PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED by S. W. Spielvogel BYRNE ASSOCIATES, INC FIFTH EDITION COPYRIGHT. 1955 8. W. SPIELVOGEL, Lare Success, N. Y.PREFACE |ALCULATION of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretofore been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowl ‘edge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in arithmetical form so that the practical pipe designerscan refer to typical problems for both form and method of computation. Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping have been worked out in a number of ways by several investigators. Engineers engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text, applying to one such method, has been discussed in sufficient detail so that the mathematical theory can be traced from principle to actual calculation of typical problems. The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is possible to strip these formulas to a point where the practical designer can recognize the results without need for following the detailed derivations. “This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe calculations can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate com- putation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of some detail. Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on. three-dimensional piping systems by allocating parts of the work to several persons. ~The method is exact within slide-rule accuracy. ‘Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted to the very few that have specialized in the field. This book brings the ordinary layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish practical answers to immediate piping layouts. 8. W. Spretvocet. Lax Scectss, N.YThis edition incorporates the provisions of the 1955 American Standard Association Code for Pressure Piping. ‘The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range" as the criterion for the safety of piping systems. The problems of this edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept as ! well as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficients of expansion as published in the Code. The numerical examples take into account the now mandatory requirement of applying stress in- tensification factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe.i Piping syatoms within the scope of this vork are struc— tures designed to absorb expansions by the inherent flexibility of the layout. The requirements for "Expansion and Flexibility" are regulated in Section 6, Chapter 3 of the "Code for Pressure Piping" published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ‘The intention of these regulations 1s to provide adequate safety with economical use of materials vhile allowing maximum latitude in procedure or method of mathematical analysis The Code recognizes the fact that str in piping systems are not necessarily of constant intensity, that expansion stresses at elevated temperatures may not be sustained because of relaxation or creep and con- sequently will drop to the stress level vhich the material can sustain. ‘This phenomenon of yielding in the elastic range or flow in the plastic atage presents a problem different from that encountered in the analysis of structures or machinery which operate at relatively low temperatures and therefore are in s state of steady stress. In this case the elements are designed to meet a limiting stress or deformation within the elastic Limit of the material. In contrast, the stresses in a piping system can trespass the elastic limit with stress reversals from cold to hot condition provided the aumber of stress reversals remains below certain limits so as to exclude the of- fect of fatigue. Piping systems can absorb relatively large displacementswithout 101 effect, changing from one shape to another without return- ing exactly to previous configurations, Relaxation to the sustaining level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanency an but a few cycles, each cycle lowering the upper limit of the hot. stress until a state of equilitriun is reached in which the system 1s completely relaxed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely. The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears as stress in the opposite temperature state with equal intensity but oppo= site sign, Thus, a system which originally was stressless could within a few cycles accumulate stresses in the cold condition and spring iteelf without the application of extraneous work, This phenomenon is called "self springing", It may originate in the cold as well as in the hot condition, that is whenever the contraction - or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding. In- itial cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses calculated on the basis of predetermined short-cutting of the pipe and springing it into position will be altered by subsequent self springing of the system, This fact is recognized by the Code by omission of the credit allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned. Reactions, however, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shom separately, The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following ex- ample: Let it be assuned that the 90° turn shown below is to absorb 6" of ex- Pansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 psi! SYSTEM RELAXED TO SUSTAINING LEVEL 24,000 Psi ‘SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG Supposing the material at the particular operating temperature can sustain only 18,000 psi or three-quarters of the calculated stre: Yielding will take place to this sustaining level, On cooling to room temperature the system must contract 6", At 3/4 of this contraction ise. 4.5" the system will be stressless. Completing the contraction through the remaining 1.5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppo te in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5". The system which at the start was stressless is now cold sprung. THE STRESS RANGE From the foregoing it is evident that the true magnitude of the stresses in either the hot or the cold condition cannot be determined by calculation because the amount of relaxation is unknown and cannot be judged reliably, However, service failures are related to cyclic rather than static stress conditions and it is therefore permissible to assume that a piping system will operate satisfactorily if the sum of the cold and the hot stress is within a stress range which is considered safe for the expected number of stress reversals, This concept providesa logical basis on which to design a piping system because it takes into consideration all stress levels to which a system will adjust itself to support the loading to which 1t is subjected. The stress intensity at a specific stage is of academic interest only, ‘The expansion stress range is set by the Code at Sq = f (1,25 Se + 0.25 Sh) Sq = allowable expansion stress range in psi Se = allowable stress (S-value) in the cold condition Sh = allovable stress (S-value) in the hot condition £ = stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol- lowing table: Total mumber of full temperature cycles over ex- pected life, t 7,000 and less 1.0 14,000 * * 0.9 22,000 * * 0.8 45,000 " 0.7 100,000 * * 0.6 250,000 and over 0.5 The starting point for the application of the stress range reduction factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which 1s approximately equal to one cycle per day over a period of 20 years, By expected life is meant the total nunber of years during which the system 1* expected to be in active operation.‘The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range S,. The allowable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the follow ing stresses: 1) 256 of the minimum specified tensile strength. 2) 25% of the tensile strength at temperatures as reported by test datas 3) 62.5% of the yield strength Y.S. at temperatures as reported by test data i.e. that stress which will produce a strain of 0.002 inches per inchs 4) & conservative average of the stress to give a creep rate of 0.014 in 1,000 hours as reported by test data. 5) 606 of the average or 80% of the minimum stress to produce rupture in 100,000 hours as reported by test data. ‘The maximum stress range a system could be subjected to without pro- ducing flow neither in the cold nor in the hot condition was proposed by AcR.C. Markl*, reasoning as follows: (A) At cold temperatures the stress will linit itself automatically to the yield strength or to 1.6 Se (Note that Sp is Linited to 0.625 Y.5., Item 3 aboves Therefore YS. = 5 :06625 = 1.68,) (B) at temperatures conducive to creep the stress will linit itself to the rupture strength or similarly to 1.6 S,, Item 5 above. The sum of the two limits therefore is 166 (Sp + Sp) * Piping Flexibility Analysis. A.S.M.Z. paper No. 53-A-51+The range established by the Code 1s 1.25 (8, + S,) which includes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses. The range for expansion stresses only is S. = 1425 Se + 0425 Sy for which further explanation is given in the following section. The Expansion Stress Sz Temperature changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single plane systems, and bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional sys- tems. The maximum stress due to thermal changes solely is called the expan- sion stress Sz. This stress must be within the allowable stress range S,. The stresses due to internal pressure and weight of the piping are perma- nently sustained. They do not participate in stress reductions dus to relax- ation and are excluded from the comparison of S, with S, as the latter has been adjusted to allow for them with the following provision: "The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loading shall not exceed Sy. Where the sum of these stresses is less than S, the difference between S, and this sum may be added to the term 0.25 S, in the formla for Sy" To explain the foregoing quotation from the Code for Pressure Piping ref- erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness and to the general analysis of cylindrical vessels subjected to pressure. Accord= ingly, the maximum stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversely to the pipe axis. This stress is limited by the Code to the S-value Sy atoperating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bend= ing stress caused by expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh, one= half of this anount is assigned to stress due to pressure leaving the other half available for stress due to weight. ‘The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the follow ing formila: se = Vs? + ase? Where Sp = iMp:2 = resulting bending stress, pst St = M:22 = torsional stress, psi Mp = resulting bending moment, in. 1b. Me = torsional monent, in. 1b. 2 = Section modulus of pipe, in’. A = Stress intensification factor ‘The Code stipulates that flexibility calculations for the expansion stress Sq be based on the modulus of elasticity E_ at room temperature in cluding the effect of stress intensification. Inasmuch as it is customary to make flexibility calculations for.the en- tire expansion range using the modulus of elasticity Ey at operating temper- ature, the resulting stress mist be increased ty the factor EciEy to obtain the expansion stress Sg. On the other hand if the calculation for the en- tire expansion range is made with modulus Eg the result gives Sz which in, this case signifies either the stress in the cold condition for a system which 4s cold sprung 100f or the stress in the cold condition for a system which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes stressless at operating temperature.In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim plifying assumptions in calculations or model tests. It is permissible for example to substitute square corners for circular bends or elbows foregoing the increased flexibility attributable to these components. The stress ine tensification factor, however, mist be included in the calculation of the bending stress Sp. REACTIONS In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for recording the magnitude of the reactions is based on the initial condition with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits for the effect of cold springing. Thus the manufacturer of equipment is protected against excessive actions during the initial stages of operation and the user is granted adequate bene- f4t for cold springing the system. For this purpose the degree of cold springing is expressed ty the “cold spring factor C* which varies from zero for no cold springing to unity for 100% cold springing. Let R denote the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ey, (if the calculation is made with the modulus B, at operat= ing temperature multiply result by Eo:B},) then the initial reaction in the hot condition is calculated from m= Q-250) 2 Ey This formula credits the system with two-thirds of the designed cold springsThe reaction in the cold condition is obtained from oye = (, _ She 3) Coss F whichever is greater and with the further condition that Sh % | 2 is less than unit; 3; 3 y The following diagram will demonstrate these rules a ae HOT REACTION #0....0% COLO SPRING GOLO REACTION Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal if base line with credit allowance and correction for the modulus of elasti- city at operating temperature. (As stated previously R is the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ey at room tenperature,) ‘The inclined Line below the base line and the intercepting horizontal line give the reaction in the cold condition for non-yielding and yielding systems respectively. For a system which is 100 cold sprung ise, C= 1 .....0..2e For a lesser amount of cold springing.......... seseeeee = ORs10 However, in a yielding systen Rg can be more than CR because of self- springing. Svidently the amount of relaxation which causes the self-springing depends on the ratio of the stress which can be sustained i.e, S, to the stress Sg produced by the expansion, Therefore the term we le has been assumed to represent an appraisal of the effect of self-springing and the reaction in the cold condition then isSUMARY OF STRESS EXAMINATION ‘The Code confines the stress examination to the most significant stresses created by the diversity of loading to which a piping system is subjected. They are: 1, Stresses due to the thermal expansion of the line. 2. The longitudinal stress due to internal or external pressure. 3. The bending stress created by the weight of the pipe and its insulation, the internal fluid, fittings, valves and external loading such as wind. ‘The suitability of the system is established by the following com- parison: The expansion stress Sg mist be within the stress range Sq (se Page 4). Sg is the result of a stress analysis based on the modulus of elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from ‘the maximum to the minimum operating temperature (for hot lines this may be taken as the erection temperature). For three dimensional systems the combined expansion stress is ob- tained from the formla on Page 7. The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight must not exceed the allowable stress S, in the hot condition. Where this sum 4s less than Sy the difference may be added to the term 0.25 Sy in the formula for Sy (see Page 6)« The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure times ine side area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or internal pressure in pounds per square inch. inside diameter of pipe in inches. outside diameter of pipe in inches.DETERMINING PIPE WALL THICKNESS Before the stress caused by temperature expansion of piping can be calculated, at least one possible arrangement of given lengths of piping of known size and weight must be developed. Arrangement and size depend on the amount of fluid to be carried and the physical layout of other equipment; pipe thickness is established from codified standards. The basis for selecting pipe wall thickness is the AsS.A.! Code for Pressure Piping and the A.S.A. standard 23610-1950 the former in respect to strength, the latter in respect to dimensions. ‘The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressure. It 1s obtained by reference to the specific requirements of the Cod When the material has been selected, the stress S for the particular vice temperature is taken from the table entitled Allowable S Yalu This stress is used in the following formulas to determine the pipe wall thickness, = (pp) fmin " (asap) *o p = 2s(tmin -c) D-2y (tmin -C) where ‘min = minimum pipe wall thickness, ins P = maximum internal service pressure, pai. D = outside diameter (0.D.) of pipe, ine = allowable stress in material due to internal pressure at. “ ae 8 1s DETERMINED the operating temperature, psi By PvE SPSS Sc allowance for threading or corrosion, in. © = 0,065 in. for plain-end steel or wrought-iron pipe or tube for sizes —— ten} UP To 4 ewes 3/2" G+ C000 Foam PLAIN EdD STEEL OR WRevGHT IROd 4°4 Lamar. 1 american Standards Associationa coeffictent having values as follows: 900 1150 Temp and and F below 950-1000» «1050» 1100. above Ferritic steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 047 0.7 07 Austenitic stools Ont a It is customary to order pipe by its nominal wall thickness adding they manufacturer's tolerance. a7 DNOED By For rolled pipe tnom = tain + 04875 For pipe made of plate, the plate tolerance applies. ‘hen the wall thickness t has been determined, the "schedule nunber* 4s obtained from the A.S.A, dimensional standard 336,10 in which pipe of the same nominal size has the sane outside diameter for all sched- ule nunbers, Example 12" pipe operating at 900 F and 1000 psi pressure, Material specification ASTM 4335 Grade P12: Allowable Sevalue at 900 Pees eee ee ee ee ee oe 13,100 ved (Page 106) y= 0.5 See Pipe SPES FZ (Sef AmindomeS Zz. 2.470 {en Past ID. ‘tain = 10x - 7 ZRH) # 2 x05 x Too | + OES = 95535 o:470 + OB7E+s 0-523" vst Seu see Jo thon = 04535 0,875 = 0,612" bag Seta. Use Schedule 80......4.¢ = 0.687" Gr) Eid seam Lao * S75 Btom s Bema t 'Ot PAuw SINGLE-PLANE PIPING If. pipe line, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. ‘The new configuration attained will be that which requires the least effort. Actual shape depends on the resistance to distortion offered by individual sections of pipe or fittings. The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its two ends and subjected to thermal expansion. Each end will react with a force and a moment. For convenience the force is rep- resented by its two rectilinear components and ¥. The relationship between expansion and reactions may be visualized if one of the supports is removed to permit an unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example, the support at c is removed, the expanded shape will be as in Fig. 2. Let the expansion of leg bc be designated by Ar and that of ab by Ay. Then, in order to restore the conditions of Fig. I, it is necessary to apply suitable forces and ¥ opposite to the expansions and a moment Mc. These three actions combined will move c’ back to c and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at ¢, as shown in Fig. 1. The determination of the unknowns X, Y, and Mcis considerably simplified Fro. e Fro. 2 Fie. 3 if the end c is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket and the actions necessary to bring c’ back to care applied at C. During this operation the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, ie., it transfers all actions without bending, contracting, or elongating. It can be proved by theory that, to restore the original conditions of Fig. 1 with actions at the centroid, only the forees X and ¥° are required; in other words, the two forces X and ¥ acting at the centroid accomplish the same as X, Y, and Me acting at point c. Once the centroid forces X and ¥ are found, the moment at c is obtained by multiplying these forces by their respective offsets from c, Assigning a plus sign to clockwise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3 Me = Xg - ¥2 ‘The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y.PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED DETERMINING X AND Y¥ Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Next apply unit forces (1 Ib) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Ar and Ay. ‘These directions shall be the positive 2- and the positive y-axes of a coordinate system (Fig. 4). ‘The unit force acting in the z-direction will move the centroid in the z-direction as well as in the y-direction. These two movements shall be designated by 6., and “ c’ bry, the first subscript indicating the direction of the foree, the second the direction of the move- ment. i Similarly, the unit force seting in the y- \ direction will produce deflections 4,, and 3. | Tf the actual reactions X and Y are applied +Y the total movements will be, respectively, X and Frat ¥ times larger than the movements produced by the unit forces. Thus the total movement in the z-direction is Xs + Yd,., and the total movement in the y-direction is X6.y + Yor ‘The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all movements in the z-direction equal to the expansion 42, and the sum of all movements in the y-direction equal to the expansion Ay. Expressing this fact in form of equations we obtain Xb. + Yb. = Ae seg tre sat a These two equations contain only two unknowns, because the expansions Az and Ay are known, and the coefficients 4.2, 52, ete., are deflections produced by unit loads acting at the free end of a cantilever and are calculable. Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving the equations for X and Y. Note that de = dz, because of Maxwell’s law of reciprocity of deflections, w! applied to this problem, may be stated as follows: The deflection in the z-direction produced by a force acting in the y-direction equals the deflection in the y-direction due to the same jorce but applied in the z-direction. ich, DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS The coefficients, also known as shape constants, depend on the geometrical distribution of the material or the shape of the line. They are deflections due to unit loads and as such are directly proportional to the moment of inertia or the product of inertia of the line with 1/E/ as factor of proportionality. E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, and / is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional metal area of the pipe. Referring to Fig. 4, L. L, ba tw Et and aSINGLE-PLANE PIPING where J, is the moment of inertia of the line about the z-axis, [, the moment of inertia of the line about the y-axis and J., the product of inertia of the line, with respect to the coordinate axes. ‘The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis. ‘The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal part of the total length.) Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), with signs as explained below, we obtain @) Explanation of signs: ‘A fore acting in the positive z-direction will move the free end in the same direction. This deflection is associated with the moment of inertia, which always is a positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action, and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which may have either sign. With the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions, a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive x-direction, and another in the negative y-direction. Similarly a positive Y-force causes one movement in the positive y-direction and another in the negative z-direction. With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced alge- braically with the result that the end resetions X and Y will be obtained with plus signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct. Equations (2) are used in two distinet forms. 1, Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus E. Since the product EI in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to the right side, I, — YIuy = Az By @) XI. + YI, = dy EL The solution of these equations is L(dz ED) + La(sy ED Tl, —f (Ay ED) + Tay ®) Ll, = Note that the denominators for X and ¥ are the same In numerical solutions the products (42 EZ) and (Ay EJ) are calculated at the start and therefore will appear in equations (3) and (4) as numbers. 2, Lines with Variable Cross Sections and Same Modulus E. In this case each branch of the line must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross- X= Y 16Ww PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED sectional area. ‘Thus only H can be brought to the right side, and the general equation becomes Alp ~ Vg = ar B} 2 -XI,+ YI = ayE 3) where I; ey = fe, ete. The solution of these equations is B(ax B) + Iofay B) T= i a y = Gav 2) + I,(az B) aT = Summary of procedure: 1. Calculate the expansions Az and Ay. 2. Calculate the products Az EJ and Ay ET. 3. Determine the centroid of the line, 4. Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. 5. Calculate the line inertias Izy, Le, Iy. 6, Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and ¥' [equations (4)]. Moment of Inertia of Straight Lines ae & Line located at 90° to axis at i y Product of inertia ‘(Line paraitel to an axis) Pea. 5.E PIPING NGLE-PLA ‘Moment of Inertia of am Inclined Branch ap ge Z| £ ° ¢ 0.00558 0.07083 to. 0.04167 o.oa167 Pi 0.06280 0.0208, 0.07775 0.00558 0.08333 0 4 0.07775 0.00558 ' 0.08280 0.02088 0.08167 0.0467 0.02088 0.06250 1 0.00858 0.07775 ° 0.08333aw PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Product of Inertia of ax Inclined Branch Gy peeancae ce fy = PE = TB About axes z, y, parallel to 2’, y’ at distances m, n Tey = Inq + bran | sin 29 i a a e 3 1st 0.00088 aor 0.03608 st 0.0067 eo? 0.05808 7s 40.0788 o ° 105" 0.02083 iar Lo on808 1st So-oKi67 sor 0.09808 6st 0 00068 190° °20 Product of Inertia for Quarter Bet ‘Located in Plane of Projection oy +au7R? —-au7K? -a57R? To obtain the sign of the term 0197 RP, para through the centroid of the 90° bend two axes +2/ and ei to the positive gravity axes of the entire ine. The sign is then determined from the position of +z" felative to the are. The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraiclly Product of Inertia of Quarter Be Located at Right Angles to Plane of Projection ; : SEE PAGE 104 Kgy! MODIFIED LENGTH TIMES COORDINATES OF CENTROID OF QUARTER BEND ‘Moment of Inertia of Quarter Bend eS ea na iia Vv 4 aaa y Sqe(OMSOR REMI Eqs(Q00R “RE mi) 5 Cuarter bend in tre length ‘Quarter bendin reduced lengthPIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED ‘The Product of Inertia of « Cirealar Are General Formala Inq = (RRO — ARE 008 8 + KRE sin 9 + O.SR? sin? OPK ‘The Mome: Inertia of « Cirealar Are General Formula gn Bsin $1604) a RG 8) m-e-2m4 ,*8,) ave-cee$(0,*62) About axes through center of circle 1o= Sle bs sin 20K y= Bot os sin 20k About axes through centroid [y= 1, - amt hela where K = dexibility constant, 4 = modified length of are, , actual length x K.PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 2223 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 12-in, pipe, A.S.T.M. Specification A—106 Steam temperature 70K Pressure = 850 pet Wall thickness required: Stress value S = 11,650 psi. nin = 0518 dn t 4 “tein + 0.1254, tom: trom = 87s 0.595 in. Use 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80 t = 0.687 in. I = 475 ins S = 74.5 in? Expansion = 5.75 in. per 100 ft. E = 25 xX 10° psi aa = 523 in. x 80 ft = 4.6 in. 5.75 « : . ay = Too ™ x 50 ft = 2.88 in. Ar EI = # in. 25 x 108 x 127 x z = 31,600,000 lb ft? in. x 25 x 10" x 128 x 423 = 19,800,000 Ib ft?ale PROBLEM 1 y Eeod - 108 a TE mom xan | © caso | err ees ean a teoaee see Nore: The moment atthe point that has been con~ | nected with the centroid isthe feacting moment at the | i support, All other moments are bending moments, £ fie the algebraic sum of the moments produced by the forces and the moment at the right ofa cross section (poms of taro moment gp > lero, Fra. 9i | 25 SIMPLIFIED TABULATION The computation of the line inertias can be conveniently contracted into a single table. The procedure which is demonstrated below has the added advantage of being partly self-checking. First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinates of the branches about the gravity ax: Then calculate the terms 1x2, ly? and Lxy and check the: The product of the first two divided by the third should equal the third. A check in this mamer confirms the cor- rectness of all thr For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7,370) 11,820 = 11,820 The moment of inertia of a branch which is parallel to an axis con sists of one term only, namely 1x2 or ly* depending on the axis about which calculation is made. Branches which are at right angle to an axis have the additional term 13/12 which is placed immediately below the first term, For values of 13/12 refer to Page 182 and Page 183.SIMPLIFIED TABULATION FOR PROBIEM 2 3 3 Be 50) Tot @ Toe Branch | Leneth 1 x y y+ Ip | ly a zo | -15.4 | -9.6 | 18,940 7,370 | + 12,820 | 42,600 be so |4+26.6 [425.4 | 30,200 raw | + 13,990 a 10,416 Ty = 91,740 Ix 29,600 Tey = + 30,810 moment of inertia about gravity axis of branch. 2627 Stress Calculation for Problem 1 The stress values for ASTM 4106 Grade A material in the cold and hot condition are Se = 12,000 pst ~ Sh = 11,460 pet - The stress range is Sa = 1425 x 12,000 + 0625 x 11,460 = 17,865 pat According te the requirenent ef the Code for Pressure Piping the expansion stresa calculated vith the medulus of elasticity in the Gold condition must be within the stress raage Sy. Inaemch as this calculation was based on the acdulus of elasticity in the het condition, the bending moments mist be increased in the ratio of pi By = 2969: 25 = 14195. The maximum aoment eccurs in the straight pipe at poiat * equals 58,500 ft1be. 58,500 x 1,195 = 69,900 ftlbe. equals 69,900 ftlds. x12: 74.5 in? The expansion stress Sg at * = 11.259 pai. Ia the curved pertien, corner "b", the bending nemeat is 41,000 ft1bs. 41,000 x 14195 = 49,000 ft1da. 4) Using a short radius veld-olbew Schedule 80, the stresa iatensifi- cation facter (from table 12 2042 SR = 2.42 249,000 x12: 745 = 19,100 pat which is beyond the stress range ef 17,365 psi. ») Using a long radius veld elbow Schedule 80, the stress intensifi- cation facter 1 = 1.85 Sg = 1.85 249,000 212: 74.5 = 14,600 pet vhich is withia the stress range.