Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
October 2015
1. INTRODUCTION
More than 11 million hectares of olives are grown in the world, spread across
the five continents, two hemispheres and 47 countries where olive oil is currently
produced. Olives grown for olive oil production are harvested from October to April
in the northern hemisphere and from April to July in the southern hemisphere
although 98 per cent of the worlds olives are harvested in the Mediterranean
region. There are approximately 12 000 olive oil mills in the world, more than 80
per cent of which use centrifugal systems. At present, olive oil is consumed in over
160 countries.
Taking the data for 2012 as a yardstick, olive oil production amounts to 3.1
million tonnes; this represents a 1.7 per cent share of total output of edible
vegetable and animal fats (184 million tonnes).
These figures highlight the strategic economic importance of the olive oil sector
and its influential position in the international arena in terms of production and
consumption.
The objective of this study goes beyond merely determining the cost of
producing one kilogram of olive oil in the IOC member countries. Its core aim is to
help olive growers to identify the stages of crop management where they are less
competitive than others and to encourage them to apply strategies to improve their
competitiveness, for instance through technical assistance schemes. The study is
therefore divided into five different sections. The first deals with the study
methodology and addresses the different cultivation systems identified, how the
survey was prepared (key questions for each stage of crop management), the
analysis of the results and other aspects. A description is then given of olive oil
production in the participant IOC member countries in the study. The study closes
with a set of conclusions based on the analysis and interpretation of the contents
and a number of final recommendations.
International Olive Council
page 1
2. METHODOLOGY
The first step was to classify world olive growing into seven different cultivation
systems, listed below, according to orchard density, slope and type of water use
(rainfall or irrigation):
S1: Traditional rainfed on steep slopes
Rainfed orchards with a gradient > 20% and < 180 trees/ha
S2: Traditional irrigated on steep slopes
Irrigated orchards with a gradient > 20% and < 180 trees /ha
S3: Traditional rainfed on moderate slopes
Rainfed orchards with a gradient < 20% and < 180 trees/ha
S4: Traditional irrigated on moderate slopes
Irrigated orchards with a gradient < 20% and < 180 trees/ha
S5: Intensive rainfed
Rainfed orchards with 180800 trees/ha
S6: Intensive irrigated
Irrigated orchards with 180800 trees/ha
S7: Superintensive irrigated
Irrigated orchards with > 800 trees/ha
The IOC member countries that supplied data for the study account for
9,954,169 ha of world olive area, i.e. 89 per cent. This percentage ratifies the
validity of the study sample for the purposes of simple random sampling.
After prior review of the existing literature, a data collection questionnaire was
designed with the assistance of the study leaders who have extensive experience
in similar preliminary surveys and diagnoses. Such questionnaires are a very
reliable tool available to researchers for the description and analysis of populations
that are so large as to make direct observation impossible.
To prevent bias and potential errors a pre-test was conducted; data were
analysed, results were ratified and where necessary data were re-extracted,
compared and analysed before being considered definitive.
page 2
The questionnaire covered the 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 crop
years and was completed by the experts1 designated by the member countries.
To arrive at the cost of producing one kilogram of olives, respondents were
asked to detail the costs of Fertilisation, Plant health protection, Soil management,
Pruning, Harvesting and Irrigation for each system (S1 to S7). When aggregated,
the costs of each of these cultural practices represented direct costs.
Indirect costs were then added to direct costs (of which they were calculated as
a percentage) to arrive at aggregate farm costs.
The next step was to add amortisation costs to farm costs, i.e. the opportunity
cost of using the land or, put differently, of renting the land. In the case of the highdensity systems (S6 and S7) amortisation costs included orchard establishment
costs.
Farm costs were next aggregated with amortisation costs to give the total field
cost of obtaining one kilogram of olives, itemised by cultivation system and
country.
In another questionnaire, countries were requested to report oil yields in
addition to olive transportation and oil processing costs.
Lastly, the cost of obtaining one kilogram of olives was converted into the cost
of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil simply by taking into account olive transport
and olive oil processing costs divided by processing oil yields in each system.
The outcome of the study is therefore the cost of obtaining one kilogram of
olive oil in each cultivation system and country.
When all the data questionnaires had been completed and returned, they were
processed and analysed and the diagnoses reported in the next section were
compiled for each cultivation system and participant country.
3. DIAGNOSIS OF COSTS OF PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY
The outcome of the analysis and review of the data supplied in the
questionnaires is now presented for each cultivation system and country.
page 3
S1; 33.4%
S5; 3.9%
S4; 9.5%
S2; 0.6%
S3; 30.4%
page 4
The average all-country cost of producing one kilogram of olive oil under the
S1 systems works out at EUR 3.44/kg.
Table 2 (Annex 1) provides a cost breakdown of cultural practices, in addition
to processing oil yields, transport costs and processing costs.
Average
3.44
Albania
3.19
Argentina
Spain
3.56
Turkey
2.80
Tunisia
2.36
Portugal
3.38
Israel
3.64
Italy
3.97
Iran
Algeria
5.11
Lebanon
5.42
Uruguay
Greece
2.54
Morocco
1.92
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Figure 2: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S1 system
page 5
4.45
3.09
3.54
2.79
9.99
5.02
2.26
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Figure 3: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S2 cultivation system
page 6
Average
Jordan
Albania
Argentina
Spain
Turkey
Tunisia
Portugal
Israel
Italy
Iran
Algeria
Lebanon
Uruguay
Greece
Morocco
2.86
3.20
2.81
2.71
1.54
2.22
2.06
3.74
4.01
2.34
5.45
2.34
1.87
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Figure 4: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S3 cultivation system
page 7
Average
Albania
Argentina
Spain
Turkey
Tunisia
Portugal
Israel
Italy
Iran
Algeria
Lebanon
Uruguay
Greece
Morocco
3.44
2.60
3.68
2.27
1.26
2.36
3.70
8.28
2.67
5.75
1.85
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
Figure 5: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S4 system
page 8
Average
Albania
Argentina
Spain
Turkey
Tunisia
Portugal
Israel
Italy
Iran
Algeria
Lebanon
Uruguay
Greece
Morocco
3.50
2.38
2.64
2.06
3.34
3.57
4.64
5.18
4.22
Figure 6: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S5 system
page 9
Average
Jordan
Albania
Argentina
Spain
Turkey
Tunisia
Portugal
Israel
Italy
Iran
Algeria
Lebanon
Uruguay
Greece
Morocco
2.91
2.74
2.37
2.50
2.07
2.13
1.75
1.75
3.71
3.84
6.04
2.49
5.22
2.13
1.94
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Figure 7: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S6 system
page 10
Table 8 (Annex 1) gives the itemised cost of cultural practices together with oil
yields and transport and processing costs.
Average
2.09
Albania
Argentina
1.43
Spain
2.19
Turkey
Tunisia
1.60
Portugal
1.68
Israel
3.39
Italy
Iran
2.37
Algeria
Lebanon
Uruguay
Greece
Morocco
1.97
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Figure 8: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil under the S7 system
page 11
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
For the purposes of calculating the total mean, the weighting of the olive area
of each country relative to total orchard area was taken into account in such a way
that the relative weight of Spain, for instance, was much higher than that of Israel.
The end result of this exercise is an average olive oil production cost of
EUR 2.63/kg.
The picture that emerges clearly shows three countries where costs are belowaverage, i.e. Tunisia, Morocco and Turkey, and four countries Algeria, Uruguay,
Italy and Israel where costs of production are above-average, in addition to
Lebanon and Iran which were eliminated from this last analysis because their
costs were excessively high (Figure 9).
Average weighted costs after eliminating these last two countries are plotted by
cultivation system in the next graph:
page 12
S7
2.05
S6
2.45
S5
3.04
S4
2.55
S3
2.70
S2
2.92
S1
3.25
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Figure 10: Cost of obtaining one kilogram of olive oil, weighted by cultivation system
page 13
4. CONCLUSIONS
General data
Data have been analysed for 15 member countries of the IOC: Albania,
Algeria, Argentina, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco,
Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and Uruguay.
Although France provided data, they have not been analysed because they
were outliers and incomplete.
The study defines seven cultivation systems into which all world olive
orchards can be classified. Four of the systems are traditional (S1 to S4)
and three are intensive (S5 to S7).
Two categories of olive processing system are defined: modern
centrifugation and traditional pressing.
Farm characteristics
In the countries analysed 74 per cent of the olive orchards are cultivated
under traditional systems and 26 per cent under intensive systems.
The most frequent cultivation system in all the countries is the traditional
rainfed system on steep slopes (S1: 33 per cent)), followed by the
traditional rainfed system on moderate slopes (S3: 30 per cent) and the
intensive irrigated system (S6: 18 per cent). The least frequent systems are
the traditional irrigated system on steep slopes (S2: 0.6 per cent) and the
superintensive system (S7: 4 per cent).
Some countries have reported few cultivation systems such as Uruguay (1),
Jordan (2), Greece and Argentina (3) while others have reported up to six
(Albania, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco and Spain). Only Portugal has reported
data for all seven systems although systems S2 and S4 are not
representative in this country.
Comparison of traditional and intensive systems shows that farms differ
greatly in size and are larger in the second case.
Drip irrigation is the predominant irrigation system. Water consumption is
higher in the southern Mediterranean countries than in the northern
Mediterranean European countries.
Cultivation is less mechanised in the southern Mediterranean countries,
except Israel.
Local and autochthonous varieties predominate in the traditional cultivation
systems whereas new varieties are preponderant in the intensive systems.
page 14
Production
Oil yield is greater in the traditional olive growing countries in the southern
Mediterranean region and much lower in the South American countries.
Olive crop production under rainfed conditions is considerably higher in the
eastern Mediterranean countries the cradle of olive growing than in the
western Mediterranean countries.
Oil production/ha increases with crop intensification and irrigation, showing
a linear increase from S1 (370 kg/ha) to S7 (1,579 kg/ha).
Average production, all systems and countries combined, works out at 816
kg oil/ha. The countries with the highest unit production are Israel, Albania
and Algeria and those with the lowest are Italy, Iran, Morocco and Tunisia.
Costs of production
Cultivation costs differ sharply between both the producing countries and
the cultivation systems.
The intensive and irrigated cultivation systems (S6 and S7) have the
highest production costs/ha but also the highest production; as a result, unit
costs are lower. Conversely, the more traditional and rainfed systems have
higher unit production costs/kg olives, i.e. they are less profitable.
On-farm olive production costs account for 84 per cent of the total cost of
producing one kilogram of oil; olive transportation and processing account
for the remaining 16 per cent. Attention therefore needs to focus on
optimising agricultural production where is there is more room for
improvement.
At processing level, costs differ greatly between countries, ranging from
EUR 0.16/kg crushed olives in Uruguay to EUR 0.03/kg in Spain, and are
chiefly determined by average mill size.
The average total cost of production of one kilogram of oil, itemised by
cultivation system, ranges from EUR 3.45/kg in the traditional rainfed
system on steep slopes (S1) to EUR 2.05/kg in the superintensive system
(S7). Costs vary linearly between these two figures as crop intensification
increases.
The mean arithmetic cost of producing one kilogram of oil (all countries)
works out at EUR 2.78/kg.
Of this figure, EUR 2.33/kg are on-farm costs and EUR 0.45/kg are
transport and oil processing costs.
Taking into account the significance of the participant countries in terms of
olive crop area, the mean world weighted cost of producing one kilogram of
oil comes to EUR 2.63/kg.
page 15
The countries where the average weighted costs are considerably above
the mean are, in descending order, Iran, Lebanon, Algeria, Uruguay, Italy
and Israel.
The countries where average weighted costs are very far below the mean
are clearly Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey.
There are very wide cost differences between countries. The highest mean
price is recorded in Iran (EUR 6.26/kg) and the lowest in Turkey (EUR
1.93/kg).
Costs in Jordan, Albania, Argentina, Spain, Greece and Portugal lie around
the world average.
Generally, the countries where the cost of producing one kilogram of olive
oil is the most advantageous are located in the southern and eastern
Mediterranean region (specifically Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa, and
Turkey). Olive cultivation can therefore be expected to expand in these
countries in the future, either with domestic or foreign capital.
Costs are inevitably higher in some producing countries for clear, concrete
reasons, for instance because of higher water costs in Israel and low oil
yields in Uruguay.
There are major between-country differences in costs, even within the same
cultivation systems. Apart from features specific to each country, this is due
to differences in olive crop management practices. Hence, there is ample
room for lowering costs in the countries where they are the highest through
the transfer of technology and expertise and permanent training.
page 16
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of these conclusions, especially the last one, it is crucial to design
strategies and create measures to enhance the competitiveness of the olive farms
that are at the greatest disadvantage in the world, for instance through the
following action:
Converting S1, S2, S3 and S4 olive orchards to more intensive,
mechanisable systems when the terrain, water availability and size so
permit;
Encouraging olive farms and olive oil mills to become more competitive
through cooperative strategies such as integration or concentration
Making better use of by-products and seeking new uses through research,
development and technological evolution
Enhancing the quality and distinctive characteristics of oils, especially oils
obtained in systems S1, S2, S3 and S4
Encouraging promotion as one of the most influential strategic tools for
boosting the current trend of consumption and securing higher sales prices
for olive oil on the basis of the resultant higher demand
Viewing training and knowledge transfer as cost optimisation tools in
countries with poor cost data where, according to this study, cultural
practices do not appear to be the most adequate for generating returns
page 17
ANNEX 1
Tables reporting olive area and
cost calculations by cultivation
system
page 18
Country
Spain
Tunisia
Italy
Greece
Morocco
Turkey
Portugal
Algeria
Iran
Jordan
Argentina
Lebanon
Albania
Israel
Uruguay
Total
Olive area
(ha)
2,584,564
1,839,600
1,350,000
1,160,000
1,020,000
798,493
358,513
330,000
136,619
132,582
100,000
53,646
47,152
33,000
10,000
9,954,169
page 19
Table 2: Cost breakdown by country under the S1 traditional rainfed system of cultivation on steep slopes
Morocco
Fertilisation
Plant protection
Soil management
Pruning
Harvesting
Irrigation
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Total costs
Amortisation costs
Total costs/ha
Production
Total costs kg olives
Yield (%)
Transport costs
Processing costs
Total costs kg oil
18
0
14
18
100
0
150
12
162
91
253
900
0.28
17.50%
0.015
0.040
1.92
Greece
Uruguay
50
15
10
85
210
0
370
2
372
40
412
1100
0.37
18.00%
0.017
0.065
2.54
Lebanon
738
0
614
231
1,008
0
2,591
65
2,656
769
3425
4000
0.86
20.00%
0.100
0.128
5.42
Algeria
Iran
69
0
96
153
962
0
1,280
192
1,472
8
1480
1425
1.04
21.00%
0.010
0.025
5.11
Italy
244
96
53
212
307
0
911
0
911
0
911
1721
0.53
16.10%
0.010
0.100
3.97
Israel
52
83
167
125
998
0
1,425
47
1,472
313
1785
2500
0.71
24.00%
0.035
0.125
3.64
Portugal
74
121
80
59
240
0
574
57
631
0
631
1000
0.63
20.00%
0.004
0.040
3.38
Tunisia
10
8
30
51
57
0
155
39
194
142
336
730
0.46
22%
0.022
0.036
2.36
Turkey
0
0
0
166
538
0
704
0
704
0
704
3000
0.23
11.10%
0.016
0.060
2.80
Spain
Argentina Albania
43
129
244
158
362
0
937
94
1,031
29
1059
1437
0.74
22.00%
0.015
0.030
3.56
589
204
107
143
286
0
1,329
150
1,479
36
1514
3200
0.47
19.00%
0.050
0.083
3.19
Average
172
60
129
127
461
0
948
60
1,008
130
1137
1910
0.58
19.15%
0.027
0.067
3.44
Table 3: Cost breakdown by country under the S2 traditional irrigated system on steep slopes
Morocco
Fertilisation
Plant protection
Soil management
Pruning
Harvesting
Irrigation
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Total costs
Amortisation costs
Total costs/ha
Production
Total costs kg olives
Yield (%)
Transport costs
Processing costs
Total costs kg oil
29
0
58
55
140
214
495
7
502
91
593
1800
0.33
17.00%
0.015
0.040
2.26
Greece Uruguay
Lebanon
546
0
400
215
1,282
446
2,889
3
2,892
2892
5500
0.53
15.00%
0.100
0.128
5.02
Algeria
Iran
344
172
171
400
326
208
1,620
4
1,625
0
1625
1000
1.62
16.50%
0.014
0.010
9.99
Italy
347
91
137
375
229
550
1,729
0
1,729
0
1729
4962
0.35
16.41%
0.010
0.100
2.79
page 20
Israel
Portugal
74
155
80
59
240
178
786
10
796
0
796
1200
0.66
20.00%
0.004
0.040
3.54
Tunisia
Turkey
Spain
Argentina
Albania
589
204
107
143
314
114
1,471
129
1,600
36
1636
3600
0.45
19.00%
0.050
0.083
3.09
Average
322
104
159
208
422
285
1,499
25
1,524
25
1545
3010
0.66
17.32%
0.032
0.067
4.45
Table 4: Cost breakdown by country under the S3 traditional rainfed system on moderate slopes
Morocco Greece
Fertilisation
Plant protection
Soil management
Pruning
Harvesting
Irrigation
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Total costs
Amortszation costs
Total costs/ha
Production
Total costs kg olives
Yield (%)
Transport costs
Processing costs
Total costs kg oil
23
0
32
14
105
0
173
12
185
132
317
1250
0.25
16.50%
0.015
0.040
1.87
Uruguay
Lebanon
255
260
180
180
470
0
1,345
11
1,356
200
1556
3240
0.48
24.00%
0.017
0.065
2.34
Algeria
738
162
631
238
925
0
2,694
67
2,761
769
3530
4100
0.86
20.00%
0.100
0.128
5.45
Iran
Italy
188
624
150
123
615
0
1,700
264
1,965
18
1983
4350
0.46
21.00%
0.010
0.025
2.34
Israel
252
88
66
262
271
0
938
0
938
0
938
1829
0.51
15.52%
0.010
0.100
4.01
Portugal
167
217
162
625
1,377
0
2,547
90
2,636
313 2949
4000
0.74
24.00%
0.035
0.125
3.74
70
86
60
46
240
0
502
50
552
552
1500
0.37
20.00%
0.004
0.040
2.06
Tunisia
Turkey
18
17
49
38
63
0
184
55
239
103
342
796.67
0.43
22.00%
0.022
0.036
2.22
Spain
0
0
113
116
348
0
577
0
577
0
577
4000
0.14
14.28%
0.016
0.060
1.54
Argentina
29
63
187
115
288
0
682
68
750
43
793
1438
0.55
22.00%
0.015
0.030
2.71
Albania
589
525
321
143
336
0
1,914
157
2,071
36
2107
4600
0.46
21.00%
0.050
0.083
2.81
Jordan
300
100
200
120
400
0
1,120
34
1,154
0
1154
1750
0.66
22.00%
0.01
0.03
3.20
Average
219
178
179
168
453
0
1,198
67
1,265
147
1400
2738
0.49
20.19%
0.025
0.064
2.86
Table 5: Cost breakdown by country under the S4 traditional irrigated system on moderate slopes
Morocco
Fertilisation
Plant protection
Soil management
Pruning
Harvesting
Irrigation
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Total costs
Amortisation costs
Total costs/ha
Production
Total costs kg olives
Yield (%)
Transport costs
Processing costs
Total Cost kg Oil
25
5
32
77
238
264
641
38
680
227
907
3500
0.26
17.00%
0.015
0.040
1.85
Greece
Uruguay
Lebanon
396
162
250
227
1,388
538
2,961
74
3,035
769
3804
6000
0.63
15.00%
0.100
0.128
5.75
Algeria
356
536
112
184
676
244
2,109
264
2,373
28
2401
5380
0.45
18.00%
0.010
0.025
2.67
Iran
323
164
145
360
359
183
1,534
77
1,611
1611
1200
1.34
0.17
0.01
0.01
8.28
Italy
Israel
261
83
73
334
262
486
1,498
0
1,498
0
1498
2942
0.51
16.73%
0.010
0.100
3.70
page 21
Portugal
86
86
60
46
240
183
701
70
771
771
1800
0.43
20.00%
0.004
0.040
2.36
Tunisia
Turkey
90
36
113
116
348
137
840
0
840
0
840
4800
0.18
20.00%
0.016
0.060
1.26
Spain
64
128
160
200
584
240
1,376
138
1,514
120
1634
4000
0.41
20.00%
0.015
0.030
2.27
Argentina
453
130
70
251
1,107
327
2,338
0
2,338
0
2338
8000
0.29
0.10
0.02
0.06
3.68
Albania
589
525
321
143
350
114
2,043
157
2,200
36
2236
5400
0.41
21.00%
0.050
0.083
2.60
Average
264
185
134
194
555
272
1,604
82
1,686
147
1804
4302.2
0.49
17.42%
0.03
0.06
3.44
Greece
Fertilisation
Plant protection
Soil management
Pruning
Harvesting
Irrigation
Direct costs
Indirect costs
Total costs
Amortisation costs
Total costs/ha
Production
Total costs kg olives
Yield (%)
Transport costs
Processing costs
Total costs kg Oil
Uruguay
Lebanon
664
156
308
164
801
0
2,093
105
2,198
123
2320
10000
0.23
10.00%
0.030
0.160
4.22
Algeria
Iran
815
0
627
269
1,162
0
2,873
72
2,945
692
3637
4500
0.81
20.00%
0.100
0.128
5.18
Italy
323
164
145
360
359
0
1,351
67
1,419
0
1419
1750
0.81
18.00%
0.014
0.010
4.64
Israel
392
127
93
309
389
0
1,309
0
1,309
0
1309
2849
0.46
15.95%
0.010
0.100
3.57
Portugal
167
217
162
625
1,922
0
3,092
68
3,159
521
3680
6000
0.61
23.00%
0.035
0.120
3.34
Tunisia
Turkey
385
80
105
96
240
0
906
91
997
0
997
2500
0.40
21.50%
0.004
0.040
2.06
Spain
Argentina
Albania
60
132
324
210
510
0
1,236
124
1,360
90
1450
3000
0.48
20.00%
0.015
0.030
2.64
Average
589
525
321
143
350
0
1,929
164
2,093
36
2129
6200
0.34
20.00%
0.050
0.083
2.38
424
175
261
272
717
0
1,849
86
1,935
183
2118
4600
0.52
18.56%
0.032
0.084
3.50
Jordan
Average
110
141
68
145
429
372
1,265
88
1,353
386
1739
6550
0.27
16.50%
0.015
0.040
1.94
390
370
200
255
680
375
2,270
23
2,293
300
2593
5500
0.47
26.00%
0.017
0.065
2.13
Lebanon
677
0
442
385
1,195
885
3,584
90
3,674
769
4443
8000
0.56
15.00%
0.100
0.128
5.22
Algeria
464
1,032
374
275
1,159
167
3,470
587
4,056
76
4132
12187
0.34
15.00%
0.010
0.025
2.49
Iran
Italy
453
229
203
505
502
256
2,147
107
2,255
0
2255
2250
1.00
17.00%
0.014
0.010
6.04
523
101
129
425
328
360
1,866
0
1,866
0
1866
3611
0.52
16.34%
0.010
0.100
3.84
Israel
Portugal
292
425
135
1,250
1,000
1,260
4,362
189
4,551
521
5072
10000
0.51
17.00%
0.035
0.088
3.71
page 22
182
601
131
63
688
307
1,972
197
2,169
0
2169
8000
0.27
18.00%
0.004
0.040
1.75
Tunisia
175
45
20
112
202
85
640
128
768
209
977
3000
0.33
22.00%
0.022
0.036
1.75
Turkey
123
279
120
265
796
268
1,851
0
1,851
0
1851
5280
0.35
20.00%
0.016
0.060
2.13
Spain
102
272
204
408
765
476
2,227
223
2,450
340
2790
8500
0.33
18.00%
0.015
0.030
2.07
Argentina
254
130
73
251
780
204
1,692
184
1,876
0
1876
5800
0.32
16.00%
0.016
0.060
2.50
Albania
589
525
321
143
357
114
2,050
164
2,214
36
2250
6600
0.34
20.00%
0.050
0.083
2.37
600
200
300
250
700
600
2,650
80
2,730
0
2730
6000
0.45
0.18
0.01
0.03
2.74
352
311
194
338
684
409
2,289
147
2,436
188
2624
6520
0.43
18.20%
0.024
0.057
2.91
159
295
150
51
264
682
1,601
240
1,841
500
2341
9000
0.26
16.00%
0.015
0.040
1.97
Greece
Uruguay
Lebanon Algeria
Iran
Italy
647
327
290
721
718
366
3,068
153
3,221
0
3221
8000
0.40
18.00%
0.014
0.010
2.37
Israel
292
425
135
1,458
923
1,052
4,286
182
4,468
521 4989
11000
0.45
17.00%
0.035
0.088
3.39
page 23
Portugal
582
441
75
624
260
373
2,355
236
2,591
2591
10000
0.26
18.00%
0.004
0.040
1.68
Tunisia
359
45
36
123
287
148
999
300
1,299
479
1778
8000
0.22
17.50%
0.022
0.036
1.60
Turkey
Spain
114
304
228
456
570
532
2,204
220
2,424
380
2804
9500
0.30
15.50%
0.015
0.030
2.19
Argentina Albania
254
130
73
104
537
204
1,302
184
1,486
0
1486
9700
0.15
16.00%
0.016
0.060
1.43
Average
344
281
141
505
508
479
2,259
216
2,476
313
2744
9314
0.29
16.86%
0.017
0.043
2.09
ANNEX 2
Methodological notes
page 24
Annex 2
Methodological notes and comments of the participant IOC member countries in
the study
Methodological notes for the production costs study:
1. Stage I: Field Costs. Countries were instructed to provide data for at least 10
olive farms for each cultivation system. Farms had to be representative of
different areas in the country and data had to be the averages of at least three
crop years.
2. Stage II: Transport and Oil Processing Costs. Countries were instructed to supply
representative data for each type of mill (traditional, continuous and mixed),
which could be obtained from mill organisations or via direct surveying of mills, in
order to obtain a representative sample of the different areas in the country.
Methodological notes or comments of each country:
ALBANIA:
-
Predominant varieties: White Olive (S1, S2), Kalinjot (S3, S4), Leccino (S5) and
Frantoio (S6).
All harvesting is considered to be by hand.
ALGERIA:
-
Oil-olive crop yields provided on the basis of the five crop years from 2007/08 to
2011/12.
Oil processing costs are calculated as the average market price charged by
private olive oil mills.
By-products are used by olive growers but are not sold.
ARGENTINA:
-
SPAIN:
-
Field costs are the average of the three crop years from 2009/10 to 2011/12.
Varieties: Arbequina, Koroneiki, Arbosana and Xiquitita (S7).
Farms across the whole country are taken into account.
Transport and oil processing costs are the averages of costs in different areas of
Spain because they vary considerably according to average mill size.
Oil processing costs are calculated for a standard mill with a crushing capacity of
10 million kg of olives.
page 25
GREECE:
-
Varieties: numerous local varieties (S2) and Koroneiki (S3 and S6).
No price can be given for by-products because they are not sold.
IRAN:
-
ITALY:
-
LEBANON:
-
MOROCCO:
-
Data are the averages of eight farm surveys per cultivation system.
Data for the 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 crop years are taken into account.
Regions covered in the study: Marrakech, Meknes, Taounate, Khenifra, Azuilal,
Taourirte, Essaouira, Beni Mellal, Missour and Berkane.
All harvesting is considered to be by hand, except in S7.
Predominant varieties: Picholine marocaine (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S6), Haouzia,
Menara and Picholine de Languedoc (S3, S4, S5 and S6), and Arbequina,
Arbosana and Koroneiki (S7).
S7 is the only system in which harvesting is fully mechanised; in all the other
cultivation systems it is manual.
PORTUGAL:
-
page 26
TUNISIA2:
-
Data for the 2012/13 and 2013/14 crop years are taken into account.
Varieties: Chetoui and Chelibi (S1), Chemlali Sfax, Chemlali Sahli and Zalmati
(S3), Chemlali (S6) and Arbequina (S7).
In Stage II, no information is provided on olive stones as a by-product because
the stones are only separated from the flesh when required for export shipments.
TURKEY:
-
URUGUAY3
-
Owing to the incipient nature of olive development in Uruguay, the cost data
provided are not official statistics but preliminary data indicative of trends.
Field cost data refer to the theoretical costs of a standard 35-ha olive farm
established on a 7x5 layout growing the Arbequina variety under the S5 system
(the only system considered). The trees are eight years old; hence, harvesting is
not fully mechanised.
Transport and oil processing costs have been supplied by the Uruguay Olive
Producers Association (ASOLUR); they are not statistics.
Processing facilities are dual-purpose and are not dedicated solely to olive oil
production.
See attached supplementary methodological notes, pages 28-29, (to be translated for final publication
of the study)
3
See attached supplementary methodological notes, pages 30-33, (to be translated for final publication
of the study )
International Olive Council
page 27
Considrations gnrales
Le secteur olicole tunisien prsente une structure particulire caractrise par le nombre lev
dintermdiaires et la dominance des structures de production de petite taille et non organises en
coopratives. Les agriculteurs peuvent ainsi, vendre soit des olives huile des intermdiaires ou
directement aux huileries comme ils ont la possibilit de faire la trituration de leur propre production et
vendre par la suite lhuile dolive obtenue. Ces stratgies adoptes par les agriculteurs dpendent
essentiellement des prix de lhuile dolive. En effet, pendant les campagnes o les prix sont levs, la
plupart des agriculteurs optent par vendre des olives huile au lieu de faire la trituration. Par contre au
cours les annes de faible prix, les agriculteurs font recours la trituration, comme a ils augmentent
leurs chances davoir plus de bnfice.
En Tunisie, les oliculteurs suivent rgulirement les prix des olives huile essentiellement ceux du
Souk Gremda qui est un march de vente des olives huile situ Sfax. Ce march des olives huile
est reconnu en Tunisie en tant quun vritable baromtre des cours des prix pour les producteurs du
secteur olicole.
Actuellement, on ne dispose pas de donnes exactes sur la rpartition des oliculteurs qui optent pour
la vente des olives huile aux intermdiaires ou aux huileries et ceux qui optent pour la trituration de
leur production. En principe cette proportion est trs variable dune campagne une autre. Nonobstant
le ministre de lagriculture affirment que la proportion des agriculteurs qui optent pour la vente des
olives huile au lieu de lhuile dolive peut atteindre 70% les annes correspondantes des prix
levs. Cette pratique contribue lenchrissement du cot de production de lhuile dolive.
Ces particularits du secteur olicole tunisien nous ramnent prendre en considration deux types
de cot de production :
1. Le cot de lhuile dolive la production (sans intermdiaires : cots des olives huile
lexploitation + frais de trituration)
2. Le cot de lhuile dolive la sortie des huileries ((Cot de la matire premire (Prix moyen des
olives) + cot de trituration)
Les rectifications par rapport au travail envoy auparavant au COI ont concern :
1. Le cot de lhuile dolive la production : on a largie lchantillon et on a travaill avec des
exploitations du centre (Sousse) avec la varit Sahli et du sud Tunisien (Mdenine) avec la
varit Zalmati.
2. Le cot de lhuile dolive la sortie des huileries : on a considr les prix des olives du march de
Gremda pendant les deux campagnes de ltude : 2012/2013 et 2013/2014.
page 28
II.
Note conceptuelle
2012/2013
Prix min
Prix Max
Prix moyen
2013/2014
0,5
1,45
0,6
1,25
0.962
page 29
III.
de
production
Moyen
Sfax (Varit
Sahel
Sud
(Varit Sahli)
(Varit Zalmati)
0.969
1.107
Chemlali)
Systme S1
1.026
Systme S3
0.935*
Systme S6
0.725
Systme S7
0.495
0.815
Dt/kg d'olive
0,962
0,14
***
Selon le Ministre de lAgriculture, la proportion des huiles provenant de ce genre de pratique peut
atteindre 70% de la production totale
International Olive Council
page 30
Notas metodolgicas a las estadsticas de Costos de Produccin presentadas por Uruguay en el Grupo
de Trabajo Costes de Produccin del COI Montevideo. Octubre 2014
Lic. Ec. Mara Eugenia Silva Carrazzone; Lic. Ec. Felipe Bertamini; Ing. Agr. Humberto Tommasino
Introduccin
El 19 de mayo y 20 de octubre de 2014 se desarrollaron en la sede del Consejo Olecola Internacional
(COI), en Madrid, la segunda y tercera reunin del Grupo de Expertos sobre Costes de Produccin. En la
primera de ellas se trataron las estadsticas por pas de costes de aceituna para aceite de oliva (a pie de
parcela) y en la segunda, costes de transporte y procesamiento en almazara (denominadas Fase I y Fase
II respectivamente).
Uruguay comenz a participar de este grupo de trabajo en la instancia del 19 de mayo. En ambas
instancias Uruguay present datos de costos de produccin referidos a cada una de las fases antes
mencionadas.
En vistas de la presentacin de la informacin procesada en el Grupo de Trabajo a las autoridades del
COI, el presente documento tiene por objetivo dejar constancia de las cuestiones metodolgicas que
subyacen a la informacin presentada, a los efectos de su consideracin al momento de analizar,
comparar e interpretar los datos.
Aspectos metodolgicos generales
En virtud del incipiente grado de desarrollo del sector olivcola en Uruguay, las estadsticas presentadas
en el Grupo de Trabajo de Costes de Produccin son preliminares e indicativas de tendencias.
La informacin puede no ser exacta en cuanto se confecciona con informacin aportada en forma
voluntaria por el sector privado y/o estimaciones. Es fundamental hacer constar que no se trata de
estadsticas oficiales.
Se considera que en Uruguay solamente se desarrolla la produccin en el sistema 5, de tipo intensivo de
secano.
Actualmente se encuentran en desarrollo un estudio de caracterizacin y aproximacin a los costos de
produccin de aceitunas para aceite, realizado por la Facultad de Agronoma de la Universidad de la
Repblica Oriental del Uruguay. Adicionalmente se estn procesando los datos del Censo General
Agropecuario realizado por la Divisin de Estadsticas Agropecuarias del Ministerio de Ganadera,
Agricultura y Pesca (DIEA MGAP). Esta informacin, conjuntamente con encuestas especficas, permitira
disponer de estadsticas rigurosas para prximas campaas de produccin.
Aspectos metodolgicos referidos a costes de produccin de aceitunas a pie de parcela (Fase I)
La informacin presentada correspondiente a esta fase refiere a costos tericos (y no a los
efectivamente constatados) de un establecimiento de las siguientes caractersticas:
Extensin media de 35 ha
Densidad media: 300 350 plantas por ha
Cuadros de 7 x 5
Produccin media anual: 10 ton/ ha
Rendimiento graso medio industrial sobre materia hmeda: 15%
Principal variedad: Arbequina
Edad media del monte: 8 aos
International Olive Council
page 31
54.6
Coste total/ha
839.2
197.6
43.8
290.4
388.8
141.5
52
411.9
778.8
66.4
960
1454.8
207.9
1012.0
2645.5
5%
132.3
411.9
778.8
1454.8
2645.5
155.0
2800.5
page 32
Consideraciones finales
Las estadsticas presentadas en este documento son preliminares e indicativas de tendencias. No se
trata de estadsticas oficiales.
Para la Fase 1 se presentan costos tericos estimados para un monte de edad media de 8 aos, apto
para la recoleccin mecnica y sin riego.
Ello no refleja necesariamente la situacin actual de costos de produccin de aceituna en Uruguay. La
presencia incipiente de la produccin olivcola hace que exista disparidad de costos segn madurez del
monto, ubicacin, variedad, tcnicas, etc.
En promedio los montes son jvenes (edad media de 6 aos).
Por tanto, la recoleccin an no est totalmente mecanizada.
Existen instalaciones de riego en varios predios, aunque su uso no es difundido. El costo de
instalacin de un sistema de riego ronda los US$ 2.500 US$ 3.000 / ha. Los costos operativos del
sistema de riego se estiman en un 35% a 40% de los costos operativos totales.
(2) Fuente: El PRC del Conglomerado Agroindustrial Olivcola de Uruguay (Parras, 2012).
page 33
page 34
ANNEX 3
LIST OF DOCUMENTS5 SENT BY
COUNTRIES
page 35
PAISES/PAYS/
COUNTRIES
EXPERTOS/EXPERTS
DOCUMENTOS/DOCUMENTS
ALBANIAALBANIE
- PRODUCTION COSTS
- OLIVE FRESH FRUITS PRODUCTION IN LOW, MEDIUM
& HIGH PRODUCTION PERIODICITY
- OLIVE FRESH OLIVE FRUIT & OIL OLIVE PROCESSING
PROF. GIORGOS
PAPADAVIDAGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MR LOUKIA ALEXANDROU
- STATISTICAL SERVICE OF
CYPRUS
FRANCIA - FRANCE
M. JEAN-MICHEL DURIEZ
AFIDOL
PROF. GEORGIOS
KOUBOURIS INSTITUTE
FOR OLIVE TREE &
SUBTROPICAL PLANTS
page 36
EXPERTOS/EXPERTS
DOCUMENTOS/DOCUMENTS
IRAN
MR ALIREZA ESMAILI
FALAK HEAD OF
DELEGATION MINISTRY
OF JIHAD-E-AGRICULTURE
ITALIA - ITALIEITALY
MS PAOLA DORIA
ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI
ECONOMIA AGRARIA
INEA
JORDANIA - JORDANIEJORDAN
- OLIVE IN JORDAN
LIBANO
LIBAN LEBANON
MR YOUSSEF FARES
OLIVE TRADE
MR MILAD EL RIACHY
LEBANESE AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
page 37
EXPERTOS/EXPERTS
DOCUMENTOS/DOCUMENTS
M. SIKAOUI LHASSANE
CENTRE INRA
MARRAKECH
PORTUGAL
MS ISABEL ESCADA
MAMAOT
MS MINE YALIN
MS FATMA OZTURK
AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMIST
OLIVE RESEARCH STATION
BORNOVA/IZMIR
page 38
ANNEX 4
LIST OF PARTICIPANT EXPERTS IN THE
STUDY
page 39
Sr. Juan Vilar Hernndez - Gea Westfalia Separator Ibrica, S.A. - Espaa
Sr. Jos Penco - Asociacin Espaola de Municipios del Olivo Espaa
Sr. Bertrand Bouyou - Pellenc Iberica S.L. - Espaa
Sr. Vicente Sanz Clemente - Pieralisi Espaa S.L. - Espaa
Sr. Pablo Segura Llorens - Pieralisi Espaa S.L. - Espaa
Sr. Xavier Rius Garca - Agromillora Catalana, S.A. - Espaa
________
page 40