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Strathaven Academy
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Internal Resistance
Voltage Sources
Cells, power supplies and generators are examples of voltage sources.
An ideal voltage source would produce a constant voltage at its terminals regardless of the
current being drawn from the source. This voltage would be equal to the EMF of the source.
a real voltage source does not behave in this way. The terminal voltage is always less than the
EMF and gets smaller and smaller as more and more current is drawn from the source. This
effect is demonstrated nicely when a car is started with the headlights on. The starter motor
draws a large current, and this makes the terminal voltage of the car battery drop so much that
the lights dim!
This happens because no process is 100% efficient - some of the energy per coulomb is
wasted as heat energy. (Remember 1 volt = 1 joule per coulomb). The energy wasted as heat
for each coulomb is usually referred to as lost volts. They arent lost as such - they are just
wasted as heat. Energy is still conserved! We call them lost volts as they are not available to
the external circuit.
Internal Resistance
A potential drop usually occurs across a resistance. It makes sense to consider that every
voltage source is an EMF with a resistor in series. This is known as internal resistance. The
symbol for a cell would look like:
E
r
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Internal Resistance
Remember:
I
lost volts = Ir
V = IR
E = IRT
=
=
=
=
=
E = IR + Ir
E = I (R + r)
The equations in the box to the right of the circuit will also be useful. Often the first thing you
have to do is use one of them to calculate the current in the circuit, as I appears in all versions
of the main equation.
A worked example is on the next page.
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Internal Resistance
Example
V
R = 28
E = Ir + IR = Ir + V
Lost volts = Ir = E - V = 1.5 - 1.4 = 0.1 V
(b)
A short circuit occurs when
r=
lost volts
0.1
=
I
1
I=
V
1.4
= 0.05 A
=
R
28
r=
0.1
=2
0.05
(c)
Lost volts = Ir
I
E
= 1.5
=
R + r
28 + 2
= 0.05 A
Lost volts = 0.05 2
= 0.1 V
Strathaven Academy
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Internal Resistance
ACTIVITY 3
Title: Emf and Internal Resistance with parallel circuits
Apparatus:
V
A
L1
L2
Instruction
L3
Connect up the circuit above, with all lamps unscrewed
so that they are off.
Copy the table below.
Note down the current (I) and corresponding t.p.d. (V) values when no lamps are screwed
in, and enter them into the table.
Repeat the above for each case as one, then two, then three lamps are screwed in and light
up.
Using Ohms Law, complete the final column of the table by calculating the value of the
internal resistance of the battery.
N o. of
b u lb s lit
C u rre n t I
(A )
t.p .d . V
(V )
lo s t v o lts
(V )
In te rn a l
re s is ta n c e ( )
0
1
2
3
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Internal Resistance
Measuring I and R
E
r
/I
V = -Ir + E
R =
/I - r
V = -rI + E
R = E.1/I - r
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Internal Resistance
Internal Resistance
15.
16.
The cell in the diagram has an emf of 5 V. The current through the lamp is 0.2 A and
the voltmeter reads 3 V. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell.
A
17.
18.
19.
(a)
What will be the terminal p.d. across the cell in the circuit below?
E = 1 .5 V
lo s t v o lt s = 0 .2 V
(b)
(c)
20.
A cell with emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 2 is connected to a 3 resistor. What
is the current?
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Internal Resistance
21.
A pupil is given a voltmeter and a torch battery. When he connects the voltmeter
across the terminals of the battery it registers 4.5 V, but when he connects the battery
across a 6 resistor, the voltmeter reading decreases to 3.0 V.
(a) Calculate the internal resistance of the battery.
(b) What value of resistor would have to be connected across the battery to reduce the
voltage reading to 2.5 V.
22.
23.
In order to find the internal resistance of a cell, the following sets of results were
taken.
Voltage (V)
1.02
0.94
0.85
0.78
0.69
0.60
Current (A)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24.
The voltage across a cell is varied and the corresponding current noted. The results are
shown in the table below.
Voltage (V)
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Current (A)
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