Book Reviews

Sections two through four of the first volume comprises the heart of this work as this is the catalog of the
167 inscriptions collected by the EES. The inscriptions
are arranged thematically as follows: section two (numbers 147) consists of inscriptions which are regnally
dated, section three (numbers 4898) is comprised
of inscriptions which are not regnally dated but are
identified either through a kings name or the location
where the inscription was discovered as pre-Ptolemaic,
while section four (numbers 99167) contain inscriptions assigned to the Ptolemaic Period but contain no
reference to date. Each inscription is presented with
standard catalog informationdate if known, dimensions, provenance, condition, and descriptionand is
accompanied by a translation and transliteration. Due
to varying levels of preservation, some inscriptions
are more complete than others. The translations and
transliterations are accompanied by copious footnotes
which prove to be both useful to scholars using this
work and a demonstration of the authors philological knowledge. The authors also provide genealogical
trees when one can be constructed by cross-referencing
names in the inscriptions, which can be used by scholars for prosographical centered studies of the Late
Period.
The catalog in the first volume may be the core of
this work, but the second volume is what makes it truly
useful as a scholarly tool. The second volume, like the
first, is also divided into sectionssix totalbut these
sections are primarily indices of titles, formulae, and
names referred to in the texts of the first volume. For
instance, section six is an index of titles used in the inscriptions which is further divided into titles of priests,
workmen, servants, and devotees, to name a few, while
section seven offers an index of different formulaic expressions used in the inscriptions. The index is easy to
use as the catalog and line number of the text are both
clearly marked and a commentary accompanies every
sub-heading in each section.
Perhaps one of the more interesting and edifying
aspects of these volumes is section nine of the second
volume that gives a chronological listingsub-section
9.2of each known Mother of Apis and the inscriptions which accompany each particular cow. The

The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara: The

Mother of Apis Inscriptions. By H. S. Smith, C. A. R.
Andrews, and Sue Davies. London, Egypt Exploration Society, 2011. ISBN 9780856982002. Pp.
312, 88 pls. and 6 maps/diagrams (two volumes).
The present volumes are the most recent publications of the Egypt Exploration Societys (EES) archeological work in the Sacred Animal Necropolis (SAN)
of North Saqqara. In these volumes, Smith, Andrews,
and Davies present what amounts to decades of diligent work, as it is a collection of transliterations and
translations of primarily Demotic inscriptions pertaining to the Mother of Apis discovered by the EES between 1966 and 1971 in the SAN, under the direction
of the esteemed late W. B. Emery. The previously unpublished inscriptions range chronologically from the
reign of Amasis in the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty to the last
Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII.
The SAN of North Saqqara was a religious focal
point in Late Period Egypt; it was a place where nonroyals donated votive stelae and mummified animals
as part of popular religion at the time, while the ruling dynasts, both foreign and native Egyptian, patronized the important Apis bull cult and the Mother of
the Apis bull by ensuring that the sacred living bull
and his mother were always cared for during life and
given a proper burial after death. Because of the SANs
importance, any thoughtful work on the subjectsuch
as the current volumesthat adds to the existing modern scholarly corpus can aid in not only illuminating
information about sacred animal cults and Late Period
religious practices, but also more generally the history
of the Late Period.
The work is divided into two volumes with the first
volume being further divided into four sections. The
first section of the first volume is an archeological
overview of the context in which the published inscriptions were discovered. This section describes the SANs
geographic proximity to the catacombs of the other
sacred animals interred at North Saqqara such as the
Serapieion, Anubieon, and Bubastieon. Section one
also gives a brief chronological survey of the building
phases of the SAN.

261

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JARCE 48 (2012)

a uthors used the collection of texts to reconstruct a

typical installment and burial of a Mother of Apis cow
in sub-section 9.3. The recreation of the installment
and burial provides useful insight for scholarship on
several levels as it details some of the technical aspects
of the process, sheds more light on the jobs of the
workmen, and elucidates our understanding of the
theological aspects of the religious rituals involved.
The second volume also contains six maps and diagrams and 88 plates. The maps and diagrams are arranged in sequence from a map that shows the larger
geographical region of North Saqqara and the SANs
placement within that region to three diagrams of the
inside of the Mother of Apis catacomb. The maps and
diagrams are useful as they show the location of the
SAN in relation to the other sacred animal necropolises, such as the Serapieion, in North Saqqara and
the layout of the Mother of Apis catacomb itself. The
plates are black and white photographs of the inscriptions cataloged in the first volume and although most
are clear and therefore useful to scholars who wish
to make their own translations, the quality varies and
therefore some are more useful than others.
Since the target audience of these volumes is obviously advanced students and professional scholars,
most readers are aware of the historical context of the
SAN, but a brief historical section would have added to
the effectiveness of the current volumes. The problem
with scholarly works pertaining to the Late Period is
not that there is a paucity of them, but that they remain
somewhat provincial and only focus on one narrow
area or discipline. These volumes would have been better served if the authors had offered a description and
analysis of the SANs origins and how it was connected
to ideas such as popular religion and royal patronage
of religious institutions in the Late Period. With that
said, this is an extremely useful work that any scholar of
Late and/or Ptolemaic Period religion, history and/or
archaeology can employ in his/her work. The authors
knowledge and passion of the subject is clear, as is their
writing, and their research methods are exemplary.
Jared Krebsbach
University of Memphis
Life Everlasting: National Museum of Scotland Collection
of Ancient Egyptian Coffins. By Bill Manley and
Aidan Dodson. Edinburgh, National Museums of
Scotland, 2010. ISBN 9781905267170. Pp. xiii +
176.
It is always encouraging to read a catalog in which
many of the objects have their first publication. In an
environment where often only a limited number of

royal objects are made accessible to readers through

popular publications, this catalog goes a long way toward showing an interested layperson some of the
breadth of ancient Egyptian coffins and it also provides
Egyptologists a greater awareness of the rich collection
of coffins at The National Museum of Scotland. In this
book, Manley and Dodson present a brief sketch of the
institutional history of the Museum and a clear and detailed treatment of sixty-five coffins, coffin fragments,
cartonnages and masks that date from the Middle Kingdom to the Roman period. The diversity in the periods and objects represented allow the authors to trace
developments in coffin style using examples from the
collection as well as to highlight unusual objects.
The National Museum of Scotland (NMS) is a young
institution, founded in 1985 but its Egyptian collection
benefited from the absorption of three far older collections: that of The University of Edinburgh, The Society of Antiquaries in Scotland, and the Royal Scottish
Museum. As such the catalog gives brief descriptions
of the development of each of these institutions whose
histories feature names that will be quite familiar to
those with an Egyptological background including:
Alexander Henry Rhind, William Matthew Flinders
Petrie, and Cyril Aldred. Enlivened by brief anecdotes
of coffins planted for discovery by HRH Albert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1869 and what seem now to
be slightly humorous archaic observations on ancient
Egyptian culture, including Margaret Murrays assertion that no Egyptian ever did manual labor willingly
in her 1903 guide for the collection of the Royal Scottish Museum, this initial introduction to the collection
helps to orient the reader and also gives a sense of the
personality of those who helped form what now comprises the NMS Egyptian collection.
Following this institutional history, the catalog is broken up into seven chronologically organized sections,
tables of concordance, bibliography, index, etc. Each
section begins with an introduction mentioning the relevant developments in style and funerary practice that
influence the coffins form and aesthetics. The sections
have varying numbers of entries with the fewest in the
Middle Kingdom section (two coffins) and the most in
the last two sections that deal with Late and Ptolemaic
Period material and the Roman period (each with seventeen entries). Each entry features photograph(s)
of the object (two objects in the catalog have no accompanying photo, cat. 18 and 42), owners names
and titles if available, dating with explanation, dimensions, material, description section which identifies
iconography and general textual themes, the objects
mode of acquisition, provenance, associated material,
and any available bibliography. The authors should be
congratulated on the clarity and thoroughness of their
descriptions of the often dense iconography found on

BOOK REVIEWS
many of the coffins. Although the iconography is diligently listed, it is important to note that the authors
make clear that the catalog does not describe, transliterate, or translate the texts found on the coffins (except in the case of some titles and names, especially if
they are relevant to dating). The authors do, however
sometimes give the content of the texts (offering formula, names, Book of the Dead). While there are many
wonderful coffins and accoutrements included in the
catalog, there are a few that stand out. The two coffins
from an intact Seventeenth Dynasty burial discovered
by Petrie in 1908 at Qurna which came to the NMS with
all its associated finds is one of these. The first called
that of the Qurna Queen (cat. 3) is a beautiful, tall,
anthropoid rishi coffin with heavy gilding. Placed on
top of the legs of this coffin was that of an individual
referred to as the Qurna Child (cat. 4). The small
white coffin is not, as an object, necessarily beautiful
but its inclusion in the burial, which is illustrated in the
catalog with a photograph of its excavation (pg. 24),
is interesting and it is suggested that the two were a
mother and daughter (?) who were interred together in
quick succession. Furthermore, the coffin of the child
was found to have elements made from imported cedar
and ebony, suggesting the reuse of high-value materials
in coffin construction.
The issue of reuse is again seen in at least two other
coffins in the catalog, the first being the coffin of an
unidentified woman on page 41. This anthropoid coffin dates to the Twenty-First Dynasty but its lid was first
created in the New Kingdom, only to be altered and
reused in the Twenty-First Dynasty. Another type of
reuse is found with the coffin trough on page 39. The
coffin dates to the late Twenty-First Dynasty or early
Twenty-Second Dynasty but its discovery by Rhind as
part of an embalming cache in El-Khokha in 1857 suggests that it and many other coffins found with it were
reused wholesale in later periods.
Two objects notable for their brilliant color and
preservation are the daily-life dress coffin of a child
named Tairtsekher, found on page 30, which almost
certainly dates to the early Nineteenth Dynasty and
may have come from a group of coffins buried in the
tomb of Sennedjem at Deir el-Medina and the canopy
of Montsaf found on page 125. The early Roman period canopy of Montsaf was found in an intact tomb
found by Rhind in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna in 1857. The
canopy is shrine-shaped with a barrel roof and papyrus stalk columns running along its four open sides. Its
head end mimics a temple faade with a broken lintel
pylon, cavetto cornices adorned with winged sun disks
flanked by uraei and a frieze of rearing solar cobras.
Probably the most extraordinary object in the catalog is the late Roman period double coffin of Petamun
and Penhorpabik. The coffin for two young boys is

263

r emarkable in its form, altering the traditional anthropoid form of a coffin to accommodate two figures side
by side. The occupants were carefully mummified suggesting their high status with one about twenty months
and the other around twelve months, the two may have
been brothers or half-brothers but their relationship is
not recorded. The outside of the coffin has two identical figures of the children as Osiris and the interior of
the trough has two images of the goddess Nut. The authors note that the coffin, while very similar in construction and decoration to a group of coffins excavated at
Thebes by the Franco-Tuscan expedition in 1828/29, so
much so as to be linked to the same workshop, is apparently unique in its form. However, they do note that
a recent find by Alain Zivie of an adult double coffin
from the New Kingdom at the Bubasteion at Saqqara
may change this.
My criticisms of the book are very minor: when
names and titles or other gender identifying cues are
absent many of the entries are titled coffin/mummy
mask/etc of an unidentified person while others say
unidentified man this makes the reader wonder if
there are elements that clarify the gender of the intended occupant that are not listed, but perhaps this
represents different semantic tendencies of the two
different writers. Secondly, the brief but clear glossary that makes the material so accessible to readers
has some omissions that, while not a problem to anyone interested in ancient Egypt, are likely unknown to
some of the audience to whom the book caters (kherep-
scepter, tjet). The photography is on the whole exceptionally good and clear, but more exhaustive labeling of
the photographs may have been helpful, for example,
in the case of cat. 1, it is clear that the head-end of the
coffin is pictured on page 16, if you can read the hieroglyphs, but to those who cannot, this and other similar
images may be confusing.
This catalog will appeal to both interested amateurs
and Egyptologists though for very different reasons.
For those who are new to Egyptian material, it provides
a glossary, accessible introduction to periods and styles,
as well as a clear explanation of dating which might be
new to some readers. For an Egyptologist, the catalog
whets the interest, providing a general introduction to
the collection and calling for further research as well
as making connections across collections when possible
with references to material in other museums. The authors should be commended on the publication of a
group of wonderful objects, which were heretofore
under-published and I am sure that those who read it
will be encouraged to visit and study the NMSs coffin
collection.
Clare Fitzgerald
Emory University

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JARCE 48 (2012)

The Sungods Journey through the Netherworld: Reading the

Ancient Egyptian Amduat. By Andreas S
chweizer.
Ithaca-London, Cornell University Press, 2010.
ISBN 9780801448751. Pp. v + 231.
This volume may be familiar to readers as Seelenfhrer durch den verborgenen Raum: das gyptische Unterweltsbuch Amduat, the original 1994 edition of this work,
which presents the texts of the Amduat through a
psychological lens. This volume (as well as the original
text) is prefaced with a forward by Erik Hornung, with
whom the author studied in Basel. Methodologically,
the author uses the works of Jung and his archetypes
to examine the symbolism of the sun god Res journey
through the twelve hours of the night. The result is a
human perspective brought to a subject that is often
seen as fantastical and inaccessible.
The introduction places the Amduat in a historical,
cultural, and political context. The Egyptians intuitive
connection to the cosmos is linked to modern societys
knowledge of psychology. The author succinctly states,
Psychologically speaking, the Egyptian descriptions of
the netherworld are an attempt to comprehend what
C. G. Jung has hypothetically called the collective unconscious (p. 2). The next chapter, The Amduat the Book of the Hidden Chamber, gives the reader a
walk-through of the tomb of Tuthmosis III, placing the
Amduat in its original funerary context with a short
summary of the work. The Title of the Amduat examines the ancient texts long title, which emphasizes
the Egyptian verb, rx, to know that is further linked
to Jungs collective unconscious.
The introductory chapters are followed by sections,
which address each hour of the night in the Amduat.
Each hour is accompanied by very detailed line drawings that aid the reader in understanding the complexities of the underworld. These drawings are taken from
Piankoff and Rambovas The Tomb of Ramesses VI, but
this fact is not noted as they stand to represent all variations of the Amduat (most likely for the understanding
of the general reader). While it is beyond the scope
of this review to recount the journey of Re through
the underworld, I would like to point out a number of
interesting points made by the author.
Schweizer gives each hour two titles: one describing
the primary content while the second elucidates the
psychological explanation. For instance, the fifth hour
is titled, The Mystery of the Cavern of Sokar while
the interpretive title The Regenerative Force of Depression gives a glimpse into the personal journey of
the individual. In these chapters, the author follows the
sun god down into the night, fighting off the evil demons that represent the aspect of the personality called
the shadow by Jung. This shadow represents the

unrecognizable parts of the soul that appear through

shifting moods and emotions. The underworld is the
stream of unconscious archetypes from which a person
is regenerated like the sun god at the end of the night.
In the fourth hour, the sun gods barque has run
aground in the deepest and darkest part of the night.
The way has become even more treacherous and the
author connects this to the mystical moment when a
person must give himself or herself over to be made
anew. This descent into darkness and depression culminates in the sixth hour with, what the author labels,
the Re-union of the Opposites, when the union of Re
and Osiris occurs. From this hour on, the soul fights
to be reborn and made real (p. 205). The twelfth
hour brings about the joyous and painful creation of
the new (the sun god is reborn) when there must be a
separation from the creator. However, this birth is
the discovery of the hidden treasure within ourselves.
This book sits firmly between the fields of psychology and Egyptology, which may cause minor issues for
specialists from these fields reading this book. Schweizer provides a glossary of Egyptology terms at the
end of the text but the major Jungian and psychological concepts applied throughout do not get a similar
treatment. That said, my awareness of a psychological
approach to this material has been broadened along
with the possibilities of its application to other aspects
of Egyptian religion and culture. The journey of Re
is likened to the alchemical journey of rebirth and renewal. While Egypts connections to alchemy are widely
acknowledged, there are few works by Egyptologicallytrained scholars which address the subject.
This volume might benefit from better plate images such as those from the tombs of Tuthmosis III
and Ramesses V/VI. The few plates located at the center of the book are only moderately helpful while the
line drawings provided at the beginning of each hour/
chapter are well executed and crucial to understanding
the subject. Overall, I found this book an interesting
approach to the material and hope that it may inspire
other scholars to view their own work through other
methodological means.
Elizabeth Cummins
Emory University
The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth. By Joshua
Roberson. Atlanta, Lockwood Press, 2012. ISBN
9781937040000. Pp. xviii + 557.
The ancient Egyptian books of the Underworld
form a fascinating and wonderfully complex genre of
cosmographic literature that has engrossed scholars as

BOOK REVIEWS
early as the 1800s. As such, five major compositions
have been identified, and include, the Amduat, the Book
of Gates, the Book of Solar-Osirian Unity, the Book of Caverns, and the Books of the Earth, each depicting various
aspects of the sun gods nocturnal journey through the
Underworld. The present study is a crucial addition to
this long-standing tradition, as the Books of the Earth
have received very little academic attention as a corpus, and are possibly the least understood Underworld
books to survive from the New Kingdom.
The present study represents a revised, updated, and
expanded version of the authors doctoral thesis submitted in 2007 from the University of Pennsylvania.
Well produced, and clearly written, the monograph is
an assemblage and analysis of all known Books of the
Earth material. Here, Roberson has drawn from over
forty sources that include a varying number of Book of
the Earth scenes (anywhere from one to fifty-two) culled
from Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty royal tombs
(the primary corpus), individual scenes from royal and
private tombs, and funerary equipment (the secondary
corpus). In this volume, the author strives to address
the paucity of publication, and provides current translations of scenes and texts, in an attempt to understand
the unifying factors that contributed to the development and use of the Books of the Earth. Moreover, the
notational system used for designating various sections
of the Book of the Earth has been restructured from the
template created by Piankoff, La Cretion du Disque
Solaire (1953), to a more comprehensive system that
includes contributions by modern scholars.
After a brief introduction to the Underworld books
and their naming conventions in Chapter 1, Roberson
presents his argument against a predetermined textual convention as has been traditionally accepted in
the Books of the Earth. The Egyptians had no title for
this corpus; the arrangement and selection of specific
scenes are not depicted on individual monuments according to any prescribed order. Furthermore, there
are no instructions provided for the layout of the texts
as in the Amduat. Thus, he unequivocally rejects the
concept of a singular unity of the texts or popular
prevailing belief in the canonicity of the Book of the
Earth, preferring to refer to this corpus as the Books
of the Earth.
The architectural evolution of the royal tombs in the
Valley of the Kings forms the basis for the second chapter where the author traces the path of development of
the New Kingdom tombs, which embody characteristic
elements from the specific type of Amduat tomb developed under Senwosret III. This is followed by a discussion on the symbolic orientation of the royal tombs
in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. Here, the
relationship between the cosmology of the underworld

265

and architecture as a model for the Egyptian underworld is examined. Roberson views the burial chamber
as the primary architectural setting for the Book of the
Earth, and this material forms the primary concentration of the study. A catalogue of the monuments
containing the Books of the Earth is presented in order
to recreate the architectural context in which they appear, and eighteen tombs, ranging from the Cenotaph
of Seti I at Abydos to the Late Period tomb of Hariraa
in Saqqara, are discussed in a relative chronological
order. Each catalogue entry commences with a concise summary of the scenes utilized in the respective
tomb, and are presented according to the position of
walls, relative to the rooms entrance. This is followed
by a discussion of relevant architectural elements in
the structure in which these scenes appear, and textual
parallels are included. Of great interest is Robersons
position on the symbolic significance of the sarcophagus as akhet and the divine birth station, in which he
suggests the sarcophagus chamber signifies a divine
birthing station. The concluding segment deals with
the Late Period and Ptolemaic sarcophagi that contain
excerpts of the Book of the Earth, and contains an outline of the basic organization and decorative schema
of these sarcophagi.
In Chapter 3, Roberson provides an orthographic
analysis of the Book of the Earth corpus, looking at the
various orthographic tendencies observable within and
among the individual sources. He focuses primarily
on specific representative trends observable within
the individual sources concerning the non-cryptic orthography of the Book of the Earth. Additionally, issues
concerning individual sign variation, phonetic change,
hieratic adaptations, and other components of sign substitution are considered. This examination includes an
introduction to the basic principles of enigmatic substitution, and the reader is provided with a complete
list of cryptic sign values found in the study collection.
The fourth chapter, deals with the grammar of the
Book of the Earth, and is limited to exceptional forms
and constructions that occur with relative regularity
within the broader corpus. This includes discussions
on the Introductory Formula nn (n) nTr.w m sxr pn, Pronouns, Prepositions xt(w) and m-xt, the Proclitic Particle
Tf, Circumstantial sDm=f, Noun + sDm=f Construction,
sDm.xr=f, and finally, Subject + Stative vs. Pseudo-Verbal
Construction. Anomalies are considered on an individual basis in the translation notes to the specific texts in
Chapter 6. A brief synopsis of the history of research
and recent scholarship into proclitic pronouns is also
provided in this section.
The bulk of this volume lies in the catalogue of
vignettes from the Book of the Earth, and a translation
of all the Book of the Earth texts, in chapters 5 and 6

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JARCE 48 (2012)

respectively. Every single scene belonging to the Book

of the Earth corpus, numbering eighty in all, has been
included in the catalogue. Each of these scenes depicts
a specific episode or locale in the Duat, and the indigenous inhabitants the sun encounters in his travels
through the Underworld. In order to facilitate comparison, these scenes have been grouped thematically. Additionally, since most of the representations in the Book
of the Earth are comprised of non-sequential, individual
vignettes that do not exhibit a fixed order (apart from
an East-West bipartite configuration), the catalogue has
been organized alphabetically according to the distinguishing characteristics of each vignette. Each entry is
supplemented with a line drawing of a representative
exemplar of the specific scene, and a brief description.
The entry also includes the number of specific occurrences, list of attested sources, translation of captions,
and the enumeration of accompanying expository or
narrative texts, translated in Chapter 6. Due to the substantial number of individual scenes, the entries are
mostly descriptive. For the first time, this approach allows for a detailed comparison of the many variations
and versions of the Book of the Earth scenes.
Rather than examining the hieroglyphic texts through
the interlinear transcription of parallel sources, as has
been the traditional method, Robersons hieroglyphic
transcriptions of all the Book of the Earth scenes endeavor to replicate the original arrangement of the
texts. Roberson is to be commended in his attempts
to take into account the location, layout, orientation
and spacing and putting them within the context of the
scenes as closely as possible. Here, he includes all the
Book of the Earth texts that can be regarded as narrative
or expository as opposed to the figural captions mentioned in Chapter 5. It is noted that with the exception
of direct speech, both the captions and expository texts
of the Book of the Earth are primarily descriptive.
The Closing Remarks of Chapter 7 serves to tie
up the loose ends and functions as a catchall for the
discussion on the later periods to which the secondary corpus of material has been relegated. Within the
entire collection, Roberson has observed five distinct
subtypes in the discussion on the internal structure of
the Book of the Earth, three of which belong to the later

period. Roberson also tackles the thorny issue of dating the corpus, giving a basic outline of the various
theories that have been put forward. Nevertheless, he
sagaciously bypasses the debate citing lack of evidence
for a single, canonical Book of the Earth, and thus, the
implausibility of affixing an exact date. The discussion on the original function of the Book of the Earth in
the later New Kingdom calls attention to the magical
function of the corpus that activated or reinforced the
akhet-symbolism of the architecture of the Ramesside
sarcophagus chamber, and states further that the Book
of the Earth has no apparent ritual component. A highly
abridged synopsis on the History and Evolution of the
Books of the Earth from the Third Intermediate Period
and Later has been provided as the concluding segment. Even though the focus of this grouping is not the
authors goal, it is a pity that this particular section is so
short, as a more in-depth discussion would have made
a very interesting comparison to the primary corpus of
material from the royal New Kingdom tombs.
The present study provides an intelligible and thorough overview of the Egyptian Book of the Earth corpus. Supplementary annotations and suggestions for
further reading are recorded in the copious footnotes
that make referencing fairly simple. The value of this
tome is enhanced further by the inclusion of appendices, a substantial bibliography, and indices containing
an index of Egyptian and Coptic words, Egyptian texts
cited, and a general index. The first appendix contains
a table of Seriation of Earth scenes, concordances
with the text plates of Piankoffs 1953 volume, and
the Book of the Earth texts in Hornungs Zwei ramessidische Knigsgrbe: Ramses IV. und Ramses VII (1990).
The volume is liberally peppered with black and white
line drawings throughout, thirty-eight black and white
plates are included in Appendix 2, and two color photographs are inserted in the back of the book.
In sum, the present volume provides an indispensible tool in the study of Underworld literature. It is a
valuable contribution to the discipline and one that will
be consulted for many a year.
L. Swart
Nashville, TN