Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT
To reduce the high cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems
the new cost effective mirror reflecting linear focus type
solar energy concentrating system is developed. The
concentrator system consists of flat glass mirrors, placed
under the different angles, and focusing the sun light on to
the solar sells mounted along the line. The developed PV
concentrator system has several advantages in
comparison with widely used other concentrating systems.
It is mostly protected from environmental influences (wind,
dust, rain, hail). Due to the simplified structure of
concentrating
optics,
the
standard
off-the-shelf
technologies enable low-cost manufacturing.
The cost optimization method and the computer
program for new concentrating systems design is
developed as well. The program allows to design a PV
system with the given output power, having the minimal
price. The program can be used for cost effective PV solar
energy concentrating systems design.
INTRODUCTION
The high cost of photovoltaic (PV) modules makes
the use of concentrators desirable. Optical concentration
offers an attractive approach to reducing PV systems high
cost by substituting of much of the semiconductor solar
cell area by concentrator area. It also offers other
advantages, including semiconductor solar cell increased
efficiency.
At present different types of sun concentrator
systems are used to reduce the high cost of flat PV
modules. To concentrate solar energy, designers can use
light refraction (using Fresnel lenses) or light reflection
(using mirrors).
The Fresnel lens can either be a circular lens
producing a focused spot on a single cell, or a linear lens
producing a focused line of sunlight on a row of cells.
Amonix (US, California) uses an array of point-focus
Fresnel lenses [1,2]. Fraunhofer ISE (Freiburg, Germany)
and Ioffe Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) also use pointfocus Fresnel lenses in their concentrator PV designs [3].
The U.S. company ENTECH has developed line-focus
Fresnel lens modules [4]. Each module uses rows of
silicon cells operating at 20-suns concentration.
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concentrator
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Input parameters
Required output power
(kW)
10
100
1000
1000
1000
300
300
300
15
15
15
10
10
10
40
40
40
65
65
65
25
25
25
200
200
200
20
200
200
Obtained results
Cost of PV system ($)
2328
11847
95245
2.31
1.15
0.94
Concentration rate
22
29.4
43
5.5
57.4
583.1
10
3x8
4.3 x 19
7.2 x 24
Number of array
Dimen. of one array (m)
Cost ($/W)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
3
0.5
Pow er (Watt)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
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ABSTRACT
The paper describes performance of Day4
proprietary linear PV receivers and heat sinks under sun
concentrated irradiation. Paper demonstrates that novel
TM
technology allows modification of conventional
Day4
crystalline silicon PV cells so they can efficiently operate
under up to 10-suns concentrated irradiation without any
increase of their manufacturing cost. The only differences
of these cells with industrially produced ones consists of
different types of front side metallization that contains only
fingers without bus bars and back side that does not
contain Al/Ag pads. Presented results demonstrate
efficient performance of a novel heat sink that maintains
the temperature differential below 30C between the PV
receiver and ambient even at 10-time concentration and
almost zero wind speed condition. Proposed novel
concept of PV receivers with heat sink anticipates
flexibility in adjustment to different sizes of solar cells and
types of focusing optics.
INTRODUCTION
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17.2
17.0
P [Watt]
40
30
20
16.8
ETA [%]
10
16.6
16.4
16.2
10 11
x 10 W/m
16.0
15.8
15.6
15.4
5
3
16
14
10 11
x 10 W/m
Isc [A]
12
10
8
Cell parameters:
Voc = 6.08 V
Isc = 15.6 A
FF = 79.12 %
6
4
2
0
Voc [V]
Figure 3: I-V curve of PV receiver operated under 10+times concentration.
Figure 3 shows the IV curve of a PV receiver under 10+times concentration. One can see that even at this high
concentrated radiation FF value is kept at high value of
79.12%. There are strong reasons to believe that even
better results may be achieved under up to 20+-times
2
concentration if more narrow PV cells of 15x100 mm are
used.
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Isc [A]
6
5
4
3
2
1
Intensity [suns]
Figure 4: Dependence of Isc value on sun concentration.
40
Receiver 2
35
Pmpp [W]
30
25
20
15
10
FF
[%]
1000
2090
2330
16.58
17.12
17.23
3.28
6.86
7.63
42.84
93.27
103.49
78.84
79.40
78.68
2560
17.29
8.39
113.54
78.28
Intensity [suns]
Figure 5: Dependence of Pmpp on sun concentration.
It is evident that the PV receiver continues to perform
efficiently in a wide range of light intensities ranging from
2
1000 to 5000 W/m and demonstrates only slight decrease
of FF from 79.6% to 78.6% although Isc value increases
from 1.7 A to almost 8 A and Pmpp grows from 7.80 W to
40.0 W or 4.0 W per each cell.
Current [A]
6
5
Voc = 15.02 V
Isc = 8.7
A
Pmpp= 97.5 W
FF = 74.7 %
Vmpp= 12.02 V
Impp= 8.12
A
4
3
2
1
0
10
12
14
16
Voltage [V]
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CONCLUSIONS
It is evident that due to the shortage of silicon supply
there is growing interest towards employing trackers to
increase power output from conventional PV modules and
to use sun concentrator systems. There are several
reasons why PV systems with low concentrating optics
should be considered as one of the most perspective in
terms of cost of generated solar electric energy. First of all
it is evident that low concentration optics may provide
wider acceptance angle. Therefore it has a potential to
collect higher portion of diffused solar radiation thereby
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank G. Rubin for fruitfull discussion
and P. Antipov for technical assistance during cell and PV
receiver assembling.
This work was supported by the IRAP NRC project
under contract number 568171.
REFERENCES
[1] German patent, DE No 102 39 845, Leonid B., Rubin,
George L. Rubin: Elektrode fuer fotovoltaische Zellen,
fotovoltaische Zelle und fotovoltaischer Module; WO
2004/021455 A1 .
[2] J. Coello, M. Castro, I. Antn, G. Sala, M.A. Vzquez,
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications,
12 (2004), p.323-331.
[3] A. Schneider, L. Rubin, G. Rubin, A. Osipov, A.
Smirnov, P. Antipov, Proceedings of the 4th WCPEC,
Hawaii, 2006, pp 2073.
[4] A. Schneider, L. Rubin, G. Rubin, Proceedings of the
st
21 European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference
and Exhibition, Dresden, Germany, 2006, pp 2243.
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Abstract
Ray-trace techniques have been used to predict the
optical performance and angular acceptance of
Asymmetric
Compound
Parabolic
Photovoltaic
Concentrator (ACPPVC) systems suitable for integration
into vertical south facing building faades. The
untruncated ACPPVC system had acceptance-half angles
of 50 and 0, a PV width of 125mm and a geometrical
concentration ratio of 3.34. Different truncations of the
ACPPVC system were applied, with comparisons of
angular acceptance between the untruncated and
truncated systems discussed. From the simulations
undertaken, the angular acceptance was 100% within the
range of incidence angles between 0 to 50 for
untruncated and truncated systems. Increased truncation
leads to increased angular acceptance with reduced
maximum concentration. The predicted flux distributions
over the PV surface for the untruncated and truncated
systems are presented for selected angles of incidence
along with concentration ratio.
Introduction
Solar energy is a clean energy source with the potential to
meet the worlds energy needs. Photovoltaics convert
solar energy directly to electricity. Current low solar to
electrical conversion efficiency and high costs prevent the
wide scale adoption and use of Photovoltaic systems
(Boyle, 2004). Low concentration non-imaging Asymmetric
Compound
Parabolic
Photovoltaic
Concentrators
(ACPPVC) are suitable for building faade integration.
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Figure 2 Illustrative ray trace diagrams for the untruncated ACPPVC system, 50 rays are shown for each diagram.
Figure 3 Illustrative ray trace diagrams for ACPPVC system truncation level 1, 50 rays are shown for each diagram.
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Figure 4 Illustrative ray trace diagrams for ACPPVC system truncation level 2, 50 rays are shown for each diagram.
Figure 5 Illustrative ray trace diagrams for ACPPVC system truncation level 3, 50 rays are shown for each diagram.
Figure 6 Angular acceptance and optical efficiency for the untrucated ACPPVC system
Figure 7 Angular acceptance functions for the untruncated and truncated ACPPVC systems
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Conclusions
A detailed analysis of the optical performance of
untruncated and truncated ACPPVC systems have been
undertaken. The angular acceptance was 100% within the
range of incidence angles between 0 to 50 for the
untruncated and truncated systems. Increased truncation
leads to increased angular acceptance with reduced
maximum concentration. Due to the reflection from the
reflectors, significant peak solar fluxes are found on the
PV cells for some incidence angles.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the School of Engineering,
University of Warwick through a Departmental Scholarship
to Yupeng Wu.
References
Figure 8 Energy distributions across the photovoltaic cells
of the Untruncated ACPPVC System for direct solar
incidence angles of 15, 30 and 45 to the horizontal, the
2
incident solar radiation intensity was 1000W/m
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ABSTRACT
Linear Fresnel lenses with photovoltaics can be used
in building atria, sunspaces, etc and apart of the electricity
generation they can contribute to keep the illumination and
the interior temperature of these spaces at the comfort
level. The collection of 60%-80% of the transmitted solar
radiation by the photovoltaics leaves the rest amount to be
distributed in the interior space. The photovoltaics can be
combined with thermal absorbers to extract the heat by
water circulation, keeping their efficiency at a satisfactory
level. A system of Fresnel lens with linear absorber, to
provide electricity and heat, is presented. Design aspects
and laboratory scale experimental results are included,
giving an idea for the application of the new system.
INTRODUCTION
Several investigations result to lower the cost of
photovoltaics increasing also their electrical efficiency, but
their payback time has not been reduced enough to be
considered cost effective. The combination of solar
radiation concentration devices with PV modules is up to
now the most viable method to reduce system cost,
replacing the expensive cells with a cheaper solar
radiation concentrating system. Besides, concentrating
photovoltaics (CPV) present higher efficiency than the
typical ones, but this can be achieved in an effective way
by keeping PV module temperature as low as possible.
For PV cooling, a water or air circulation mode can be
applied to extract the heat from it, avoiding the efficiency
reduction due to the PV module temperature increase.
The concentrating solar energy systems are characterized
by their concentration ratio (CR) and can be combined
with linear focus (2D) or point focus (3D) absorbers for
low (CR<10X), medium (CR<100X) or high (CR>100X)
concentration ratio systems, respectively. Most of CPVs
must use a system to track the sun and only the very low
concentration devices can be stationary. Fresnel lenses of
inexpensive and light in weight plastic material are also
developed.
Concentrators definitely have the potential to be
comparative on cost but they must be effectively designed
to take this benefit. The solar radiation concentration
devices are the reflectors (flat, V-trough, CPC, cylindrical
parabolic, dishes etc) and the lenses (linear Fresnel
lenses, point focus Fresnel lenses, dielectric type lenses,
etc). Comparison results [1-3] give an idea about the
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CONCLUSIONS
The concept of Fresnel lenses combined with linear
solar energy absorbers is suggested for building atria,
galleries and sunspaces to keep the illumination and the
interior temperature at the comfort level. The collection of
60%-80% of the transmitted solar radiation through the
Fresnel lens on PV or PVT absorbers leaves the rest
amount to be distributed in the interior space for the
illumination and thermal building needs. Laboratory scale
results show that the suggested system is of practical
interest for building integrated concentrating photovoltaics
(BICPVs) considering the dual operation of the system.
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REFERENCES
1.
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ABSTRACT
In most photovoltaic concentrator systems the cells
are exposed to non-uniform illumination conditions with
consequent non-uniform temperature and current
distributions. Behaviour of the solar cell electrical
parameters has shown to be dissimilar according to the
illumination pattern. The non-uniform light distribution not
only affects the fill factor but also results in an open circuit
voltage reduction.
The use of secondary concentrators to modify
illumination distributions is also well known. The objective
of the work is to evaluate the increase of electrical
production of Si solar cells under linear concentration
using secondary concentrators.
The electrical output not only depends on the
uniformity of radiation but also on the local thermal and
electrical conditions of the solar cell. Therefore, it is
necessary to match all these values, the radiation pattern,
the thermal profile, and the voltage distribution over the
cell.
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic power generation systems at the
moment are important sources of electrical power to
replace or complement the most usual power generation
systems (which are fossil and nuclear fuels). In this field
concretely concentrator systems show a promising path to
reduce the costs of solar electricity. Currently, the prices of
solar PV systems are not economically feasible but there
are efforts to reduce these costs using concentrators.
Concentrator optics use either mirrors or lenses for
solar energy conversion. The gains that can achieved with
a Fresnel lens or a parabolic mirror are comparable and
the two configurations were developed competitively[1].
Several designs of Fresnel lenses have been
devised and tested. Flat Fresnel lenses are still in use by
some PV systems. A convex linear Fresnel lens is devised
to improve the concentration ratio and the efficiecy. Also, a
flat linear Fresnel lens in thermal energy collection is
utilized[2]. A symmetrical convex shaped Fresnel lens was
introduced and optimized and later a shaped non-imaging
Fresnel lens was presented which had an arbitrary profiles
according to the applications [3,4]. On the other hand,
mirror concentrators come in different forms; parabolic
troughs reflection concentrators, Fresnel reflection
collectors, parabolic mirror dishes, and V-trough
concentrators. In the 4 previous concentrators, the non-
EG0
V
}[exp{ 1 } 1] + C3V1
I = C1G C2T 3 exp{
kT
nVT
(1)
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4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen
I(A)
c-Si
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
3
2
(%)
44
0,1
0,2
0,3
V(V)
Experimental data
66
0,4
0,5
0,6
Simulated data
c-Si
90
2,5
I sim (A)
y = 0,9505x + 0,0648
R2 = 0,9808
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
0,5
1,5
I exp (A)
Curve
G (Wm )
Temp (C)
1
2
1000
1400
1500
29.41
47.33
43.42
Parameters
c-Si
C1
C2
0.00128
-53328.02358
C3
-0.10144
Rs ()
N
EG (J)
0.00865
1.4973
1.7622E-19
r2
0.9802
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I(A)
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
0,1
0,6 0,7
Fig.6. Optical device
V (V)
P(W)
0,6
0,4
0,2
8
0,5
1,5
I (A)
6
5
w / cm 2 4
3
2
C7
1
0
C1
0
cm
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7
6
5
4
w / cm2
3
2
1
0
C6
C1
cm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the MCYT (Spain) (ENE200407619).
REFERENCES
[1] Lorenzo, E., Luque, E. Fresnel lens analysis for solar
energy applications. Applied Optics 1981. 20(17), pp.
2941-2945.
[2] Al-Jumaily, K.E,J., Al-Kaysi, M.K.A. The study of the
performance and efficiency of flan linear Fresnel lens
collector with sun tracking system in Iraq. Renewable
Energy 1998. 14, pp. 41-48.
[3] Leutz, R., Suzuki, A., Akisawa, A., Kashiwagi, T.
Design of a nonimaging Fresnel lens for solar
concentrators. Solar Energy 1999. 65, pp. 379-387.
[4] Leutz, R., Suzuki, A., Akisawa, A., Kashiwagi, T.
Shaped nonimaging Fresnel lenses. Journal of Optics A:
Pure and Applied Optics 2000. 2, pp. 112-116
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ABSTRACT
Segmented cone concentrators (or booster wings, Vtroughs) are an alternative to Fresnel lenses for low
concentration. Although the aspect ratio of a concentrator
assembled from flat mirror segments is high, it can be
designed fulfilling the conditions of uniform irradiance on
the target, and single reflection. There are two classes of
segmented cone concentrators: One class where the
mirror is directly attached to the receiver with a slope
angle smaller than /4, and a second class characterized
by physically impossible first segment slopes, i. e. with a
gap between receiver and mirror. Both classes show very
different aspect ratios.
INTRODUCTION
The concentration ratio of segmented cone [1]
concentrators is easily found by counting the number of
Figure 1: Segmented cone concentrators of similar geometrical concentration ratio. Three, four and five segments, from
left to right. The lowest segments are unphysical in the two designs on the right-hand side. Note the aspect ratios
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ONE SEGMENT
The design of a single segment cone concentrator
with straight walls, uniform irradiance, and one reflection
per ray has been introduced 35 years ago [2]. The
geometrical concentration ratio of any concentrator is the
relation of entry aperture a to exit aperture a according to
Fig. 2.
Figure
2:
Cgeo = 1 + C1 + C 2 ,
Schematic of a segmented cone concentrator. Two paired
segments, one reflection per ray, uniform irradiance. Rays
drawn as solid lines for segment I, rays drawn as dashed
lines for segment II
With the sine-relation applied to the triangle BAA,
we eventually obtain
Cgeo = 1 + 2 cos 2 .
(1)
(2)
C 1
Cgeo C 2 = 2 cos 2 arccos 2
,
2
(3)
TWO SEGMENTS
Adding pairs of segments to the single-stage cone
results in the double-stage cone concentrator [3].
Cgeo = 1 + C1 + C2 + L + C n .
(4)
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1 = 2 2 = 4 3 = L = 2 n 1 n .
(5)
(6)
Figure
4:
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1
Zenon S. A., Kanari 5, 15354 Glyka Nera, Attiki, Greece
NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 3Institute of Microelectronics POB 60228,
15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece,
ABSTRACT
Mirrors based on total reflection (TRM) have been
designed and fabricated for application in concentration
PV panels. TRMs are made using glass (without any
metallization) and this renders their lifetime practically
unlimited. The approach consists in using the principle of
total reflection, which though well known since many
centuries, has never been applied in concentration PV
panels. The reason is that three axis of rotation are needed in
order to focus the reflected sunrays to the desired focal point as
opposed to two axis of rotation for the conventional mirrors.
The main breakthrough presented here is the design of
TRMs able to focus on a surface of the order of 30x10
2
mm using two axes of rotation. For the design software
based on the method of ray tracing simulation was used,
which allows for the incorporation of realistic parameters in
the calculations. To obtain focusing the straight acmes of
a typical total reflection prism were replaced by parabolic
ones. TRMs were fabricated and tested giving results in
agreement with the simulation.
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) cells technologically represent a
mature technology for energy production but are still very
expensive. The main reason preventing the one-sun PV
cells to be cost effective is the high price of the
semiconductor grade silicon necessary for their fabrication
when a high efficiency is desired.
One way to overcome this problem is to suppress
the factor high price using the concentrating type PVs.
Up to now this technology has not been exploited
(although it needs 500 to 1000 times less crystalline Si
than conventional PV cells) for several reasons one of
which is the cost of concentrating optics. Indeed although
mirrors are a relatively cheap material, manufacturing of
curved concentrating mirrors able to remain exposed
outdoors and sustain environmental degradation for a time
period of the order of 20 years is impossible. After a small
fraction of this period mirrors must be replaces thus
increasing the cost of the produced energy. Additionally,
the supporting structure and the sun-tracking device must
be designed for the expected wind speed during their 20year or so lifetime. Thus, the total cost of such a technical
solution using concentrating mirrors is prohibitive and
leaves little hope to reduce it at an effective level.
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CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated the TRM, which is a novel
optical device that exploits the concept of the total
reflection in order to concentrate light on a limited area of
the order of several square centimeters for use in cent
rated PV cells. TRMs may be fabricated on glass at a
reasonably low price, using trivial manufacturing
techniques, giving a performance inferior than that of
devices made by high-precision methods but, on the other
hand, having an infinite lifetime.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support from E.U. is acknowledged PROTEAS
PV System, Contract No ENK6-CT-2002.
REFERENCES
[1] PROTEAS PV System, Triple hybrid concentrating
PV system for the cogeneration of electricity, heat and
cooling power, Contract No ENK6-CT-2002
[2] PROTEAS PV System, European Photovoltaics
Projects 1992-2002, Project synopses p 124-125
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ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic concentrator systems would lead to a
substantial reduction in the cost of the PV energy by
substituting the expensive, photovoltaic flat panels with
low cost, reflective or refractive surfaces combined with a
small area of high efficiency concentrator cells.
Reflective dish concentrators, complete with accurate
tracking, allow a good concentration levels; the use of
single, large parabolic mirrors requires a dense array of
cells at the receiver constituting the photovoltaic module.
This fact reduces significantly not only the quantity of
employed semiconductor but the size of the photovoltaic
module itself, allowing for the fabrication of this high
technological core of the system by means of the
techniques and structures of the electronic industry.
This approach has, however, other technical complexities:
the requirement of a dense array module leads to the
necessity of particular solutions for the high density
packaging of the cells and of special solutions to ensure
high uniformity of the irradiance at the receiver because of
the series connection of the solar cells. Two additional
problems tightly related to the previous are the positioning
of the bypass diodes and the necessity to ensure a
sufficient angular acceptance of the system, without
reducing the uniformity of the irradiation on the
photovoltaic devices.
In this paper some solutions at these problems adopted by
CPower srl for the development of concentrators are
presented.
INTRODUCTION
In a dish, reflective solar concentrator, the bundle of light
is directed toward a module of solar cells. To minimize
optical losses at the target, the cells must be as closely
spaced as possible. In typical dense array, the cells are
mostly series connected, to build up the voltage and keep
the current in the range of the working conditions for the
commercial inverters. Because current is almost linearly
dependent on the incident light, the current in a string of
identical solar cells will be limited by the cell with the
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ACKNOLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the European Social Fund,
the Italian Ministry of Work and Welfare, by Regione
Emilia-Romagna and Consorzio Spinner.
REFERENCES
[1] H. Ries, J.M. Gordon, M. Lasken, High-flux
photovoltaic solar concentrators with kaleidoscope-based
optical designs, Solar Energy 1997, 60, No.1, pp.11-16
[2] C. Bingham et al., Concentrating Photovoltaic Module
Testing at NREL's Concentrating Solar Radiation Users
Facility, NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003,
NREL/CD-520-33588, pp. 218-220.
[3] R. Winston, R. C. Gee, Nonimaging light concentrator
with uniform irradiance, Patent No.: US 6,541,694 B2,
April 1, 2003
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this work is to apply the absorber
reflection method (ARM) implemented by Ulmer et. all to
find the loss of optical quality of a flat Fresnel-reflection
PV-T concentrator. The 11x BiFres concentrator is made
of 18 white Fresnel mirrors. The mirrors focus the
incoming rays on the thermal and PV absorber and thus all
are of equal length but at different tilt angle. The absorber
2
has 52 c-Si solar cells and a size of 0.26 m . The
concentrator is connected to two linear actuators for a 2axis sun-tracking capability. The working fluid is water. A
set of pictures were taken with a digital camera placed at a
certain distance perpendicular to the concentrators axis
orientated first towards it. The concentrator is then tilted at
different angles to see the effect of weight of mirrors on
the optical quality. A geometrical algorithm is used with the
aid of a numerical software to analyze the pictures. The
aim is to find the distribution of actual normal vector to
each mirror strip and compare it to the theoretical value.
Discrepancies between the previous two values mean that
reflected rays will miss the target (the absorber).
Consequently, the results of this work are used to further
obtain the power (electrical and heat) loss.
INTRODUCTION
The reflectivity of the optical parts and their
geometric precision influence the overall performance of
the PV/T concentrator systems. Any disorientation or
dents in the mirrors mean that there is a higher probability
that the reflected sun beams will miss their target which is
the photovoltaic panel and thus affect the systems overall
thermal and electrical output. The performance of the PV/T
system is also affected by the ageing of mirrors due to
material degradation in outdoor conditions [1] and nonuniform light distribution over the PV cell [2].
An easy and effective technique suggested by Ulmer et. all
[3] is implemented to find the loss of optical quality of the
mirrors. This method is called the Absorber Reflection
Method (ARM) and is applied to the BiFres PV/T system
installed on the roof of the University of Lleida (see Fig. 1)
BiFres is an 11X system consisting of 18 white Fresnel
mirrors. The mirrors focus the incoming rays on the PV
absorber which is soldered on top of a flat plate collector
with water as the working fluid. The role of water is twofold, cool down the cells and supply hot water to a storage
tank [4].
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4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen
= 90
(1)
is
found
+'
= 90
(2)
Xm
Xm
=
S1
S
tan =
while angle
(3)
X 1 + x d
f y
tan =
(4)
Xm
X1
f
d
S1
Reflection of the
absorber on one
mirror strip
absorber
Camera lens
S
Camera sensor
2
Xm
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4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen
Mirror #
& location
1R
2R
3R
4R
5R
6R
7R
8R
9R
Average for
Right mirrors
1L
2L
3L
4L
5L
6L
7L
8L
9L
Average for
left mirrors
Average for
all mirrors
RMSE in mrad
Concentrator at vertical position
4,767
5,757
8,501
7,697
5,941
4,644
14,884
13,098
88,493
17,087
0,579
2,337
1,036
1,259
1,433
1,773
1,667
4,107
2,519
1,857
9,472
CONCLUSIONS
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4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to mention that this work is
made under the patronage of the Marie Curie Early Stage
Research Training Network. This paper is one of the
outcomes of the SolNet advanced solar heating and
cooling for buildings program which is the first coordinated
international PhD education program on solar thermal
engineering.
REFERENCES
[1]
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