loading stages of 1 dimensional consolidation test performed.
**Dial gauge reading were converted to deformation using the a conversion factor of 0.00254 (i.e. each increment was a 0.00001
degradation and was multiplied by 25.4 to convert inches to mm).
**The data above was used to solve objectives 1& 2.
0
0.0011938
0.0013716
0.001651
0.0020574
0.0026416
0.0034036
0.004318
0.0055626
0.0068326
0.0078232
0.0083312
0.0089281
Figure 2: A graph showing deformation vs root time for the 1 kg loading stage.
Figure 3: A graph of deformation vs square root of time for the 2 kg loading stage.
Figure 4: Taylor's deformation vs root time method to find t90 for the 4kg loading stage.
Figure 5: Deformation vs root time graph for 8kg loading stage.
Figure 6: A graph of deformation vs log time for 1 kg loading stage.
Figure 7: Graph of deformation vs log time for 2 kg loading stage.
Figure 8: Deformation vs log time graph for 4kg loading stage.
Figure 9: Deformation vs log time graph for 8 kg loading stage.
Sample Details
Average diameter of sample (m)
0.06315
Average height of sample (m)
0.019355
Area of sample (m2)
0.003132107
3
Volume (m )
6.06219 x10-5
Weight of moisture tin (g)
31.22
Weight of ring (g)
48.85
Weight of soil and ring before testing (g)
158.02
Weight of soil and moisture tin before testing (g)
136.86
Lever arm ratio
10:1
Weight of sample and ring after testing (g)
155.12
Weight of moisture tin and sample after testing (g)
106.38
Weight of wet soil (g)
105.64
Weight of dry soil (g)
75.16
Weight of water (g)
30.48
Weight of water lost during test (g)
2.9
2
Unit weight of soil (KN/m )
17.7
Unit weight of water (KN/m2)
9.81
Table 2: Table of experimental measurements recorded for the sample tested.
LOADING STAGE
1 KG
2 KG
4KG
8 KG
t90
2.4
72
81
56.25
d90
7.28 x10-3
2.2 x10-3
4.7 x10-3
6.75x10-3
t50
0.9
25
24
17
d50
7.04 x10-3
1.59 x10-3
2.925 x10-3
4.49 x10-3
Force (N)
9.81
19.62
39.24
78.48
Stress(N/mm2)
3.13X10-3
6.26X10-3
12.53X10-3
25.06X10-3
Table 3: Table of results for t and d values using Cassagrande and Taylor's construction method
from figures 2-9
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
1. Average diameter of sample:
62.94 +63.36
2
= 63.15mm
2. Average height of sample:

h =
19.38+19.33
2
h = 19.355mm
3. Area of sample:
A
D
4
A = 3132.107mm2
4. Volume of sample:
V
A xh
= 3132.107 * 19.355
= mm3
5. Weight of wet soil :

Weight of wet soil= Weight of soil and moisture tin before testing - weight moisture tin
= 158.02- 31.22
=105.64 grams
6. Weight of dry soil:
Weight of dry soil = weight of soil and moisture tin after testing - weight of moisture tin
= 106.38-31.22
= 75.16 grams
7. Weight of water :
Weight of water = weight of soil and moisture tin before testing - weight of soil and
moisture tin after testing
= 136.86-106.38
= 30.48 grams
8. Force = ma
= 1kg*9.81
= 9.81 N
9. Stress,
F
A
9.81
3132.107
= 3.13x10-3 N/mm2
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION:

*Using the data obtained in table 3:
Based on the formula :
Tv = cv.t/D2
Transposing we can solve for Cv = TvD2/t
For all the calculations shown below, the drainage path length, D for the double drainage system
that was set up for this experiment is given as H/2 where H is the initial height of the sample.
D=9.678 mm
The theoretical time factor values Tv for 50% consolidation and 90% consolidation are indicated
below:
Tv50 = 0.197
Tv90 = 0.848
Using the values of t50 determined from figures 6-9 from the Cassagrande construction method,
the results of Cv50 for each load stage are as follows:
Loading Stage
t
1 kg
0.9
2 kg
25
4 kg
24
8 kg
17
Table 4: Table showing values obtained for Cv50 using the Cassangrande's construction method.
Using the values of t50 determined from figures 2-5 from Taylor's construction method, the
results of Cv90 for each load stage are as follows:
Loading Stage
cv
cv
20.4
0.7
0.7
1.0
1 kg
1.552
33.0670
2
2 kg
8
1.1020
2
4 kg
9
08787
2
8 kg
7.5
1.0968
Table 5: Table of results for the Cv90 values determined using the Taylor construction method on
the deformation vs root time graphs.
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME

COMPRESSIBILITY:
The coefficient of volume compressibility is defined as the change in volumetric strain over the
change in stress over the soil during consolidation. This parameter of soil consolidation is of
particular interest because it changes during each load stage depending on the size of the external
load applied to the soil. It is represented by the formula below:
h
H
M v=
Loading Stage
(N/mm2)
h (mm)
h/H
Mv (mm2/N)
1 kg
0.00313
0.0076
.0000393
0.1262
2 kg
0.00313
0.0030
0.000155
0.0501
4 kg
0.0063
0.0061
0.000315
0.0503
8 kg
0.0125
0.0089
0.000459
0.0369
Table 6: Table of results showing the values of Mv obtained for each loading stage of the
experiment.
DETERMINATION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SAMPLE:

k =c v M v
w
Since permeability, k varies with the coefficient of consolidation, there will be 2 values of
permeability at each load stage, i.e. k50 and k90.
Loading Stage
cv50
Mv
k50
1 kg
20.4849
0.1262
9.81 106
2.536 105
2 kg
0.7373
0.0501
9.81 106
3.62 107
4 kg
0.7677
0.0503
9.81 106
3.78 107
8 kg
1.0829
0.0369
9.81 106
7
3 .91 10
Table 7: table of results showing values of permeability determined at 50% consolidation.

Loading Stage
1 kg
cv
33.0670
Mv
0.1262
w
6
9.81 10
2 kg
1.1020
0.0501
9.81 10
4 kg
0.8787
0.0503
9.81 10
8 kg
1.0968
0.0369
9.81 10
k90
5
4.09 10
5.41 10
4.33 10
3.97 10
7
7
Table 8: Table of results showing values calculated for permeability at 90% consolidation .
DETERMINATION OF PORE WATER PRESSURE AT CENTRE OF

SOIL SAMPLE @ t5, t15, t30 and t50.
Pore pressure at t5
Pore pressure at t15
1 kg loading stage
0.0031
0.0031
0.0031
0.0024
2 kg loading stage
0.0031
0.0024
0.0031
0.0024
4 kg loading stage
0.0063
0.0063
0.0062
0.0049
8 kg loading stage
0.0125
0.0125
0.0123
0.0097
Table 9: Table of results showing the pore water pressure values, u at the centre of the soil
sample for each loading stage at t5, t15, t30 and t50.
*The number of turns required to make the solution stable is 51 as indicated in the attached
matlab script.
DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION AT TIMES

t5, t15, t30, and t50.
Degree of
Degree of
Degree of
Degree of
consolidation at t5 consolidation at t15 consolidation at t30 consolidation at t50
1 kg loading stage
0.000641
-0.00041
0.2834
1.566
2 kg loading stage
0.000641
-0.00041
0.2834
1.566
4 kg loading stage
0.000641
-0.00041
0.2834
1.566
8 kg loading stage
0.000641
-0.00041
0.2834
1.566
Table 10: Table of results showing the degree of consolidation calculated for each load stage at
t5, t15, t30 and t50.
PLOTS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIEMNTAL GRAPHS OF TIME VS SETTLEMENT

CURVES.
Figure 10: A graph showing experimental vs theoretical time vs settlement for 1 kg loading stage.
Figure 11: A time vs settlement graph showing theoretical vs experimental results for 2 kg loading stage.
DISCUSSION
The theory of consolidation was originally developed by Terzaghi's (1925) in a study of the
delay in the deformation caused by the slow expulsion of water through the pores in a material of
low permeability under compressive loading, in this case, a sample of clay. For the one
dimensional case, he developed the mathematical description of the phenomenon, on the basis of
Darcys law for the flow of a fluid through a porous medium, and his own concept of the
effective stress. He realized that in a soft soil, such as clay, the deformations are caused
by the effective stresses, defined as the difference of the total stress and the pore
pressure, where the latter must be considered to act over the entire surface of a cross
section (Verruijt, 2008).
Consolidation settlement is the vertical displacement of the surface corresponding to the volume
change at any stage of the consolidation process (Craig, 1974).
The amount of settlement which occurs in a given time depends on the
1. permeability of the soil
2. length of the drainage path
3. compressibility of the soil
When a fully saturated soil is subjected to a compressive stress, its volume tends to decrease. The
decreasing of its volume is due to compression of the solid grains and escape of water from the
voids. In a free drainage soil such as saturated sand the escape of water can take place rapidly.
But in clay, due to low permeability, the movement of water occurs very much slowly and
therefore, considerable time may be required for excess water to be squeezed out to permeable
boundaries.
Settlement is the direct result of the decrease in soil volume and consolidation is the rate of
volume decrease with time. The consolidation test is use to estimate the amount of settlement
and time of consolidation. From this test some consolidation parameters such as coefficient of
consolidation (cv), coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) were determine. These values help
us to predict the state of the undisturbed soil and its behaviour (in terms of magnitude and rate of
settlement) if an external was applied to it.
Results obtained from a one-dimensional laboratory consolidation test may be used to estimate
ultimate settlement and settlement rates in the field. However, the laboratory test only allows
excess pore water pressure to dissipate in the vertical direction. In the field, larger-scale
heterogeneities in a soil mass may allow lateral drainage, which shortens the drainage distance
and accelerates consolidation.
Theoretically, in the plots of time vs settlement for each of the loading stages, the theoretical
graphs and experimental graphs should interest at some point, this point where the intersect is the
true value for 50% settlement. however based on figures 10-13, that this only occurred for the
8kg loading stage. This can be accounted for by either an error in performing the calculations,
running the code in matlab or by an experimental error.
An accurate determination of the time taken for 50% and 90% consolidation was however
achieved in figures 2-9 using the Taylor and Casagrande construction method. These graphs were
plotted accurately in matlab. The values of which are summarized in tables 4 &5. These table
follow the general trend that for each loading stage, the coefficient of consolidation at 90%
consolidation is greater than the values at 50% consolidation.
Sources of error for this experience included:
Incorrectly reading the dial gauge

Missing readings at designated time intervals
Inaccurately weighing sample
Faulty equipment
Improper handling of the sample
The ways in which the experiment could be improved is by using a digital measuring device that
would independently record dial gauge readings at set time intervals. This would eliminate any
human sources of error.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion the Taylor and Cassagrande construction methods were utilized to determine the
time taken for 50% and 90% consolidation to occur within the sample. Additionally, the total
compression and values of volume compressibility at each load stage was determined. The
permeability k of the sample as it relates to the coefficient of consolidation was also calculated
and pore water pressure and degree of consolidation at t5, t15, t30 and t50 were found. Plots of
theoretical vs experimental time against settlement graphs were constructed and discussed.
REFERENCES
Research On Undisturbed Sampling Of Soils, Shales, Air Drilling Techniques And Data On
Penetration Resistance Testing Third Progress Report On Soil Sampling Research". 1970.
Journal Of Terramechanics 7 (3-4): 123-124. doi:10.1016/0022-4898(70)90012-1.
Bell, F. G. 1978. Foundation Engineering In Difficult Ground. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

Cernica, John N. 1995. Geotechnical Engineering. New York: Wiley.
Coduto, Donald P, Man-chu Ronald Yeung, and William A Kitch. 2011. Geotechnical
Engineering. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Craig, R. F, and R. F Craig. 2004. Craig's Soil Mechanics. London: Spon Press.
Murthy, V. N. S. 2003. Geotechnical Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker.
APPENDICIES
READING IN DATA FROM EXCEL SHEET:

filename='consolidation';
sheet= 1;
[consolidation]=xlsread(filename,sheet );
Defining matrix (rows and columns) for each sample:

LS1=[consolidation(1:11,1:3)];
Rootx1=sqrt(LS1(1:11,1));
Y1=(LS1(1:11,3));
Y2=(LS2(1:13,3));
Y3=(LS3(1:13,3));
Y4=(LS4(1:13,3));
GRAPH SHOWING DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 1 KG

LOADING STAGE
figure;
plot(Rootx1(2:11,1),Y1(2:11,1),'-ok');
axis([Rootx1(2,1),Rootx1(11,1),Y1(2,1)-0.0001,Y1(11,1)+0.00001]);
title({'\fontname{Times New Roman} Graph of Deformation (mm) vs. sqrt time for 1kg loading stage '});
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf \surdtime (min)');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf deformation (mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;
set(gca,'ydir','rev');
GRAPH SHOWING DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 2 KG

LOADING STAGE
figure;
plot(Rootx2,Y2,'-ok');
axis([Rootx2(1,1),Rootx2(13,1)+5,Y2(1,1)-0.00001,Y2(13,1)+0.00001]);
grid on;
grid minor;
DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 4 KG LOADING STAGE

figure;
grid on;
grid minor;
DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 8 KG LOADING STAGE

figure;
grid on;
grid minor;
set(gca,'ydir','rev')
OBJECTIVE 2
PLOTTING GRAPH OF DEFORMATION VS LOG TIME FOR 1 KG LOADING STAGE
figure;
semilogx(LS1(2:11,1),Y1(2:11,1),'-or');
axis([LS1(2,1),LS1(11,1)+10,Y1(2,1)-0.00001,Y1(11,1)+0.00005]);
title({'\fontname{Times New Roman} Graph of Deformation (mm) vs. log time for 1kg loading stage '});
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf log_1_0 time, min');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf deformation,mm');
grid on;
grid minor;
%PLOTTING GRAPH OF DEFORMATION VS LOG TIME FOR 2 KG LOADING STAGE
figure;
semilogx(LS2(1:13,1),Y2(1:13,1),'-or');
axis([LS2(1,1),LS2(13,1)+10,Y2(2,1)-0.00001,Y2(13,1)+0.00001]);
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf log_1_0 time (min)');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf deformation (mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;
figure;
semilogx(LS3(1:13,1),Y3(1:13,1),'-or');
axis([LS3(1,1),LS3(13,1)+10,Y3(2,1)-0.0001,Y3(13,1)+0.0001]);
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf log_1_0 time, min');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf deformation,mm');
grid on;
grid minor;
figure;
semilogx(LS4(1:13,1),Y4(1:13,1),'-or');
axis([LS4(1,1),LS4(13,1)+10,Y4(2,1)-0.0001,Y4(13,1)+0.0001]);
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf log_1_0 time (min)');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman}\bf deformation(mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;
Establishing constant variables

H_o=consolidation(17,4);
std=4;
y=16;
del_h_1=(Y1(11,1)-Y1(1,1));
del_h_2=(Y2(13,1)-Y2(1,1));
del_h_4=(Y3(13,1)-Y3(1,1));
del_h_8=(Y4(13,1)-Y4(1,1));
H_1=H_o;
H_2=H_o-del_h_1;
H_4=H_o-(del_h_1+del_h_2);
H_8=H_o-(del_h_1+del_h_2+del_h_4);
% from deformation vs log time graphs, values of d_50 are: 1kg= 0.007044,
% 2kg= 0.00159 , 4kg= 0.002925, 8kg= 0.00449. Therefore:
H_1_50=H_1-(0.007044);
H_2_50=H_2-(0.00159);
H_4_50=H_4-(0.002925);
H_8_50=H_8-(0.00449);
sig1=consolidation(16,11);
delsig1=sig1;
delsig2=sig2-sig1;
delsig4=sig4-sig2;
delsig8=sig8-sig4;
d100=[0.007576,0.00270,0.0056,0.00825];
t50=[0.9,25,24,17];
t90=[2.4,72,90.25,72.25];
H=[H_1,H_2,H_4,H_8];
delh=[del_h_1,del_h_2,del_h_4,del_h_8];
H_50=[H_1_50,H_2_50,H_4_50,H_8_50];
sig=[sig1,sig2,sig4,sig8];
delsig=[delsig1,delsig2,delsig4,delsig8];
T_50=0.197;
T_90=0.848;
unit_wght=consolidation(16,12);
percent_u=consolidation(1:9,16);
Tva=consolidation(1:9,17);
T5=0.00196;
T15=0.0177;
T30=0.0707;
T50=0.197;
Tvn=[T5,T15,T30,T50];
Tv25=0.0491;
Tv50=0.197;
Tv75=0.477;
Tv90=0.848;
Tvo=[Tv25,Tv50,Tv75,Tv90];
num_Tv=length(Tva);
num_peru=length(percent_u);
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv Determination for deformation

vs log 10 time plots
%Assuming double drainge conditions
Cv50=zeros(std,1);
Cv90=zeros(std,1);
Mv=zeros(std,1);
num_Cv50=length(Cv50);
k50=zeros(std,1);
k90=zeros(std,1);
for a=1:std;
Cv50(a,1)=(T_50)*(((H_50(a)/2).^2))/(t50(a));
Cv90(a,1)=(T_90)*(((H_50(a)/2).^2))/(t90(a));
Mv(a,1)=(delh(a)/H(a)/delsig(a));
k50(a,1)=(Cv50(a)*Mv(a)*unit_wght);
k90(a,1)=(Cv90(a)*Mv(a)*unit_wght);
end
Pore Water Pressures

k=50;
z=(H/2);2
dp=(H/2);
s=4;
%Pore pressure at the center of the soil mass at t25
u_1=zeros(k,s);%single value allocation array
U_1=zeros(k,s);%summation value allocation array
u_f_1=zeros(s,1);
loc_1=zeros(s,1);
uo_1=zeros(k,s);%single value allocation array
Uo_1=zeros(k,s);%summation value allocation array
u_fo_1=zeros(s,1);
u_f_2=zeros(s,1);
loc_2=zeros(s,1);
u_fo_2=zeros(s,1);
u_f_4=zeros(s,1);
loc_4=zeros(s,1);
u_fo_4=zeros(s,1);
u_f_8=zeros(s,1);
loc_8=zeros(s,1);
u_fo_8=zeros(s,1);
for d=0:k
for e=1:s;
f=2*d+1;
M=(pi/2)*f;
u_1(d+1,e)=((2*delsig(1,1))/M)*(sin((M*z(1,1))/dp(1,1)))*exp((-(M.^2)*Tvn(e)));
U_1(d+1,e)=sum(u_1(:,e));
U_2(d+1,e)=sum(u_2(:,e));
U_4(d+1,e)=sum(u_4(:,e));
U_8(d+1,e)=sum(u_8(:,e));
uo_1(d+1,e)=((2*delsig(1,1))/M)*(sin((M*z(1,1))/dp(1,1)))*exp((-(M.^2)*Tvo(e)));
Uo_1(d+1,e)=sum(uo_1(:,e));
Uo_2(d+1,e)=sum(uo_2(:,e));
Uo_4(d+1,e)=sum(uo_4(:,e));
Uo_8(d+1,e)=sum(uo_8(:,e));
end
end
for g=1:k;
for h=1:s;
if abs((U_1(g+1,h)-U_1(g,h))/(U_1(g,h)))>0.00001;
u_f_1(h,1)=U_1(g+1,h);%Value of the pore water pressure
abs((Uo_1(g+1,h)-Uo_1(g,h))/(Uo_1(g,h)))>0.00001;
u_fo_1(h,1)=Uo_1(g+1,h);%Value of the pore water pressure
if abs((U_2(g+1,h)-U_2(g,h))/(U_2(g,h)))>0.00001;
if abs((U_4(g+1,h)-U_4(g,h))/(U_4(g,h)))>0.00001;
if abs((U_8(g+1,h)-U_8(g,h))/(U_8(g,h)))>0.00001;
end
end
end
end
end
end
for j=1:s;
[u_row_1,u_column_1]=find(U_1==u_f_1(j,1));
loc_1(j,1)=u_row_1;%No. of terms required to meet the solution
end
ans =
2
Degree of Consolidation at t5,t15,t30 and t50

u_f=[u_f_1,u_f_2,u_f_4,u_f_8];
dgc=zeros(s,s);
delsig1=delsig.';
for h=1:s;
for z=1:s
dgc(h,z)=(1-(u_f(h,z)/delsig1(h,1)))*100;
end
end
Part 7: Plotting of theoretical time vs settlement curve and the

measured curve
th_t_50=zeros(num_Tv,std);
th_t_90=zeros(num_Tv,std);
dt_50=zeros(num_peru,std);
dt_90=zeros(num_peru,std);
for i=1:std;
for j1=1:std;
for k=1:num_Tv;
for l=1:std;
for m=1:num_peru;
th_t_50(k,i)=(Tva(k)*((H_50(j1)/2).^2))/(Cv50(i));
th_t_90(k,i)=(Tva(k)*((H_50(j1)/2).^2))/(Cv90(i));
dt_50(m,l)=(percent_u(m)*d100(l));
dt_90(m,l)=(percent_u(m)*d100(l));
end
end
end
end
end
figure
semilogx(LS1(2:11,1),Y1(2:11,1),'-k');hold on
l1d=semilogx(th_t_50(:,1),dt_50(:,1),'-ok');hold on
l1e=semilogx(th_t_90(:,1),dt_90(:,1),'--xr');hold on
title({'\fontname{Times New Roman} \fontsize{12}\bf Graph of Deformation \delta, mm vs. theoretcial and
measured log_1_0t, mins for the 1 kg loading stage'});
xlabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf log_1_0t');
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf Deformation \delta, mm');
legend([l1d l1e],'\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf\ittheoretical curve based on Cv_5_0','\fontname{Times New
Roman} \bf\ittheoretical curved based on Cv_9_0 ','Location','Northeast');
grid on;
grid minor;
figure
semilogx(LS2(:,1),Y2,'-k');hold on
measured log_1_0t, mins for the 2 kg loading stage'});
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf Deformation \delta (mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;
figure
semilogx(LS3(:,1),Y3,'k');hold on
title({'\fontname{Times New Roman} \fontsize{12}\bf Graph of Deformation \delta (mm) vs. theoretcial and
measured log_1_0t (mins) for the 4 kg loading stage'});
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf Deformation \delta(mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;
figure
semilogx(LS4(:,1),Y4,'-k');hold on
measured log_1_0t(mins) for the 8 kg loading stage'});
ylabel('\fontname{Times New Roman} \bf Deformation \delta (mm)');
grid on;
grid minor;

Consolidation

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TITLE:

To investigate the behaviour of a consolidated soil.

1. the pre-consolidation stress,

i.e. the rate of consolidation:

the degree of consolidation:

volume compressibility Mv:

(change in strain/ change in stress)

2kg loading stage

4kg loading stage

8kg loading stage

Figure 5: Deformation vs root time graph for 8kg loading stage.

Figure 6: A graph of deformation vs log time for 1 kg loading stage.

Figure 7: Graph of deformation vs log time for 2 kg loading stage.

Figure 8: Deformation vs log time graph for 4kg loading stage.

Figure 9: Deformation vs log time graph for 8 kg loading stage.

2. Average height of sample:

5. Weight of wet soil :

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION:

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME

DETERMINATION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF THE SAMPLE:

Table 7: table of results showing values of permeability determined at 50% consolidation.

DETERMINATION OF PORE WATER PRESSURE AT CENTRE OF

Pore pressure at t15

Pore pressure at t30

Pore pressure at t50

DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION AT TIMES

PLOTS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIEMNTAL GRAPHS OF TIME VS SETTLEMENT

Sources of error for this experience included:

Incorrectly reading the dial gauge

Bell, F. G. 1978. Foundation Engineering In Difficult Ground. Burlington: Elsevier Science.

Murthy, V. N. S. 2003. Geotechnical Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker.

READING IN DATA FROM EXCEL SHEET:

Defining matrix (rows and columns) for each sample:

GRAPH SHOWING DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 1 KG

GRAPH SHOWING DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 2 KG

DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 4 KG LOADING STAGE

DEFORMATION VS SQRT TIME FOR 8 KG LOADING STAGE

Establishing constant variables

Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv Determination for deformation

Pore Water Pressures

Degree of Consolidation at t5,t15,t30 and t50

Part 7: Plotting of theoretical time vs settlement curve and the

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