UNIT 2.

ELECTRONICS PROJECT #1 Helen-Jane Hillier

In the table below, provide a definition as to the function of each of the listed electrical
components, as well as an image of what each component looks like. In addition,
include the schematic for the component, if available or appropriate.
1.

RESISTANCE (Ohm)

Definition:
The ohm is defined as a resistance between two
points of a conductor when a constant potential
difference of 1.0 volt, applied to these points,
produces in the conductor a current of 1.0
ampere, the conductor not being the seat of any
electromotive force

Image

How can electrical resistance be useful?

Resistance is like a "throttle" on current flow,
allowing current to be managed and manipulated
to accomplish a variety of electric and electronic
behaviors.

2.

Schematic / Symbol

CURRENT (Amperes)

Definition:
is the unit of electrical current. The Ampere unit is
named after Andre-Marie Ampere, from France.
One Ampere is defined as the current that flows
with electric charge of one Coulomb per second.

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Schematic

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Schematic

How can current be increased or decreased?

Current increases when voltage decreases.
Current decreases when voltage increases.

3.

VOLTAGE (Volts)

Definition:

the SI unit of electromotive force, the difference

of potential that would drive one ampere of
current against one ohm resistance.

How can voltage be increased or decreased?

Voltage can be increased/decreased by
Changing the resistance or the current.
What is the advantage of high voltage?
Power is transmitted at higher voltages to reduce
power losses during transmission. Power
transmitted is the product of voltage and current.
So when the same amount of power is
transmitted at higher voltages, current in the
conductors is lower.

4.

POWER (Watts)

Definition:
The unit is defined as 1 joule per second and can
be used to express the rate of energy conversion
or transfer with respect to time.

5.

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Schematic

SWITCH

Definition:
a device for making and breaking the connection
in an electric circuit

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

What are some different types of switches?

-Toggle
-Pushbutton
-Selector
-Joystick
-Lever actuator limit

6.

SPDT SWITCH

Definition:
"single-pole, double-throw" (SPDT), connecting
either of two terminals to the common terminal.

What would you use a SPDT switch for?

Electrical (lights,etc.)

7.

DPDT SWITCH

Definition:

Basically two SPDT switches, which can control

two separate circuits, but are always switched
together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have
six terminals. A DPDT circuit symbol, and a 6terminal DPDT rocker switch.

What would you use a DPDT switch for?

To control two different circuits.

8.

INDUCTOR (COILS & RELAYS)

Definition:
a component in an electric or electronic circuit
that possesses inductance

What can a coil be used for in a circuit?

Winding the wire into a coil increases the number
of times the magnetic flux lines link the circuit,
increasing the field and thus the inductance.
What can a relay be used for in a circuit?
You can think of a relay as a kind of electric lever:
switch it on with a tiny current and it switches on.

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Schematic

9.

RESISTOR

Definition:
is a passive two-terminal electrical component
that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element.

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

How does it change a current?

It reduces current flow, adjusts signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines..

10.

TRANSISTOR

Definition:
is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is
composed of semiconductor material usually with
at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.

What does a transistor do in electrical circuit?

It amplifies or switches electronic signals and
electrical power.

11.

CAPACITOR

Definition:
a device used to store an electric charge,
consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.

What does a capacitor do in electrical circuit?

It stores an electrical charge.

12.

DIODE

Definition:

is a specialized electronic component with two

electrodes called the anode and the cathode.
Most diodes are made with semiconductor
materials such as silicon, germanium, or
selenium.

What does a diode do in electrical circuit?

It allows an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction),
while blocking current in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction).

13.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Definition:
is a semiconductor device that emits visible light
when an electric current passes through it. The
light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it
is monochromatic, occurring at a single
wavelength.

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

What does a LED do in electrical circuit?

If the LED lights up then it is confirmed that
electricity is flowing through the circuit.

14.

CONDUCTOR

Definition:
is an object or type of material that allows the flow
of an electrical current in one or more directions.

15.

CIRCUIT

Definition:
is a path in which electrons from a voltage or
current source flow.

16.

STATIC ELECTRICITY

Definition:
a stationary electric charge, typically produced by
friction, that causes sparks or crackling or the
attraction of dust or hair.

Where would you find static electricity?

A common example of static electricity is the
slight electrical shock that we can get when we
touch a doorknob during dry weather. The static
electricity is formed when we accumulate extra
electrons (negatively-charged particles which we
rub off carpeting) and they are discharged onto
the doorknob.
Why is static electricity a problem in electronics?
It seems like during the winter months, every time
I get out of my chair and walk away from my desk
I seem to get shocked when I touch something
metal. This is all too common, and truthfully it can
be a disaster for electronic equipment that isn't
grounded or if the circuits take a direct hit.

17.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Definition:
is the flow of electric charge across a surface at
the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric
current is measured using a device called an
ammeter.

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Schematic

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Schematic

How is current electricity different than static?

Static electricity is the BUILT UP STORE of
electron charges [e-] between a pair of objects,
while current electricity is the FLOW of electrons
between these objects. Static electricity is a
transfer of charge from one static body to another,
resulting in an imbalance in positive and negative
charges, while electric current is the flow of
electrons, from one static body to another.
List several ways that current electricity is used.
A lightning bolt is one example of an electric
current, although it does not last very long.
Electric currents are also involved in powering all
the electrical appliances that you use, from
washing machines to flashlights and from
telephones to MP3 players.

18.

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

Definition:
an electric current flowing in one direction only.

In what equipment is DC current used?

Batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar
cells, dynamos, etc.

What does DC Current look like?

19.

AC CURRENT

Definition:
Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in
which the flow of electric charge periodically
reverses direction, whereas in direct current (DC,
also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one
direction.

In what equipment is AC current used?

AC is the form in which electric power is delivered
to businesses and residences, and it is the form
of electric power that consumers typically use
when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions
and electric lamps into a wall socket.
What does AC current look like?

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Schematic

20.

THREE PHASE CURRENT (3-Phase)

Definition:
is a common method of alternating-current
electric power generation, transmission, and
distribution.

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

In what equipment is 3-phase current used?

It is a type of polyphase system and is the most
common method used by electrical grids
worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to
power large motors and other heavy loads.
Why is it used?
It is often used because it is more economical.

21.

POLARITY

Definition:
the relative orientation of poles; the direction of a
magnetic or electric field.

What happens when you reverse polarity?

When reverse polarity occurs, the flows of
electrons (wrong direction) are causing the gates
to turn on/off with the opposite intent, which could
cause cascading errors in the circuit.

22.

ANALOG SIGNAL

Definition:
is any continuous signal for which the time
varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying
quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying
signal.

Where are analog signals used?

Any information may be conveyed by an analog
signal; often such a signal is a measured
response to changes in physical phenomena,
such as sound, light, temperature, position, or
pressure.

23.

DIGITAL SIGNAL

Definition:
refers to an electrical signal that is converted into
a pattern of bits.

Where are digital signals used?

The physical quantity may be a variable electric
current or voltage, the intensity, phase or
polarization of an optical or other electromagnetic
field, acoustic pressure, the magnetization of a
magnetic storage media, etcetera. Digital signals
are present in all digital electronics, notably
computing equipment and data transmission.

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Schematic

24.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

Definition:
an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of
semiconducting material, performing the same
function as a larger circuit made from discrete
components.

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

Where might an IC be used?

Integrated circuits are used in virtually all
electronic equipment today and have
revolutionized the world of electronics.
Computers, mobile phones, and other digital
home appliances are now inextricable parts of the
structure of modern societies, made possible by
the low cost of ICs.
What does it do?
An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor.

25.

PHOTO-DIODE

Definition:
is a semiconductor device that converts light into
current. The current is generated when photons
are absorbed in the photodiode.

Where might a photo-diode be used?

Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in
lenses, and may have large or small surface
areas.
What does it do?
they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV
or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fiber connection to allow light to reach the
sensitive part of the device.

26.

PHOTOCELL

Definition:

are sensors that allow you to detect light.

Where is a photo-diode used?

they often appear in toys, gadgets and
appliances.
What does it do?
It allows you to detect light.

27.

THERMISTOR

Definition:
an electrical resistor whose resistance is greatly
reduced by heating, used for measurement and
control.

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Schematic

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Schematic

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Schematic

How does it work?

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance
varies significantly with temperature, more so
than in standard resistors. The word is a
portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors
are widely used as inrush current limiters,
temperature sensors, self-resetting over current
protectors, and self-regulating heating elements.

28.

THERMOCOUPLE

Definition:
a thermoelectric device for measuring
temperature, consisting of two wires of different
metals connected at two points, a voltage being
developed between the two junctions in
proportion to the temperature difference.

How does it work?

A thermocouple produces a temperaturedependent voltage as a result of the
thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be
interpreted to measure temperature.
Thermocouples are a widely used type of
temperature sensor

29.

H-BRIDGE

Definition:
s an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be
applied across a load in either direction. These
circuits are often used in robotics and other
applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or
backwards.

How does it work?

An H bridge is built with four switches (solid-state
or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2
and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be
applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4
switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of
the motor.

30.

ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER (ESC)

Definition:
is an electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an
electric motor's speed, its direction and possibly
also to act as a dynamic brake.

How does it work?

an ESC interprets control information not as
mechanical motion as would be the case of a
servo, but rather in a way that varies the switching
rate of a network of field effect transistors, or
FETs.The rapid switching of the transistors is
what causes the motor itself to emit its
characteristic high-pitched whine, especially
noticeable at lower speeds. It also allows much
smoother and more precise variation of motor
speed in a far more efficient manner than the
mechanical type with a resistive coil and moving
arm once in common use.

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Schematic

31.

SERVO CONTROLLER

Definition:
Servo control from a radio control receiver to the
servos is done by sending each servo a PWM
(pulse width modulation) signal, a series of
repeating pulses of variable width.

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Schematic

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Schematic

How could you use a servo controller? (2 ways)

1.) Airplane
2.) Helicopter

32.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR (PWM)

Definition:
is a technique for getting analog results with
digital means.

What is Pulse Width Modulation anyway?

Digital control is used to create a square wave, a
signal switched between on and off.

33.

SERIAL SIGNAL

Definition:
serial communication is the process of sending
data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a
communication channel or computer bus.

What does a serial signal look like?

Image to the right >
How does it differ from a Parallel signal?
Serial communication is in contrast to parallel
communication, where several bits are sent as a
whole, on a link with several parallel channels.

34.

USB SIGNAL

Definition:

is an industry standard developed in the mid1990s that defines the cables, connectors and
communications protocols used in a bus for
connection, communication, and power supply
between computers and electronic devices.

What does a USB signal look like?

Image located to the right >
How is it different from serial and parallel?
Serial signals and parallel signals use wires to
transfer data but a usb transfers data itself.
What is the distance limit in can move over wire?
5 Meters

35.

DC MOTOR

Definition:
is any of a class of electrical machines that
converts direct current electrical power into
mechanical power.

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Schematic

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Schematic

What could you use a DC motor for?

Tools, toys, appliances, etc.
How does a DC Motor work (think stator)
It uses magnets.

36.

SERVO MOTOR

Definition:

is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows

for precise control of angular or linear position,
velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable
motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback.

Where would you use a servo motor? (3 uses)

1.) Robotics
2.) CNC Machinery
3.) Automated Manufacturing

37.

STEPPER MOTOR

Definition:
is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that
converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft
rotations. Each rotation of a stepper motor is
divided into a set number of steps, sometimes as
many as 200 steps. The stepper motor must be
sent a separate pulse for each step.

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Schematic

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Schematic

What is the advantage of a stepper motor?

The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the
input pulse. Precise positioning and repeatability of
movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy
of 3 5% of a step and this error is non-cumulative
from one step to the next.

38.

HMI

Definition:

is typically local to one machine or piece of

equipment, and is the interface method between
the human and the equipment/machine. An
operator interface is the interface method by
which multiple equipment that are linked by a host
control system is accessed or controlled.

What is an example of a sophisticated HMI?

Robots

39.

TV VIDEO SIGNAL COAX CABLE

Definition:
An analog color video signal contains luminance,
brightness (Y) and chrominance (C) of an analog
television image. When combined into one
channel, it is called composite video as is the
case, among others with NTSC, PAL and
SECAM.

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Schematic

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What does a video signal look like?

How many wires do you need to carry it?

Three.
How do the two formats differ (NTSC and PAL)?
-NTSC is the video system used in North America
and most of South America.
-PAL is the predominant video system mostly
used overseas.

40.

DIGITAL VIDEO (DV) SIGNAL

Definition:
is a representation of moving visual images in the
form of encoded digital data

How is this different than an analog video signal?

analog video represents moving visual images
with analog signals.

What are the advantages / disadvantages?

Advantages: 1. You can monitor everything at
home in real time no matter where you are as
long as you have a sufficient internet connection.
2. You can view the output from several cameras
at the same time.
3. The digital picture is far superior to the old
analog video and carries a lot more detail.
4. You can still record the video if you wish, but
unlike recording to tape the video output will not
degrade over time as it is replayed over and over
again. Digital information replays exactly the
same no matter how often it is played.
5. Digital files can be compressed and saved
much easier, taking up lots less space than tapes.
Disadvantages: 1. One disadvantage of recording
video on solid-state media is that the media is
very expensive, compared to tape. You can get
about 20 minutes of decent-quality home video on
a $20 1 GB card, but you can get 60 minutes of
high-quality video on a $5 tape.

41.

HIGH DEFINITION (HD) VIDEO SIGNAL

Definition:
a high degree of detail in an image or screen.

How is this different than a standard video signal?

The difference between high definition and
standard definition images is the number of pixels
contained in the image on display. HD images
have more pixels per square inch than standard
definition videos. It means that HD images can
show much finer detail than SD images.
What is the advantage, if any?
There are many advantages of High definition or
HDTV including clearer pictures, superior sound
quality, progressive scanning and a wider viewing
screen. For people looking to set up the ultimate
home theater system, a widescreen television set
is the number one choice.

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Schematic

41.

PROGRESSIVE vs. INTERLACED VIDEO DISPLAY (TVs)

Definition: Progressive display

scanning (alternatively referred to as noninterlaced scanning, and not to be confused with
progressive download) is a way of displaying,
storing, or transmitting moving images in which all
the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence.

Definition: Interlaced Display

is a cathode-ray tube ( CRT ) display in which the
lines are scanned alternately in two interwoven
rasterized lines.

What is the advantage, if any, of these two

different display methods on a TV?
The main advantage with progressive scan is that
motion appears smoother and more realistic.[9]
There is an absence of visual artifacts associated
with interlaced video of the same line rate, such
as interline twitter. Frames have no interlace
artifacts and can be captured for use as still
photos. With progressive scan there is no
necessity in intentional blurring (sometimes
referred to as anti-aliasing) of video to reduce
interline twitter and eye strain.
Interlacing can be exploited to produce 3D TV
programming, especially with a CRT display and
especially for color filtered glasses by transmitting
the color keyed picture for each eye in the
alternating fields. This does not require significant
alterations to existing equipment. Shutter glasses
can be adopted as well, obviously with the
requirement of achieving synchronization. If a
progressive scan display is used to view such
programming, any attempt to deinterlace the
picture will render the effect useless.

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Schematic

UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT 1.2

Identify the components?

Using the information contained in your completed table, above, identify and describe each of
the electrical components contained in the display. Each one is identified with a letter. Place
the name of the component in the correct space number.
Component

Specification of the component

E.g
.
A

Resistor

15 K (15 kilo-Ohms)

Speaker

4 1W (4 Ohms 1Watt)

Transistor

N/A

Capacitor

1000F 25V(1000 micro-Farads, 25 Volts)

DPDT Switch

B-100K

DC Fan

DC-24V

Solder

N/A

Motor

N/A

Integrated Circuit

8306J

LED

N/A

SPDT Switch

N/A

Conductor

Copper

Wire Casing

PWR C-UL CSA

Servo Motor

N/A

Diode

10/16

Resistor

Gold, orange blue brown

Single Phase Transformer

HI-POT 9218A-AF

Inductor Recoil

N/A

9v battery terminal

N/A

Fuse

32V 40W

Red Button

N/A

Ram

HP. Model: A12000-80001 32Mbytes

Terminal

N/A

Ring Terminal

N/A

Accelerometer

Phidget Accelerometer Version 3.0 +-5G