Link Budget Parameters

The basic parameters of this link budget are shown as below.

STC adopted most of the parameters value in the link budget including the
operating frequency, the Eb/No value of uplink and downlink, the body loss of
voice service, the penetration loss, etc. The specific setting of these
parameters can be referred in the table of link budget. STC has made some
assumption or used the experienced setting and the explanation will be as
followed.
1. Tx Power [dBm]

Uplink
For the consideration of unity, the transmitted power of UE is set as 24dBm
no matter what service is used.

Downlink
The transmitted power of downlink transmitted channels is listed
in the following table.

2. Antenna Gain
This is the NodeB antenna gain in unit of dBi, which depends on the antenna
type and
model.

3. Body Loss [dB]

The body loss is a margin included in the link budget to consider the losses
introduced
into the signal path by the human body, or exactly speaking, the head. When
it comes to the body loss, it should be kept in mind that one is not only
working with the direct line of sight, which may be blocked by the head of
the user. There are lots of multi-path components contributing to the total
signal, which are reflected around the head.

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As regards body loss, we would have to distinguish between build-up areas

where lots of multi-path components set off the body loss to a certain extent,
and open areas where the dominating path is the line of sight path. During
network design, this difference is neglected. The recommended body loss is
specified in UMTS as 3 dB.
Thermal Noise Density [dBm/HZ] - Ntd
Thermal noise density is the noise density generated by environment and
equals to
Ntd = K *T. K is Boltzmanns constant 1.38*10-23 and T is the temperature in
Kelvin. When T is 293 in Kelvin (20 in Celsius), N0 is -174dBm/Hz.
4.

5. Thermal Noise [dBm] - Thermal noise on the 3.84MHz,

Nt (dB)= Ntd+10*LOG(3840000)
6. Receiver Noise Figure- NF
The additional amount of noise generated by a receiver. For UE of 900MHz,
typical noisefigure is 7dB. For ZTEs NodeB, Noise figure is 1.8dB.
7. Receiver Noise [dBm] - No
The sum of thermal noise and noise figure, indicating the background noise
with zero
system load and outside interference. The formula:
No= Nt + NF.
8. Bit Rate [kbps]
Service bearer rate, including 12.2kbps, 64kbps, 128kbps, 384kbps, and etc.
9. Process Gain [dB]
Processing gain is related to the service bearer rate. The formula:
Processing Gain = 10 log (3840 / Bit Rate)
10. Required Eb/No [dB]
Eb/No reflects the equipment performance to decode the signal. The value is
obtained
from field testing, with the function of fast power control and use of various
types of antenna. Therefore, the gain from fast power control and diversity of
antenna has alreadybeen included in the tested Eb/No value, and will be
excluded from the link budget.
11. Interference Margin[dB]
Interference margin is required in the link budget due to the noise rise
caused by system load (the noise rise due to other subscribers). The higher
the system load, the larger the interference margin. For uplink, the
relationship between uplink load and interference margin is
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STC suggested that uplink target load is 75% for R99 and HSPA radio
network, so the
corresponding uplink Interference Margin will be 6.02 dB.
The downlink target load reach to 90% under the circumstances that HSDPA
service is
enabled. So the downlink Interference Margin will be 6dB.
12. Feeder and Connector Loss[dB]
This is the RF cable transmission loss in dB, including the feeder loss,
connector loss and jumper loss. It depends on the length and diameter of the
cable, connector and jumper used.
Following is the typical loss per 100m. Actually, this value may vary within an
acceptable range, usually 0.5dB/100m. But from the engineering aspect,
the actual loss for feeders, connectors and jumpers could be more than the
typical loss. During the planning phase, the actual feeder length is
impossible to be evaluated. The feeder and jumper length is always
evaluated by means of the following formula:
Evaluated Feeder Length = Antenna Height

Since top tower mounted RRU is connected to BBU with fiber and connected
to antenna
with jumper, feeder and connector loss is avoided.
13. Shadow Fading Margin[dB]
The amplitude of shadow fading margin is modeled as log-normal fading, as
shown in the following figure. Given that propagation model describes the
mean value of path loss(x=m), it could only reach 50% coverage probability
at the cell edge. To guarantee
higher coverage probability there, the allowable path loss has to get higher
threshold, so
the margin (threshold-m) has to be reserved in the link budget.
Shadow fading margin depends on the standard deviation, and cell edge
coverage probability. Standard deviation reflects the characteristics of radio
propagation in differentenvironment, and therefore varies with the following
conditions:
Clutter type: DU, MU, SU, RU;
Outdoor and indoor;

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14. Soft Handover Gain

Handovers bring about a gain against slow fading by reducing the required
log-normal fading margin. This is because the slow fading is partly
uncorrelated from the base stations, and the mobile can select a better base
station by making a handover. Soft
handover brings about an additional macro diversity gain against fast fading
by reducing the required Eb/No related to a single radio link, due to the effect
of macro diversity combining. The effect of reducing Eb/No requirement with
UE under soft handover state is reflected on the following three factors:
Less transmitting power;
2) Less blocking probability (transmitting power exceeds threshold), or
higher coverage
probability;
3) Less SFM required on cell border, under the same coverage probability.
UMTS adopts MRC (Maximal Ratio Combining) in rake receiver for downlink,
and selection combining in RNC for uplink. Since the former could provide
higher gain than
the latter, the SSM in downlink will be less than that in uplink (about 1.5dB).
15. Penetration Loss
The penetration loss of USF6 is set as the following table.

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16. Antenna Height

The Antenna Height of USF6 is set as the following table.

Link budget between uplink and downlink is different, since there are some
parameters
with different values between downlink and uplink, such as Eb/No, receiver
Noise Figure etc.

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