Analog & Digital Communication Trainer

1.
PAM - PPM- PWM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 01]
PAM- PPM- PWM is the basic pulse modulation techniques. This trainer provides complete setup to the
students for performing Experiments on these techniques. They can study Sampling, Pulse Modulation &
Signal reconstruction process. Separate circuits are provided for each Techniques.
Features:
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PAM- PPM- PWM Modulation and Demodulation Techniques,

using Natural and Flat - top Sampling.
Natural Sample, Sample and Hold and Flat-top outputs.
Selectable 2 different sampling pulse frequencies on board.
On board Sine wave generators.
Voice communication using dynamic microphone and speaker
On board Filters and Amplifier
Functional blocks indicated on board schematic
Input- Output and Test points provided on board.
Built in DC Power Supply
Fully documented operating Manual
Technical Specifications:
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Pulse Modulation Techniques
Crystal Frequency
Sampling Frequency
Sine wave Generator
Low Pass Filter
Cut off frequency
Voice Communication
AC Amplifier
Microphone type
Audio Pre-amplifier
Power amplifier
Interconnections
Power
Accessories
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1) Pulse Amplitude Modulation

2) Pulse Width Modulation
3) Pulse position Modulation
6.14MHz
16 KHz, 32 KHz
1 KHz &500Hz, Amplitude (0-5)V, Tolerance +5%
4th Order BW Filter
3.4 KHz
Voice Link using dynamic mic & speaker
With Adjustable Gain control
Dynamic, 600 Ohm.
Op-amp based
1W Mono
BS2 Connector.
230V, 50Hz
Manual, Set of Patch chords, Microphone, BNC to SP7
cable, power chord & Speaker
Experiments:
1. Study of Pulse Amplitude Modulation using Sample & Hold, Natural and Flat Top
sampling & Demodulation
2. Study of Pulse position modulation & Demodulation
3. Study of Voice Communication using PAM, PPM & PWM Techniques.
4. Study of Pulse width modulation & Demodulation
Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,
[1]
2.
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT- 01A)

Features:
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IC Based PAM generator.

In built message signal.
Active PAM, Demodulation.
In built power supply.
Test points provided.
Technical Specification:
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3.
Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
PPM type
Filter type
Filter cut off frequency
Power supply
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1 KHz (approx.)
0 to 2V (adjustable)
VCO based
4th order butter worth LPF
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT-01B)
Features:
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IC555 Based PPM generator

In built message signal.
Active PPM, Demodulation.
In built power supply.
Test points provided.
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Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
PPM type
Filter type
Filter cut off frequency
Power supply
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1 KHz (approx.)
0 to 2V (fixed)
VCO based
4th order butter worth LPF
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
[2]
4.
TDM - PAM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION [VCT - 02]

FEATURES
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Crystal based clock generator

On-board synchronized sine wave generator (250Hz, 500 Hz,
1KHz, 2KHz)
On-board DC voltage for receiver synchronization
Four channel Time Division Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
Three wire, Two wire and single wire transmission system
On-board PLL for clock Recovery
Comparator for receiver channel synchronization
Fourth order butter worth Low pass filter
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Crystal Frequency
Sinewave Type
Sinewave Frequency
DC Level
Number of Channel
Multiplexer Type
Demultiplexer Type
Channel Synchronization
Clock Recovery
Filter Type
Filter Cut off Frequency
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6.4MHz
On-board synchronized
250KHz, 500Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz
0 to 5V (Variable)
Four
Switch Based
Switch Based
Comparator
Phase Locked Loop
Butter worth, Low Pass Filter
3.4 KHz
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Study of Sampling & Reconstruction

Study of Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Study of PLL as Frequency Multiplier to generate clock from synchronous signal.
Study of three Modes of operation to regenerate original signal.
a) 3 wire system between transmitter and receiver (clock, sync, information)
b) 2 Wire system (information, sync) Clock regenerated at receiver.
c) Single wire system (information only). Clock and Sync regenerated at receiver
[3]
5.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION MODULE (VCT- 03)

This module is used to study the Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation technique, for the students.
Features:
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On board carrier and modulating signal generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable
Carrier and modulating signals are provided in the unit with frequency variable.
In-built regulated power supply
On board envelope detector
Schematic diagram provided in the front panel
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Modulating Signal
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
(300Hz-3 KHz)
(0-5) V
10 KHz - 50 KHz
(0-15) V
Modulators:
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Type of Modulator
Method of Modulation
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Demodulator
Power supply
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:
1. Ring Modulator
2. Transistor based Modulator
1. Under Modulation
2. Critical Modulation
3. Over Modulation
Envelope detector
230V/50Hz
Experiments:
1. Study of Amplitude modulation using Ring Diode modulator
2. Study of Amplitude Modulation using transistor based modulator
3. Study of AM demodulation using envelope detector
[4]
6.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT 05P]
Features:
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On board fixed frequency sine wave generator with adjustable amplitude

On board triangular wave generator with adjustable amplitude
On board gain adjustable amplifier
Fourth order butter worth filter
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Sine source
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
Triangular wave generator
# Frequency
:
# Amplitude
:
PWM type
:
Filter type
:
Filter cut off frequency :
Power supply
:
1 KHz (fixed)
0 to 5V (adjustable)
21 KHz
6 12V (adjustable)
Op-Amp based
4th order butter worth filter
3 KHz
+5V, 12V, GND
Experiments:
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To study the function of pulse width modulation

To study the function of pulse width demodulation
[5]
7.
AM SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT - 06]
FEATURES
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On board sine wave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable.

CXA1619BS chip based AM receiver.
On board audio power amplifier based on CTC810.
Audio volume adjustable.
On board AM transmitter.
RF AM power level adjustable.
SPECIFICATION
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Audio oscillator (P2)

#
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Frequency
Amplitude
170Hz to 4KHz
10mV to 3V
:
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1.1MHz to 1.6MHz
2V to 3.2V
9.5
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390KHz to 1341KHz
455KHz
SP7 patch chord,P8003 cable
Audio power amplifier

Gain in dB
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AM Transmitter carrier (P5)

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Frequency
Amplitude
Local oscillator frequency

Center frequency
Connecting cables
Power supply
DC : 12V,+5V,GND
AC : 230V,50Hz
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Study of AM super heterodyne receiver (Without using inbuilt transmitter)

Study of AM super heterodyne receiver using inbuilt transmitter.
Study of selectivity.
Study of sensitivity
[6]
8.
PULSE CODE MODULATION/DEMODULATION [VCT-07]
Features:
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In-built sine wave generator

Test points to study different waveforms
In-built DC Power supply
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Sine wave Generator
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DC Voltage
Clock Generator
Data rate
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ADC and DAC bits

Demodulator filter type
Filter type
Filter cut-off frequency
Mic Pre-amplifier
Companding range
Switched faults
Test points
Fuse
DC Supply
System Bandwidth
Interface connector
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Frequency: 1 KHz
Amplitude : 0 to 3Vpp
-1.5 V to +1.5V
Crystal based, 4.096MHz
64 kbps (for 8 KHz sampling
rate)
128kbps (for 16 KHz sampling rate)
8
Butterworth low pass filter
6th
3.4 KHz
Transistor based
-80dBm to +20dbm
4
35
30V, 100mV
5V, 12V
3.4 KHz
Signal in/out : 2mm socket
Power
: 3pin power chord
Experiments:
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Study of ADC and Quantization noise

Study of Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation.
Study of measurement of dynamic range and SNR of PCM system
Study of analog companding
Study of sampling, framing and data rate for PCM system
Study of voice communication
Study of PCM system using switched faults.
[7]
9.
AM TRANSMITTER [VCT-08] & RECEIVER [VCT-06]TRAINER
TRANSMITTER [VCT-08]
Features:
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On board carrier generator (Variable)

In-built regulated power supply
On-board sine wave generator
On board audio and Mic pre-amplifier
Specifications:
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Carrier generator Range

# Amplitude
Sine wave generator Range
# Amplitude
Mic pre amplifier Gain
Audio amplifier Gain
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1-2MHz
(1-5)V
300Hz - 10KHz
(0-5)V
20
100
AM SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT- 06]

This unit provides practical training to the students involved in learning the concept of AM reception.
Features:
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On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable.

CXA1619BS Chip based AM Receiver.
On-board 6W audio power amplifier based on CTC810.
Audio Volume adjustable.
On-board AM Transmitter
RF AM Power Level adjustable.
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Audio Oscillator Frequency

Audio Signal Amplifier
AM Transmitter carrier frequency
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AM Transmitter carrier amplitude

Local Oscillator Frequency range
Receiving Frequency Range
Center Frequency
Output Signal Monitor
AM Receiver Section
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Audio Amplifier Power

:
Speaker size, Power and Resistance :
750Hz to 4.5KHz.
50mv to 3V (Variable).
1 MHz to 1.7 MHz
(Approximately).
2.5V to 3.5V.
1 to 2 MHz (Approximately)
530KHz to 1560KHz.
455KHz.
Uninsulated socket, P8001 Connector.
RF Amplifier, Mixer, IF Amplifier, AM detector and Audio Power
Amplifier.
7W
4", 10 Watt and 4 Ohms.
[8]
10. WIRELESS DATA MODEM TRANSMITTER [VCT-10A] & RECEIVER [VCT-10B]

a.
Wireless Modem Transmitter Module:

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b.
Digital data from the :P/:C kit transmitted through RS232

serial interface
Inbuilt power supply
Digital data are modulated through FSK technique
RF Transmitter module provided to Transmit the FSK data
# Carrier 433.92MHz
# Amplitude Modulation
Telescopic antenna to transmit the signal
Wireless Modem Receiver Module:

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Note:
Telescopic antenna to receive the RF signal

RF Receiver module provided to Receive the FSK data
(Carrier 433.92MHz)
Amplitude Modulation
Built-in power supply
Digital data are demodulated through FSK technique
Reconstructed serial digital data are sent to the :P/:C kit
Two Nos. of our :P /:C kit should be provided by the institution to conduct the above
experiment (or) optionally to be purchased.
Experiments:
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Communication of digital data upto 300 BPS

Study of FSK modulation
Study of FSK demodulation
Transmission and reception of digital signal between
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
8 bit microprocessor
16 bit microprocessor
8 bit microcontroller
DSP
PC
[9]
11. FSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-10C & VCT-10D]

Transmitter Features:
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Three types of I/P sources

# Manual input
# Square input
# RS232 input
FSK Modulator
# Mark Frequency : 1070Hz
# Space Frequency : 1270Hz
Transmitter
# Amplitude Modulation
# Carrier Frequency : 433.92MHz
Whip Antenna to transmit RF signal
Built in power supply
Receiver Features:
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Whip Antenna to receive the RF signal

RF Receiver module
# Amplitude Demodulation
# Carrier Frequency : 433.92MHz
PLL Based FSK Demodulator
Output provided through BS2 connector and serial port
Experiments:
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Communication of digital data upto 300BPS

Study of FSK modulation
Study of FSK Demodulation
Transmission and reception of digital signal between
i. 8 bit Microprocessor
ii. 16 bit Microprocessor
iii. 8 bit Microcontroller
iv. DSP
v. PC
[ 10 ]
12. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-11]

Features:
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On board Sine wave generator

Provision to study Modulation & Demodulation in the same unit
Test points to study different waveforms
In-built Audio power amplifier
Mic pre Amplifier
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Sine Wave generator :
Frequency - 100Hz to 1.2 KHz with

amplitude
Adjustable, (0-5V)
FM Modulator
: Direct FM
Carrier frequency
: 20 KHz (Low), 367 KHz (High)
FM Demodulator
: PLL Detector, Quadrature Detector, Foster Seeley,
Discriminator / Phase Discriminator, Ratio Detector is provided.
Audio power amplifier: Gain 100
Mic pre amplifier
:
Gain 20.
Experiments:
* Study of FM using direct frequency modulation
* Study of Frequency demodulation using
(i) PLL Detector
(ii) Quadrature detector
(iii) Foster Seeley discriminator / Phase Discriminator
(iv) Ratio detector.
13. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER
[VCT-11P]
This unit is used to study about simple FM generator and
demodulator by using VCO and PLL.
FEATURES:
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XR2206 based FM modulator

NE564 based FM demodulator
In built power supply
In built message source provided
Test points provided
EXPERIMENTS
i. Study of Frequency modulation
ii. Study of Frequency demodulation
[ 11 ]
14. FM TRANSMITTER [VCT-12] & RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-13]

Transmitter Features:
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On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency

adjustable.
Mic Preamplifier for voice communication.
Audio Amplifier with Gain adjustable.
Transistor based Mic Preamplifier and audio amplifier.
Frequency Modulator covering 80 MHz to 130 MHz band.
RF FM Power level adjustable.
On-board whip antenna.
Specifications:
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Audio Oscillator Frequency

Audio Signal Amplitude
Mic Pre-Amplifier Gain
FM Type
FM Frequency Range
RF FM Level
VCO Tuning Voltage
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250Hz to 5 KHz
0 to 3V (Variable)
10
Voltage Controlled oscillator (VCO)
80 MHz to 130 MHz
-47dBm to +3dBm (Variable)
0 to 5V
Receiver Features:
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On-board whip antenna.

FM Receiver covering 88 MHz to 108 MHz band.
CXA1619BS chip based FM receiver.
On-board 7watt audio power amplifier based on TBA810 IC.
Audio Volume adjustable.
7 Nos of test point on VCT-13.
Specifications:
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FM Receiving range
Intermediate Frequency
FM Receiver section
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Test Points
Power Amplifier
Output Signal Monitor
Antenna Type
Speaker size
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88 MHz to 108 MHz

10.7MHz
RF Amplifier, Mixer, IF
Amplifier, FM Detector and
Audio Power amplifier
7
7 watt
Uninsulated socket
Whip
4", 4 Ohms
Experiments:
i. Study of Frequency modulation
ii. Study of Frequency demodulation
iii. Transmission fo voice signal using FM
[ 12 ]
15. DATA FORMATTING AND CARRIER MODULATION TRANSMITTER AND DATA

REFORMATING AND CARRIER DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT-14)
FEATURES
*
VCT - 14 comprises two separate MODULES:

VCT - 14A: performs different data formatting and carrier modulations.
VCT - 14B: performs different data reformatting and carrier demodulations.
The VCT - 14 can be used as a stand alone trainer for doing all experiments thoroughly, but they may
also be used with the external system by external data and clock signals.
Functional blocks indicated on PCB itself.
The VCT - 14 trainer having some of data formatting/reformatting such as NRZ (L), NRZ (M), RZ,
BIPHASE (Manchester), BIPHASE (Mark). Alternate mark inversion (AMI), Return to bias (RB) and
differentially encoded dibits.
The VCT - 14 trainer can be used to study the following carrier modulation techniques,
- Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
- Frequency shift keying (FSK)
- Phase shift keying (PSK)
- Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
Following carrier demodulation techniques can be studied,

- Rectifier detector (ASK)
- Phase locked loop detector (FSK)
- Squaring loop detector (PSK)
- Fourth power loop detector (QPSK)
Following three on-board carrier waveforms available to study the modulations,

- 960 KHz (In-phase)
- 960 KHz (Quadrature phase)
- 1.44MHz (In-phase)
The carrier signals are synchronized to the input data, to eliminate scope triggering problems.
Following two types of data pattern available on-board for doing experiments,
- Pseudo random sequence (15-bits)
- Programmable data (8-bits)
Two on-board clock recovery for data reformatting.
[ 13 ]
VCT- 14A
Data Generator
Pseudo random sequence (15-bits)

User programmable data (8-bits)
Clock Generator
Crystal based, 12MHz
Data Input rate
240Kbps
Clock Input
240 KHz
Data, Clock source
Internal (or) External
Data formatting
NRZ (L), NRZ (M), RZ,

Biphase (Manchester), Biphase
(mark), AMI ,
RB,
Differentially Encoded Dibit (for QPSK only)
Number of Multiplier
Two
Adjustments for multiplier :
Carrier balance adjust, data balance adjust and gain adjust
Carrier Type
Sinusoidal, synchronized to input clock
Carrier Frequencies
960 KHz (I), 960 KHz (Q), 1.44MHz (I)
Number of data converters :
Two (Unipolar to Bipolar converters)
Converter Outputs
Low, High and High Impedance (tri-state)
Converter Optional
Enable/Disable
Inverter Type
Digital (TTL only)
Adder Type
Op-amp based
Adder input, gain
Two, Unity
Test points
34
DC supply
5V, 12V, GND
Fuse
230V, 100mA
Interface Connector
Signal in/out :
Power
:
2mm socket
3 pin power cord
[ 14 ]
VCT - 14B
ASK Demodulator
Single Diode rectifier
FSK Demodulator
Digital PLL (Locked for 240kbps)
FSK Frequency
1.44MHz (mark) and 960 KHz (space)
PSK Demodulator
Square power loop
QPSK Demodulator
Fourth power loop
PSK, QPSK Phase
Phase adjustment by
potentiometer
Number of filters, type
Two, Low pass; Butterworth
Filter order
4th
333 KHz
Number of threshold detector
Two
Threshold range
Adjustable by potentiometer
Clock Recovery
PLL, Biphase PLL
Test points
41
Fuse
230V, 100mA
DC Supply
+5V, 12V, GND
Interface Connector

Power
: 3 pin power cord
[ 15 ]
16. RF OSCILLATOR TRAINER (VCT 15)

This unit is used to study different type of oscillators.
FEATURES:
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
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Butler oscillator is provided

Clapp oscillator is provided
Hartley oscillator is provided
Colpitts oscillator is provided
Crystal oscillator is provided
Power supply: +12V, GND
Frequency can varied from 15MHz to 30MHZ expect Butler oscillator
EXPERIMENTS:
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Study of Butler oscillator

Study of Clapp oscillator
Study of Hartley oscillator
Study of Colpitts oscillator
Study of Crystal oscillator
17. FM DETECTOR (VCT - 16)

This unit is used to detect the message signal from the IF signal of 10.7 MHz.
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IC (CXA 1619) based detector

Intermediate frequency: 10.7 MHz
External Power supply
IF input and AUDIO output connectors
provided
Detailed documentation.
EXPERIMENT:
*
To study FM detector.
Note:
This module is working along with the RF RECIEVER building blocks.
[ 16 ]
18. ASK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-17]
FEATURES
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Oscillator unit with frequency tunable options.

On Board Data Generator with Auto Manual Option
Variable Frequency for Auto Mode
User input provision their 2-way ON/OFF switch indicated by an LED for ON state.
Demodulated output indicated by an LED.
Regulated power supply for +12V, -12V & 5V DC.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
*
Oscillator
# Carrier Signal Frequency
#
Amplitude
On board data generator

# Max data frequency
17KHz
3Vpp
2000 Hz
Min data frequency
830 Hz
Amplitude
3V
Operating Voltage
#
AC
230V/50Hz
DC
12V, +5V, GND
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(Data Generator Auto mode).
To study the function of ASK Modulation & demodulation.(Data Generator Manual mode).
[ 17 ]
19. FSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 18]

FEATURES
*
Inbuilt square wave generator and debounce logic.
On board serial ports.
Self carrier generator.
Data transmission indication LEDS.
Inbuilt power supply.
SPECIFICATION
*
Modulating signal
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Square Data
:
:
:
22Hz
5V
Debounce logic (ie) +5V & 0V.
:
:
1070Hz & 1270Hz

5Vpp
Carrier frequency
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Modulator
FSK modulator
Demodulator
PLL
Data Transmitter
indicator
LED
Data communication
connector
9 pin serial port connector.
Power supply
AC 230V/50Hz.
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with square wave generator input source.
To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation with debounce logic input source.
To study the FSK communication of PC - PC 8085 - 8085 etc., Modulation and Demodulation.
[ 18 ]
20. THREE WAY CROSS-OVER NETWORK (VCT - 19)
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
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On board 3 way cross over network

Onboard Audio generator
# Frequency
: 100Hz to 15 KHz
# Amplitude
:0-5V
Frequency Operation
# Woofer
: 100 Hz to 1 KHz
# Squaker
: 1 KHz to 4 KHz
# Tweeter
: Above 4 KHz.
Detailed Documentation Provided
EXPERIMENTS:
*
To study the operation of three way cross over network and plot the frequency response of
# Woofer;
# Squaker,
# Tweeter
[ 19 ]
21. BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR TRAINER [VCT - 20]
FEATURES:
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On board sine generator

Transistor based mixer
Easy interconnections are made by patch chords
Detailed documentation
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*
*
*
Sine Source
# Fixed Frequency
: 43.5 KHz
# Variable Frequency : 41 KHz to 45 KHz
Transistor based mixer provided
Built-in amplifier
Power supply
# + 12V DC, 200 mA
# Unit is operated using 230V AC Power.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
To study the function of mixer

To study the operation of Beat frequency Oscillator (F2-F1).
To study the operation of summing frequency Oscillator (F2+F1).
[ 20 ]
22. P S K MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 21]
FEATURES:
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*
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On board Programmable Data Generator

On board carrier generator
Schematic Diagram in the front panel
SPECIFICATION:
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*
*
*
*
Type of Modulator
: Balance Modulator
Type of demodulator : Balance Demodulator
Binary inputs
# 8-bit data length
50 KHz, clock
Carrier inputs
# Frequency
: 200 KHz
# Amplitude
: 2 VPP
Level converter
: Unipolar to Bipolar
Supply Ratings
# AC Input (230V, 10%, 50Hz)
# DC output (+12V, -12V, +5V, GND)
EXPERIMENTS:
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*
Study of PSK modulation

Study of PSK Demodulation
[ 21 ]
23. DSB -SC MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-22]
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Carrier Frequency : 10 KHz - 200KHz (approx.) Variable

Amplitude
: 0 to 5V
Modulating Frequency : 1 KHz - 2.2 KHz (Variable)
Amplitude
: 0 to 5V
Modulator
: Balance Modulator with offset.
Demodulator : Balance Demodulator with variable gain.
Built-in power supply (12V DC / 500mA)
Detailed Experimental Manual
Test and monitoring point
Easy interconnections are made by patch chord
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
Study of DSBSC Modulation

Study of DSBSC Demodulation
[ 22 ]
24. ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION KIT [VCT-23]
Features :
* Analog sampled outputs and sampled "Hold" outputs
* Active low pass Butterworth filters - 2nd order
* On board 8 different sampling frequencies
* Duty cycle variation in steps of 10% upto 100%
* 25Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz on board synchronized sinewave generator
* Various test and monitoring points.
*
On board sampling frequencies

# External
:
# Internal
Sampling
*
*
*
*
*
*
Duty cycle
Low pass filter type
Cut-off frequency
On board sinewave signal :
Interconnection
Power Supply
320KHz, 160KHz, 80KHz, 40KHz, 20KHz, 10KHz, 5KHz,

2.5KHz
: 32KHz, 16KHz, 8KHz, 4KHz, 2KHz, 1KHz, 500Hz, 250Hz
: i. Natural Sampling
ii. Flattop Sampling
: 10% to 100% in 10% steps
: Butterworth 2nd order
: 3.4KHz
25Hz,250Hz,500Hz
: 2mm banana socket
: +5V/500mA, 12V DC, 300mA.
Experiments:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Study of signal sampling and Reconstruction

Study of Nyquist criteria and aliasing
Study the effect of reconstructed waveform using sample and hold circuit
Study the effect of reconstructed waveform using Flattop sampling
Study the effect of reconstructed waveform on changing the duty cycle
Comparison of frequency response of 2nd order and 4th order butterworth filter.
[ 23 ]
25. AUDIO GENERATOR [VCT- 24]

*
*
*
*
*
XR2206 based audio generator

Frequency : 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz
Amplitude : 0 - 5 VPP
Power supply provided
BNC type output connector provided
26. MIC PRE-AMPLIFIER [VCT - 25]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
Transistor based Mic pre-amplifier.

External Power supply provided.
Input and output connectors provided.
Adjustable gain provided.
SPECIFICATIONS
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mic Type
Transistor Type
Amplifying Signal
:
:
Dynamic
BC547
#
#
:
:
100Hz to 15KHz
10mV to 0.1V
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
0.5V to 5.2V
34(approximately)
600S
2.5mV
BNC
+12V, ground
1/2kg (approximately)
Frequency Range
Input Amplitude level
Amplified signal level

Gain in dB
Mic Impedance
Mic sensitivity
Connector Type
Power supply
Weight
EXPERIMENT
To study the function of Mic pre-amplifier.
[ 24 ]
27. AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 26]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board modulating Signal Generator

On board carrier Signal Generator
In built Power Supply
Easy interconnections are made by patch chords.
Monitoring Points
Detailed Documentation
*
Modulating signal
# Frequency Range # Amplitude
-
100Hz to 1.5KHz (Approx)

10mV to 3V
Carrier Signal
# Frequency Range # Amplitude
-
20KHz to 85KHz
10mV to 3V
Modulator
# Method of Modulation
&Multiplier method using OP-Amp
&Modulation index
m < 1 under modulation
m = 1 critical modulation
m > 1 over modulation
Demodulator
#
Method of Demodulation
% Envelope Detection
Operating Voltage
#
#
AC
DC
230V/50Hz
12V, GND
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
To study the function of amplitude modulation and demodulation.

To study the function of percentage of modulation and also detects the original signal.
[ 25 ]
28. AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER [VCT - 27]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
*
Large output power of 7 watt at 4 ohm speaker.

Low harmonic and cross over distortion.
Inbuilt thermal limiting circuit that shuts down the device in case of excessive package temperature.
Small in size and low cost.
Gain can be varied by using POT.
Input & output connectors provided.
*
External Audio Signal

# Frequency
# Amplitude
:
: 20Hz to 20KHz
10mV & above
Input sensitivity at 10mV

# Output power
:
0.025mV
Supply voltage
+12V
Frequency response
# 100 to 10KHz at 3dB
# Above 10KHz to 20KHz at 6dB
VCT-27 module input compatible with below the module.

# Mic Pre-Amplifier
# Television
# Radio
# Tape Recorders Amplifier
# Analog Demodulated Output of VCT series.
VCT-27 module output compatible with below load

# 4 S Speaker
# 8 S Speaker (Optional)
EXPERIMENT
To study the frequency response of audio power amplifier.
[ 26 ]
29. PSK TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT - 28 A & B]
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
On board data generator kit.

Auto / Manual data generator.
Separate Transmitter & Receiver units.
Various Test Points provided.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data
i) Manual
:
ii) Auto
:
Carrier
:
Frequency
:
Amplitude
:
Modulator type :
Demodulator type :
Connectors
:
Supply
:
8 bit Programmable
Repetitive
Sine wave
2 KHz
2 Vpp
Balanced Modulator
Square Loop
Uninsulated socket
230V, 50Hz
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
To study PSK modulation.

To study PSK demodulation
Transmission and reception of digital data using PSK technique.
[ 27 ]
30 QPSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-29]
Features:
*
*
*
*
On board data generator kit

Auto/Manual data generator
Various test point provided
Specification:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data type
i. Manual
:
ii. Auto
:
Data rate
:
Carrier type
:
Carrier frequency :
Modulation type :
Modulate signal :
Angles
Demodulation type:
Power supply
:
Connector
:
Level converter :
4 bits programmable
Repetative 1's and 0's and repetative double 0's & 1's.
10kbps
Sine, Cosine
10KHz
Balanced modulation
-45@, 135@
+45@ ,-135@
Square loop
230V, 50Hz
Uninsulated
Unipolar to Bipolar
Experiments:
*
*
Study of QPSK Modulation

Study of QPSK demodulation.
[ 28 ]
31. AM/FM GENERATOR [VCT-30]

*
*
*
*
AM/FM Selectors
Internal/External Input Selector
Built in Power supply
Output Terminated in BNC socket
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Operating Modes
Modulation
Carrier frequency (Built-in)
Variation of carrier frequency
Modulating signal
# Internal Mode
# External Mode
Operating Temperature
Power
Dimensions (in mm)
Weight
Fuse
:
:
:
:
Internal, External
AM, FM
100KHz - 50KHz (Variable)
2% over the range
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
3KHz
200Hz to 20KHz
0-45C
230V 10%, 50Hz
185.209 65.102
1Kg (Approx)
500mA
32. AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL [VCT - 31]
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
Combination of transistor, FET, Buffer circuit.

Negative feedback
Input / Output connector provided.
Internal function generator
# Frequency
: 1 KHz to 10 KHz
Amplitude
: 0 - 5V
Built in Power supply
Detailed Documentation.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
To study the technique of AGC
[ 29 ]
33. DELTA PCM TRAINER [VCT - 32]

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
On board modulating signal

Modulation and demodulation in single unit.
Schematic diagram provided in the panel.
Necessary test points provided.
Built-in power supply.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sine wave generator

# Frequency
# Amplitude
Sine wave nature
Clock generation
Clock frequency
Feed back loop type
UP/DOWN Counter
Bits
Step size
System Bandwidth
Receiver filter type
Filter order
Microphone
Switched faults
No. of test points
Supply voltage
DC Supply current
Interface connectors
:
:
:
:
:
:
1 KHz (fixed)
0 -3Vpp (variable)
synchronized to system clock
Crystal based, 4.096 MHz
32 KHz, 64 KHz & 128 KHz
UP/DOWN Counter & Digital- Analog-Converter based
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8 bits
50mV to 250 mV
3.4 KHz
Low pass butter worth filter
6th
dynamic
5 Numbers
36
12V, 5V DC
250 mV
Signal I/O
: 2mm
Power
: 3 pin power chord
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Study of delta modulation & demodulation.

Study of step size measurement
Study of system bandwidth
Study of slope overload &granular distortion
Study of signal-noise-ratio
Study of Delta modulator dynamic range
Study of voice communication
[ 30 ]
34. DIFFERENTIAL PCM TRAINER [VCT - 34]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
On-board 1KHz sine wave generator with variable

amplitude
8KHz of sampling rate (Telephone standard)
DC voltage transmission for signal flow observation
through LEDs
Feedback (accumulator) section uses 7-bit DAC and
integrator
6th order butter worth low pass filter in demodulator
Number of test points to study the modulator and
demodulator
1KHz sine wave is synchronized with the clock signal to
make ease of measurements.
Switched faults to study the modulator and demodulator
Covers full voice band of 300Hz to 3.4KHz
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sine wave Generator

# Frequency
# Amplitude
DC Voltage
Clock Generator
Sampling Rate
Data Rate
Feedback loop type
Demodulator Filter Type
Filter order
Filter cut - off frequency
Switched Faults
Test points
Fuse
DC supply
System bandwidth
Interface connector
Power
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
1KHz
0 to 3 Vpp
-2.4V to +2.4V
Crystal based, 4.096MHz
8KHz
56Kbps
7 - bit DAC and integrator
Butter worth low pass
6th
3.4KHz
4
18
230V, 100mA
5V, 12V
3.4 KHz
3 pin power cord
EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of ADC and Quantization Noise
2. Study of Differential Pulse Code Modulation & Demodulation
3. Measurement of Processing Gain and SNR
4. Study of Sampling, Framing and Data Rate
5. Study of Effect of Switched Faults
[ 31 ]
35. DTMF TELEPHONE TRAINER [VCT-35]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
ON/OFF Hook Switch, Dialer, Ringer, Speech processing section

DTMF (Tone) and pulse dialing
Special Test points provided to observe isolated dual frequency output during DTMF dialing
Necessary test points & LEDs provided to observe various signals
Facility to fault creation for each block/each circuit
Mimic diagram provided in the panel for easy understanding of various blocks
Technical Details:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Standalone operation
Handset connection port (RJ45)
4 4 Matrix Keyboard
DTMF and pulse dialing, ON/OFF hook switch
Ringer volume control
Indication for Line ON/Pulse Dialing indication Tone, Dialing indication
4 Nos. of Switch Faults
Experiments:
*
*
*
*
To study telephone line voltage

Study of DTMF generation
Study of DTMF receiver using switched faults
Voice communication using DTMF receiver.
[ 32 ]
36. SPECTRUM ANALYSER USING BANK OF FILTERS [VCT-36]

*
*
*
*
6 Different types of filters provided in the range of 0.5, 0.75,

1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75MHz
Rotary switch provided to select the range
2 mm sockets provided to view the outputs
Experiments:
*
To study the Bank of Filters using various filter range
37. LINE CODING & DECODING TRAINER [VCT-37]

Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board clock generator

On board PRBS data generator
On board different data formatting
On board different data reformatting
Test and monitoring points
Mimic diagrams are provided in the panel
Technical manual is provided
*
Different data formatting

# Unipolar return to zero format
# Unipolar non return to zero format
# Polar return to zero format
# Polar non return to zero format
# Alternate mark inversion (AM1) signaling format
# Bipolar non return to zero format
# Manchester format
On board clock generator
# Frequency range : 2KHz to 5KHz
# Amplitude
: 5V
On board PRBS data generator
# 24-1 long
: 15 bit sequence.
[ 33 ]
38. NOISE SIGNAL GENERATOR [VCT-38]

Features:
*
*
*
*
*
Analog and Digital noise generator.

Variable analog gain controller
Variable clock generator
PNS selective switch
Mimic diagram
*
*
*
*
Built in Clock Generator

# Frequency : 100KHz - 1MHz
# Step size : 100K
Three types of noise generator
# PNS Generator
# Optimized semi conductor noise
# White noise
Connector
: Uninsulated Socket
Supply
: 230V, 50Hz.
39. DPSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-39]

Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board data generator kit

Auto/Manual data generator
Various test point provided
Detailed experiment and documentation
Onboard gain control for modulation
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Binary data
# Data rate
: 18kbps
# Amplitude : 5V
4 Bit programmable data
# Data rate
: 10kbps
# Amplitude : 5V
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
: 10KHz
# Amplitude : 5Vpp
Encoded type
: Differential
Modulator
: Balanced modulator
Demodulator
: Balanced demodulator
Power supply
: 230V, 50Hz
Connector
: Uninsulated socket
[ 34 ]
40. LEVEL CONVERTER [VCT-40]

*
*
Clock Frequency
Amplitude
:
:
M-ary encoder
120Hz to 2KHz
Symbol 1 - 5V
Symbol 0 - 0V
2-4 level converter
2-8 level converter
Experiments:
*
*
To encode two binary bits into 4 amplitude levels

To encode 3 binary bits into 8 amplitude levels.
41. EPABX TRAINER [VCT-41]

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2 dot line with 6 extension line

Fully non blocking speech path
Isolation for trunk line and extension line
89C51 based CPU card
Built in DTMF Generator
Drivers provided for both PNT and Intercom lines
Program memory - RAM
LED provided to view the status of line and CPU
Dial tone, Busy tone, Ring tone, Back tone, hold or music
etc.
2mm socket provided to view various waveform
Experiments:
*
To study the operation of EPABX trainer and to view the various waveforms.
[ 35 ]
42. SSB MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-42]
Features:
*
On board Modulating Signal
On board Carrier Signal
Balanced Modulator
Balanced Demodulator
Built in Power supply (12V)
*
Modulating signal :
100KHz to 181KHz
Carrier Signal
800KHz to 1500KHz
Filter
3rd order butterworth filter
Accessories
Line chord, Set of patch chords and manual
Modulator with offset adjustable
Experiments:
*
Study of SSB Modulation
Study of SSB Demodulation
[ 36 ]
43. TDM-PCM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER [VCT 43A & B]

TDM-PCM TRANSMITTER [VCT 43 A]
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Two Channel time-division multiplexed PCM

Two operating speeds:
# FAST for real time operation.
# SLOW for examination of control signal & data flows on LED's.
Two Synchronized sine wave and DC voltage generator.
Error-check code options:
# ODD / EVEN parity for single bit error detection.
# HAMMING code for single bit error detection and correction.
Four switched faults.
Schematic on-board diagram.
Built - in power supply.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clock Generation
: crystal (12MHz).
Operating modes
# FAST
: 480 KHz of clock frequency
# SLOW
: 0.852 Hz of clock frequency
On-board signal generators.
# Sine wave
: 1 KHz & 2 KHz (FAST mode
only)
# Amplitude
: 0 to 8V
# DC
: -4V to +4V
ERROR check codes.
# ODD / EVEN PARITY HAMMING CODE.
Frame Synchronization
# PN sequence
: 2^4-1 long - 15 bit length
Test Points
: 27
DC Supply
: +5V, 12V, GND
Fuse
: 100mA
Power
: 230V. +/-10%, 50Hz.
Interface connector : Signal in/out : 2mm socket
Power
: 3pin power chord
EXPERIMENTS:
1. To study the Time Division multiplexing.
2. To study the pulse code modulation
3. To study the Error control coding.
4. To study the frame synchronization.
[ 37 ]
TDM-PCM RECEIVER [VCT 43 B]

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Two Channel time-division demultiplexer PCM

Two receiving modes:
# FAST for real time operation.
# SLOW for examination of control signal & data flows on LED's.
Two different low pass filter.
Error-check code options:
# ODD / EVEN parity for single bit error detection.
# HAMMING code for single bit error detection and
correction.
Four switched faults
Schematic on-board diagram.
Built - in power supply.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clock recovery : Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

Receiver Operating modes
# FAST
: 480 KHz of clock frequency
# SLOW
: 0.852 Hz of clock frequency
ERROR checks code:
# ODD / EVEN PARITY HAMMING CODE.
Low-pass filter
: Fourth-order Butter worth, 3.4 KHz
of cut-off frequency.
Synchronized Code detector
Test Points
: 21
DC Supply
: +5V, 12V, GND
Fuse
: 100mA
Power
: 230V. +/-10%, 50Hz.
Interface connector: Signal in/out : 2mm socket
Power
: 3pin power chord
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To study the Demultiplexing.

To study the pulse code demodulation
To study the synchronization code detection.
To study the PLL.
[ 38 ]
44. FM GENERATOR AND DETECTOR TRAINER [VCT- 44]

This trainer kit is used to study the FM Generation and Detection technic using various modulator and
demodulator type.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board signal generator

On board carrier signal generator
Various test and monitoring points are provided
In build power supply
Mimic diagram
Connecting cable
Specifications:
*
*
*
Modulating Signal
# Frequency
: 300Hz to 3KHz
# Amplitude
: 5Vpp
Carrier Signal
# Frequency
: 200KHz
# Amplitude
: 2Vpp
Modulator
i. Reactance Modulator
ii. Balanced Modulator
iii. VCO Based Modulator
Demodulator
i. PLL Based Demodulator
ii. Balanced Demodulator
Connecting cable : SP7 patch card
Supply Voltage
# AC
: 230V/50Hz
# DC
: 12V, GND
Experiments:
To study the FM Generation & Detection technic using various modulator and Demodulator type.
[ 39 ]
45. VSB MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR [VCT - 45]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
On board modulating signal generator

Various test and monitoring points are provided
SPECIFICATIONS
*
Modulating signal
:
:
160KHz to 185 KHz

10mV to 3.5V
:
:
775 KHz to 825 KHz

0.75V to 3.5V
:
:
:
Balanced modulator
575KHz to 675KHz
100
:
:
:
Product detector
155KHz to 185KHz
50Hz
Connecting cable
Supply voltage
SP7 patch chords
#
#
:
:
230V/50Hz
12V, 5V, GND
#
#
*
Carrier signal
#
#
Modulator type
BPF cut off Frequency
Amplifier gain
VSB Demodulator
#
#
#
*
*
Frequency
Amplitude
VSB Modulator
#
#
#
Frequency
Amplitude
Demodulator type
BPF cut off Frequency
BRF cut off Frequency
AC
DC
EXPERIMENTS
1. To study the function of VSB modulator.
2. To study the function of VSB demodulator.
[ 40 ]
46. MSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT- 46]
Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board Clock Generator

On board Programable Data Generator
Variable mark and space frequence selector
Mimic diagram
Phase lock Detector
Connecting cable
Power supply
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal:
# Reportable binary data
# 4 bit programable data
Carrier
# Mark frequency
# Space frequency
Modulator type
Demodulator type
Inter connection connector
# Uninsulated socket
:
:
360 bps to 420 bps (variable)

360 bps to 420 bps (variable)
:
:
:
:
1200Hz to 1300 Hz (Approx)

1000Hz to 1100 Hz (Approx)
Voltage controlled oscillator
PLL
Power Supply:
*
*
AC
DC
:
:
230V/50Hz, 5A
+5V, +12V, -12V, & GND
Experiments:
*
To study the MSK modulation & Demodulation.
[ 41 ]
47. DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION WITH COSTAS LOOP [VCT-47]:
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

On board carrier signal generator.
DSBSC modulation
DSBSC demodulation (Costas loop)
Various test and monitoring points are provided.
Schematic diagram
Connecting cable.
SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal
# Frequency
: 3 KHz (fixed))
# Amplitude
: 2 Vpp (fixed)
Carrier signal
# Frequency
: 120 KHz (fixed)
# Amplitude
: 2 Vpp
Modulator type
: Balanced modulator
Demodulator type
: Costas loop
VCO Frequency
: 120 KHz
Connecting Cable
: SP7 patch chords
Supply Voltage
# AC : 230 V / 50Hz.
# DC : +12 V, -12 V, GND.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
To study the function of DSBSC modulation and carrier recovery (Costa's loop)Demodulation
[ 42 ]
48. WHITE NOISE SOURCE [VCT-48]

Features:
*
*
*
Inbuilt power supply provided

Variable Gain controller provided
Optional test points provided
*
White noise generator
*
*
*
*
*
*
Maximum frequency
Output connector
Power supply
Operating temperature
Dimensions
Weight
:
:
:
:
:
:
O u t p u t a mp lit u d e
adjustable (Max 3Vpp)
150KHz
BNC connector & BS2 connector
AC 230V/50Hz
0 - 40
L150 mm W100 mm H60 mm
1Kg.
49. QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-49]

Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
In built Data & Carrier Generator

In built modulator & Demodulator
Various test points
Internal power supply
Mimic diagram
Connecting Cable
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Programable Data Generator

Carrier Generator
Frequency
Amplitude
Modulator type
Demodulator type
Adder type
Inter connection connector
# Uninsulated socket
Cable
Power Supply
# AC
# DC
1460 bps
5KHz
+2Vpp
Balanced modulator
Balanced demodulator
Analog Adder
SP7 patch chords
230V/50Hz
5V, 12V, GND
Experiments:
*
To study the Quadrature Amplitude modulation and demodulation.
[ 43 ]
50. DELTA / ADAPTIVE DELTA / SIGMA DELTA MODULATION & DEMODULATION

[VCT - 50]:
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
In built CLOCK Generator

Sine wave Generator.
Filter with variable gain controller.
Various test points.
Schematic diagram
Power supply
SPECIFICATION:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sine wave
Amplitude
Clock frequency
Mic pre-amplifier
Microphone impedance
Step size
Low pass filter
1-bit DAC
Adaptive modulator
Switched faults
Interconnection
DC Power supply
DC Supply current
Audio power amplifier
Interface connector
Power
Mic input
Speaker output
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Frequency : 1 KHz
0 3Vpp
32 KHz, 64 KHz, 128 KHz & 256 KHz
Transistor based
600 S
Variable using potentiometer
Butter worth, 4th
3.4 KHz
Op amp based
Syllabic filter and multiplier
4 faults
2mm uninsulated socket
5V, 12V, GND
200mA (maximum)
2W RMS power
3pin power chord
Audio mono socket
Audio stereo socket
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
To study the delta modulation & Demodulation.

To study the Adaptive delta modulation & Demodulation.
To study the sigma Delta modulation & Demodulation.
Study of voice communication.
[ 44 ]
51. PHASE / FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION [VCT-51]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board modulating(sine) Signal Generator

On board cosine Signal Generator
In built Power Supply
Easy interconnections are made by patch chords.
Monitoring Points
*
Modulating signal (sine) (P1)

# Frequency range
: 350Hz to 1KHz
# Amplitude
: 10mV to 0.8V
90shifter (cosine) (P2)

# Frequency
# Amplitude
:
:
350Hz to 1KHz
10mV to 0.8V
Carrier Signal (P5)

# frequency
# Amplitude
:
:
4.8KHz
5V
LPF cut off frequency
1.5KHz
Modulator
# FM
# PM
Detector
# PLL Detector
Power Supply
# AC
- 230V/50Hz
# DC
- 12V, GND
EXPERIMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To study the function of frequency modulated signal.

To study the function of frequency Demodulated signal
To study the function of phase modulated signal.
To study the function of phase Demodulated signal.
To study the function of modulation index.
[ 45 ]
52. DIODE DETECTOR [VCT-52]

Simplest AM demodulator is the diode envelope detector in which a diode is in series with a parallel RC
load. This unit provides practical training to the students involved in learning detection using diode.
Features:
*
*
Test points provided

Detailed experimental documentation
Specification:
*
*
*
*
*
AM detected frequency
Weight
Connector type
Dimension
Cable
20KHz
1/2Kg (approx)
Uninsulated socket (2mm)
H 10, W 80, L 100
SP7 to BNC
53. PLL SECOND ORDER FREQUENCY MODULATOR & DEMODULATOR [VCT-54]
This trainer has been developed to study the basic concept and working of PLL frequency modulation and
demodulation.
Features:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
On board signal generator

Second order loop filter
Carrier recovery demodulator
Necessary test points provided to observe the various
signal
Mimic diagram provided in the panel for easy
understanding of various block
*
Signal Generator
# Amplitude
# Frequency
Carrier signal
# Amplitude
# Frequency
:
:
:
:
:
0.5Vpp
1KHz to 15KHz
VCO method
5Vpp
200KHz
Experiments:
*
*
To study frequency modulation by using PLL

To study frequency demodulation by using PLL.
[ 46 ]
54. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL [VCT - 55]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
*
In-Built signal generator

Various test points
Multiplied signal selector switch
SPECIFICATIONS
*
Reference frequency oscillator (P1)

i. Amplitude
ii. Frequency
VCO free running frequency (P4)
:
:
2KHz
5V
1.25KHz
Error control voltage

Range vary from :
Divider output frequency (P2)

i. Amplitude
ii. Frequency
5V
1.25KHz (TTL signal)
Voltage controlled oscillator

i.
:
:
0.9V to 4V
Frequency multiplier output (P5)

#
2.5KHz, 5KHz, 10KHz, 20KHz, 40KHz, 80KHz, 160KHz, 320KHz (Approximately).
EXPERIMENTS
1.
To study the divider and verify its working.
2.
To design and setup a frequency multiplier using PLL chip to multiply the frequency by a factor N.
3.
To study how an input dc voltage controls an output of VCO frequency.
[ 47 ]
55. FREQUENCY DOUBLER [VCT-56]

Frequency Doubler is a linear device that efficiently produces an output that is twice the frequency of the
signal applied to its input.
Technical Specifications :
*
Square wave generator

#
Low frequency range -
950 HZ to 75 KHZ
High frequency range -
10 KHZ to 500 KHZ
Doubler output frequency range

#
Low frequency range -
1.9 KHZ to 150 KHZ
High frequency range -
20 KHZ to 1 MHZ
Amplitude level
0 to 5 Volt
Input signal
Square wave
VCO frequency
1 KHZ
Error voltage variation
0.9 V to 1.2 Volt
Divider
Power Supply
AC 230 V/50 HZ, DC 5V, GND
Connector type
Uninsulated socket
Weight
. 1.5 kg
Connecting cable
SP7 patch chord
Operating temperature
0- 45C
Features :
*
Variable square wave generator.
Low/high frequency selector switch.
PLL based doubler.
Test points are provided.
In build power supply.
[ 48 ]
56. PLL SYNTHESIZING OSCILLATOR [VCT - 57]

FEATURES
*
*
*
*
In-Built square wave generator

On board frequency selector
Various test points
SPECIFICATIONS
*
Reference frequency oscillator

#
Frequency
1KHz
Programmable BCD divider output with shunt

#
Frequency
1KHz
Frequency at P2 connector with shunt 1KHz
VCO output without shunt (Jumper)

#
*
*
*
*
*
Frequency
1150KHz
1 switch step
- 1KHz
10 switch step
- 10KHz
100 switch step
- 100KHz
VCO error voltage - 1 to 2.1V
VCO output with shunt (by select 1, 10 & 100 switch)
#
Frequency range -
0Hz to 999KHz
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
To study the response of a VCO when its control voltage is varied.
2.
To study the working of a PLL synthesizing oscillator.
[ 49 ]
57. SALLEN KEY FILTER [VCT - 58]

Sallen Key Filter trainer is easy to use, portable and a simple device. It is an unique device designed to
provide frequency response for different type of filter. It is designed for second order fourth order of Sallen
Key Filter.
Features :
*
*
*
In Built Power Supply.

Detailed Experimental Documentation.
Designing Calculation
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
LPF Cut Off Frequency

HPF Cut Off Frequency
BPF Cut Off Frequency
BRF Cut Off Frequency
Filter method
Filter Order
Filter roll of
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
*
*
*
Inter connection connector :

Weight
:
Operating Voltage
# AC
- 230V / 50 Hz
# DC
- 12V, GND
3 KHz
10 KHz
3 - 10 KHz
3 - 10 KHz
VCVS
2nd order and 4th order
40db decade, 80db
decade
Uninsulated socket
2.5 Kg (approximation)
Experiments :
*
To study the frequency response characteristics of a Sallen Key

1. Low Pass Filter
#
2nd Order & 4th Order
2. High Pass Filter

#
3. Band Pass Filter

#
4. Band Reject Filter

#
[ 50 ]
58. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TRAINER: (VCT-59)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

On board carrier wave generator
2-channel FDM communication system
DSBSC AM modulator
DSBSC AM demodulator
Band Pass Filters
Low Pass Filters
Switched faults to study the modulator and demodulator
Covers full voice band of 300Hz to 3.4 KHz.
On board Mic pre-amplifier for voice transmission
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal
Carrier Generator
Amplitude
Modulator / Demodulator
Multiplexing
Channel
Pass Band Filter
Low Pass Filter
Switch Faults
Power Supply
Test points
Accessories
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Sine Wave 1 KHz & 10 KHz

Sine Wave 100 KHz & 200 KHz
0-2V
DSBSC Modulator / Demodulator
Frequency Division Multiplexing
2 Nos
4th order butter worth Band Pass Filter
4th order butter worth Low Pass Filter.
4 Switch faults are provided.
12V, GND
2
Microphone, Speaker Patch chord & Manuals.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
*
*
To study the function of DSBSC modulation.

To study the function of frequency division multiplexing
To study the function of DSBSC demodulation
To study the function of frequency division demultiplexing
To study the process of voice communication using frequency division multiplexing
To study the function of frequency division multiplexing and frequency division demultiplexing
using switched faults
[ 51 ]
59. SQUELCH TRAINER (VCT- 61)

Squelch Trainer is also useful in minimizing noise output and that occurs when tuning between station. In
fact even better quality broadcast receiver provide a squelch provide a squelch capability but in these
application it is mutually termed muting squelch circuit.
Features:
#
#
#
#
Test and monitoring points
Block Diagram and mimic diagram
Inbuilt Power Supply and speaker
Technical Specifications :
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
CX1619BS IC based AM Receiver.

Transistor based squelch circuit.
Power Supply
# AC Input (230V 10%, 50 Hz)
# DC Input (12V, 5V, GND)
AM receiver RF
Frequency range
- 530KHz - 1600KHz
Weight
- 2Kg
Connector Type
- Uninsulated Type
Cabinet Type
- Wooden Box
Dimensions in mm
# Height
- 115mm
# Width
- 208mm
# Length
- 287mm
Fuse
- 500mA
Connecting Cable
- SP7 Patch Chord
Operating Temperature- 0 - 45 C
Experiments:
#
#
To study the AM receiver performance with squelch.

To study the AM receiver performance without squelch.
[ 52 ]
60. DIGITAL ULTRASONIC PULSE-ECHO VELOCITY METER FOR LIQUIDS & SOLIDS.
[VCT-70A]
Digital Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Velocity meter is a simple and unique direct reading digital system to
determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves as well as to observe echos for attenuation measurements with
excellent accuracy. Its operating frequency is 2 MHz.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Velocity measurement in Liquid is based on pulse echo method

Velocity measurement for solids is based on pulse echo method using longitudinal
& shear wave transducers.
One piezo-electric transducer is provided for liquid & four piezoelectric transducers
for solids.
An 32 bit embedded controller with its peripherals will work as standalone data
acquisition system and control system for this equipment.
20 x 4 LCD display is provided for display the all parameters.
A very high-speed counter timer is used to precisely measure the transit time of
Ultrasonic waves the resolution in transit time is 0.016:sec.
The transit time and velocity of ultrasonic waves are digitally displayed
Built in power supply.
Operating & Experimental manual is provided.
Hardware is easy up gradable (Like high resolution ADC, Graphical LCD, Etc.,)
SALIENT FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Manual and Auto measurement modes

Fast and easy operation
Digital readout
Higher resolution
Higher accuracy reliability and repeatability
Easy portable
All the parameters (velocity & time etc.,) will
readout in computer.
LIST OF DELIVERABLES FOR VCT-70A

*
*
*
*
*
One Piezo electric transducer (2MHz)

Liquid Cell (5 to 15ml capacity) with provision for varying path length.
Three no of coaxial BNC cable is provided.
Mechanical setup for solid measurement with one pair of longitudinal shear wave
transducers
RS232 cable for computer interface with software.
[ 53 ]
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR LIQUIDS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR SOLIDS
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Acoustic Impedance
Compressibility
Free length
Free volume
Molar sound velocity
Internal pressure
Relative association
Molecular association
Relaxation time
Gibbs free energy
Enthalpy
Attenuation Studies.
Longitudinal modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Youngs modulus
Poisons ratio
Micro hardness
Fugacity
Debyes temperature
Softening temperature
Attenuation constant
61. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION [VCT-71]

This unit is used to study about how to connect and working of CCTV
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
Wireless connectivity of one CCD Camera

Wired connectivity of one CCD Camera
Low power consumption
Easy to install & operate
MATERIALS INCLUDED:
*
*
*
*
2 Nos of CCD Camera with stand

One Portable colour TV
One set of video Transmitter & receiver
2 Pole one way video switching unit with time variable and auto manual selection
[ 54 ]
62. ANALOG COMMUNICATION TRAINER [VCT-75]

This trainer is used in understand and study the various analog communication systems & study the noise
effect in this system.
i. AM system
ii. FM system
iii. PAM
FEATURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Amplitude modulation (%of modulation)
Amplitude demodulation
i) Asynchronous Demodulation
a) Envelope detector method
b) Square law detector method
ii) Coherent Demodulation
SSB-SC modulation
i) SSB-SC LSB Modulation
ii) SSB-SC USB Modulation
SSB-SC Demodulation
DSB-SC Modulation
DSB-SC Demodulation using (Costas loop)
FM Modulation
FM Demodulation
Noise Adder
Power Meter
Inbuilt clock generator
Pulse Amplitude modulation
Function of Automatic gain control circuit
Mic pre amplifier
Various Test points
Power supply:
DC: +12v, -12v, +5v
[ 55 ]
Technical Specification
1.
:
:
2V (fixed)
3 KHz (fixed)
3.
4.
5.
Modulating signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Carrier Signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Clock Generator
Phase shifter
AM Modulation
:
:
:
:
:
6.
AM Demodulation
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
SSB-SC Modulation
SSB-SC Demodulation
DSB-SC Modulation
DSB-SC Demodulation
FM Modulator
FM demodulator
PAM Type
Phase lock loop
Band Pass filter
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
2V (fixed)
120 KHz (fixed)
16 KHz, 32 KHz
90/ phase shift in 3 KHz and 120 KHz signal.
i. Under Modulation
ii. Critical Modulation
iii. Over Modulation
. Envelope detector
ii. Square law detector
iii. Coherent demodulation
Phase shift method
Synchronous Method
Balanced Modulator
Costas loop receiver
VCO Based Free running frequency : 120KHz
PLL Based
Switch Based
Lock range 90 KHz - 140 KHz
Centre frequency : 120 KHz
Band width
: 10 KHz
st
I order Low pass filter
Free running frequency : 120KHz
4th order Butter worth cut off frequency :3.4KHz
Variable gain adjustment amplifiers
Transistor Based
O p amp Based
High frequency random white noise generation
Mixed in signal & noise
Observe direct reading in dBm and watts values
Analog
0.5mV to 20V
500Hz to 8MHz
16 x 2" LCD display
2
35
+12V, -12V, +5V, GND
2.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Loop Filter
VCO
Low Pass filter
Amplifier
Mic pre amplifier
Noise Adder
Power meter
Input signal
Amplitude
Frequency
Display
25. Switch faults
26. Test points
27. Power supply
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
[ 56 ]
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Amplitude Modulation
i. Under modulation
ii. Critical modulation
iii. Over modulation
AM demodulation
i. Envelope detection method
ii. Square law detection method
iii. Coherent demodulation method
SSB-SC modulation
i. LSB modulation
ii. USB modulation
SSB-SC demodulation
DSB-SC Modulation
DSB-SC demodulation using costas loop receiver
FM modulation
FM demodulation
Pulse amplitude modulation
PAM demodulation
Function of automatic gain control circuit
Observe the effect of noise on various AM & FM system
Calculate the S/N ratio in various AM & FM system
Calculate the noise figure in various AM & FM system
Calculate the noise power and noise power spectral density in various AM & FM system.
Effect of low pass filter on noise signal
Study the voice communication in various modulation systems.
[ 57 ]
63. NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY MEASUREMENT TRAINER [VCT-75A]

(Vct- 75A) kit allows students to understand the noise effect in analog communication system. This kit to
measure the S/N ratio & noise figure &noise power spectral density. LCD display provided on board shows
power of the signal applied to it
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Signal generator
S/N ratio
Noise figure
Noise power spectral density
LPF
Power meter
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS;
*
*
*
*
*
*
Modulating signal generator

# Amplitude
: 0 to 2V (variable)
# Frequency
: 3 KHz
Noise signal generator
# White noise generator : Zener doide based
Noise band pass filter
# Cut off frequency
: 70KHz
Noise adder
# Add the message signal and noise signal
Low pass filter
: 4th order Butter worth filter
# Cut off frequency
: 3KHz
Power meter & display
# Power meter
Input signal
: Analog
Input signal amplitude
: 0.5 mV to 20V
Input signal frequency
: 500Hz to 8MHz
# Display
16*2 liquid crystal display
Power supply
# AC
: 220V/50Hz
# DC
: +12V, -12V, +5V, GND
Switch fault
: 2
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Observe the effect of noise on analog signal

Calculate signal to noise ratio
Calculate noise figure
Calculate noise power and noise power spectral density
Effect of low pass filter on noisy signal
[ 58 ]
64. FM & FSK MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR TRAINER [VCT -77]

This trainer is used to study and understand the FM & FSK modulation and demodulation.
FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
On board modulation signal generator

On board 4-bit data generator
On board carrier signal generator (fixed)
On board FM & FSK modulation and demodulation provided
Various test points provided
SPECIFICATION:
*
Message signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Carrier signal
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Data generator
# 1-bit period
# Data
Modulation
# FM & FSK
FM Carrier frequency
# FSK
Mark frequency
Space frequency
Demodulation
# FM & FSK
:
:
8 KHz
2V (variable)
:
:
85 KHz (fixed)
3V (fixed)
:
:
3KHz
4-bit Unipolar NRZ data
:
:
VCO based
85KHz
:
:
85 KHz (approx)
21KHz (approx)
PLL based
EXPERIMENT:
1. Study the function of FM modulation and demodulation.
2. Study the function of FSK modulation and demodulation.
[ 59 ]
65. MATCHED FILTER TRAINER (VCT-78)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
*
8-bit data generator

In built variable gain noise generator
Signal and noise adder
Function of correlator
Threshold detector
Variable test points
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data generator
# 1-bit period
# Data
Noise generator
# Noise
# Gain
Noise adder
Local signal generator
# Frequency
Correlator
# Mixer
# Integrator
Sampling and threshold detector
Power supply
Test points
:
:
4.4 KHz
8-bit non polar NRZ data
:
:
:
:
:
White gaussion noise

Variable gain
Op-amp based add the noise and 8-bit data
VCO based
430 KHz
:
:
:
:
:
Mix the noise signal into local generated signal

Integrate the mixer O/P signal
Comparator
+12V, -12V, +5V, GND
7
EXPERIMENT:
1. To study the effect of noise in digital data
2. Study the function of correlator
3. Study the function of threshold decider
66. PRE EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS TRAINER (VCT-83)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
Passive Pre-emphasis circuit

Passive De-emphasis circuit
Cut-off frequency: 1.2 KHz
Input & Outputs are terminated through banana sockets
Necessary test points provided
[ 60 ]
67. CDMA TRAINER (VCDMA-01)

FEATURES:
* Industry standard interconnection
# One RS232 ports
* Additional features
# 16 Nos of Dip switches
# 16 Discrete LEDs
# Reset switch
# One 16 bit stereo CODEC
* Multilayer board for superior signal integrity.
ADC 1
* Sampling rate is 40 MSPS
* Resolution: 12 Bits
* The input signal can be given either through a low frequency differential ADC 1
driver or high frequency driver transformers
* The input signals are terminated at SMA connectors
DAC 1
*
*
*
*
*
Resolution : 14 Bits
125 MSPS update time
Setting time : 30ns
Output range : -2.5V to +2.5V
DAC 1 outputs are terminated at SMA connectors
*
Virtex 4 (XC4VSX25)
# Virtex 4 family devices
# 23,040 logic cells
# 448 I/O lines
# Device used : XCVSO25-FF668
# On board configuration serial PROM
# JTAG Connector
# Compatible with XILINX ISE foundation software
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (PNS)
pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (GOLD)
pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) by spreading (MINIMAL
LENGTH) pseudorandom noise sequence using CDMA trainer kit.
To study the concept of CDMA (CODE Division Multiple Access) by generating (PN)
pseudorandom noise sequence under different tapping settings for respective PN Generator type
(PNS, GOLD, MINIMAL LENGTH) using CDMA trainer kit.
[ 61 ]
68. BASIC DSSS CDMA TRAINER (VCDMA - 02)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
On board 15-bit single pseudo random sequence

On board 8-bit user selectable data
Two Ex-OR gates for data spreading and
despreading
Number of test points to connect and observe the
signals
Inbuilt DC power supply with fuse
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Data Generator
Data Rate
PN sequence length
PN sequence rate
Spreading ratio
Spread/Despread
Test points
Fuse
DC supply
Interface connector
Power
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8-bits user selectable

16kbps
15bits
64kbps
4 PN bits/Data
Ex-OR gate
8
230V, 100mA
+5V
3pin power cord
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
Study of data spreading in DSSS system

Study of data despreading in DSSS system
69. DATA COMMUNICATION TRAINER (ViDCT-01)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
Fiber Optic media Data transfer analog and digital

Infrared media Data transfer
RF media Data transfer
Copper wire media Data transfer
FSK modulation based modem
*
*
FSK
TTL input
# TTL Frequency
# Baud rate
Carrier signal
# Mark Frequency
# Space Frequency
:
:
:
:
Wired communication
5Vpp
150 Hz, 600Hz
300bps, 1200bps
:
:
~70 KHz
~40 KHz
[ 62 ]
*
*
*
FSK Modulation
: VCO based
Demodulation
: PLL based
Analog Fiber Optic Communication
# LED wavelength
: 660nm (visible)
# Photo detector
: Silicon PIN Photo Diode
# Biasing type
: Reverse bias
# Bias voltage variation : 5V Max
# Baud rate
: 300bps, 1200bps
RF Communication
# RF Frequency
: 433MHz
# Distance
: 1m
# TTL Frequency
: 150Hz
# Baud Rate
: 300bps
# RF Antenna
: Monopole
IR Communication
# IR Carrier Frequency :
38KHz
# Distance
: 0.5m
# Baud rate
: 300bps
Digital Fiber Optic Communication
# LED Wavelength
: 950nm
# Cable type
: Plastic fiber cable
# Core
: 1000micron
# Cladding
: 2000micron
# Cable length
: 1meter
# Baud rate
: 300bps, 1200bps
Serial & parallel interface board
# Serial and parallel communication:
1. Input to output 9pin D connector is provided for serial communication.

2. Input to output 25pin D connector is provided for parallel communication.
3. 30BS2 connector provided for testing serial and parallel signal of RS232.
EXPERIMENTS:
*
*
*
*
*
To study the wired communication using twisted pair cable.

To study the (Analog) communication using Fiber Optic Cable.
To study the communication using wireless MODULE.
To study the communication using IR LED.
To study the (Digital) communication using Fiber Optic Cable.
[ 63 ]
70. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO [ViSDR-01]

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
Offers an open architecture based radio development system

Implementation of digital communication systems
Real time duplex voice communication between transmitter and receiver
Documentation for technical as well as working procedure
1. Virtex-4 (SX25) FPGA from Xilinx
a. 23040 Logic Cells
b. 128 Extreme DSP Slices
c. Max I/O upto 320
2. AD73322 Codec from Analog Devices
a. Configurable sampling rate (8KHz, 16KHz, 32KHz, 64KHz)
b. Two 16-bit D\A and A\D converters
3. EZ-Host CY7C67300 USB from Cypress Semiconductor
a. Full speed upto 12Mbps
b. 16-bit RISC processor
4. RTL8019AS Ethernet from Realtek Semiconductors
a. Built in PHY & MAC layers
b. Upto 10Mbps speed
5. AD9238 ADC from Analog Devices
a. Integrated dual 12-bit ADC
b. Upto 65 MHz Sampling rate
6. DAC 2904 (125MHz) from Texas Instruments
a 125MSPS Update rate
b. 33ns settling time
7. 2.4 GHz RF Transmitter and Receiver unit
a.. Full-duplex transceiver
b. Separate RF input and output BNC connectors
8.
9.
10.
11.
RS-232 serial port using MAX-232

16 On/Off Switches
16 LEDs
FPGA programming port
[ 64 ]
EXPERIMENTS:
1.
To study the working principle and concept of Amplitude Shift keying modulation using the
trainer Vi-SDR
2.
To study the working principle and concept of Phase Shift keying modulation using the trainer
Vi-SDR
3.
To study the working principle and concept of Frequency Shift keying modulation using the
trainer Vi-SDR
4.a)
To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing
Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating users voice using the
trainer Vi-SDR as transceiver using RF
4.b)
To study the working principle and concept of Software Defined Radio by implementing
Amplitude Shift keying based modulation technique for communicating users voice between
two ViSDR units to transmit and receive the users voice using RF
5.
To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Phase Shift keying modulation using
the trainer Vi-SDR
6.
To study the working principle and concept of Quadrature Amplitude Shift modulation using
the trainer Vi-SDR
[ 65 ]
71. ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER (VUIT -100)

Ultrasonic Interferometer is a simple and easy to use unit for the accurate measurement of ultrasonic velocity
in a Liquids and Liquid systems at the desired temperature (and at desired frequencies).
SPECIAL FEATURES:
1. Accuracy in wavelength measurement 0.01mm
2. Digital Panel Meter ( DPM) for observing the
change in the reading between nodes /
anti nodes (75mV approximate between a node
and anti node)
3. Easy replacement of transducers with other
frequency
4. Only one Liquid cell is required for all
frequencies
5. Built in IC regulated power supplies.
6. The frequency of the Crystal oscillator at the
piezo electric transducer is so matched
at the 3 digit Decimal accuracy
7. The accuracy of Meter is 3 Digit Decimal
8. Stainless Steel based mechanical setup.
ACCESSORIES:
1. Liquid cell
- One (with provision for water circulation)
2. Transducer (Longitudinal, 2MHz) - One
3. Micrometer assembly
- One (with Tx)
PARAMETERS THAT CAN BE STUDIED (LIQUIDS):
* Acoustic Impedance
* Compressibility
* Free length, Free volume
* Molar Sound velocity
* Internal pressure
* Attenuation studies.
* Relative association
* Molecular association
* Relaxation Time
* Gibbs free energy
* Enthalpy
OPTIONALS:
1.
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED CONSTANT TEMPERATURE WATER BATH FOR

LIQUID SETUP
*
*
Water at constant temperature will be circulated over the liquid under measurement
The user can set temperature up to 50/C
[ 66 ]
72. FREQUENCY / DELAY MEASUREMENT (VRFD-01)

FEATURES:
*
*
*
*
*
Microcontroller based frequency/delay measurement

Counter
Alphanumeric LCD Display
Internal/ External Delay Unit
Inbuilt power supply
*
Frequency Measurement
# External frequency
# Amplitude
Delay measurement
Internal Mode
# Frequency
# Amplitude
# Delay time
External Mode
# Frequency
# Amplitude
Supply Voltage
# AC
# DC
:
:
100Hz to 5MHz
2.5 to 5Vpp
:
:
:
3KHz to 20 KHz
5Vpp
10:s to 40:s
:
:
3 KHz to 20 KHz
5Vpp
:
:
230V/5Hz
12V, 5V, GND
EXPERIMENT:
*
*
*
To measure the frequency of externally applied signal

To measure the time delay between internally delayed signal
To measure the time delay between external signal.
[ 67 ]

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1.

PAM - PPM- PWM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT - 01]

PAM- PPM- PWM Modulation and Demodulation Techniques,

Pulse Modulation Techniques

1) Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT- 01A)

IC Based PAM generator.

PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER (VCT-01B)

IC555 Based PPM generator

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

TDM - PAM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION [VCT - 02]

Crystal based clock generator

Study of Sampling & Reconstruction

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION MODULE (VCT- 03)

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT 05P]

On board fixed frequency sine wave generator with adjustable amplitude

To study the function of pulse width modulation

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

AM SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT - 06]

On board sine wave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable.

Audio oscillator (P2)

Audio power amplifier

AM Transmitter carrier (P5)

Local oscillator frequency

Study of AM super heterodyne receiver (Without using inbuilt transmitter)

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

PULSE CODE MODULATION/DEMODULATION [VCT-07]

In-built sine wave generator

Sine wave Generator

ADC and DAC bits

Study of ADC and Quantization noise

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

AM TRANSMITTER [VCT-08] & RECEIVER [VCT-06]TRAINER

On board carrier generator (Variable)

Carrier generator Range

AM SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER [VCT- 06]

On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency adjustable.

Audio Oscillator Frequency

AM Transmitter carrier amplitude

Audio Amplifier Power

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

10. WIRELESS DATA MODEM TRANSMITTER [VCT-10A] & RECEIVER [VCT-10B]

Wireless Modem Transmitter Module:

Digital data from the :P/:C kit transmitted through RS232

Wireless Modem Receiver Module:

Telescopic antenna to receive the RF signal

Communication of digital data upto 300 BPS

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

11. FSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-10C & VCT-10D]

Three types of I/P sources

Whip Antenna to receive the RF signal

Communication of digital data upto 300BPS

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

12. FM MODULATION & DEMODULATION TRAINER [VCT-11]

On board Sine wave generator

Sine Wave generator :

Frequency - 100Hz to 1.2 KHz with

XR2206 based FM modulator

Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,

14. FM TRANSMITTER [VCT-12] & RECEIVER TRAINER [VCT-13]

On-board sinewave generator with amplitude and frequency

Analog & Digital Communication Trainer

Analog & Digital Communication Trainer