Unit 5.

Applications of
Derivatives

Tangent and Normal lines

Rectilinear Motion
Related Rates
Curve Sketching
Optimization
Differentials

Antiderivative
We say f is the derivative of f.
We can also say that f is an antiderivative of f .

Note that g is also an antiderivative of f , since the derivative of

g is equal to f .

Theorems
If

, then there is a constant C such that

If F is an antiderivative of a function f, then all the

antiderivatives of f will be of the form

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Remarks
Antidifferentiation (or integration) is the process of finding
a function from its derivative.
Notation:

The expression on the left-hand side is also called an indefinite

integral.
The equation above is equivalent to

or

Example
Verify that
Simply show that the derivative of the function on the right is
the function in the integrand.
If
then
Therefore,

,
.

Example
Verify that

Example
Verify that

Theorems on Integration

Examples
Evaluate the following integrals.
1.

2.

3.

Examples
4.

5.

Exercise.
1 x

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x dx

x 5x 4
3

3x 4

dx

dx

1 x
x

dx

Theorem. The Chain Rule for

Antidifferentiation
Let g be a differentiable function, and let the range of g be an
interval I. Suppose that f is a function defined on I and that F
is an antiderivative of f on I. Then

f g x g ' x dx F g x c

Note.
This chain rule simply involves a change in variable in the
integral.
Suppose u g x .
Then du g ' x dx.

and the integral

becomes

f g x g ' x dx F g x c

f u du F u c

Exercise.
x 2

3x

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

dx

Exercise.

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x 2 dx
3

Exercise.

8 x dx
x 2
3

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

Exercise.

x dx
4 3

x 2

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

Exercise.

x 3 dx
3 2

x 6x

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

- - STOP HERE - Wednesday: Exercise on Optimization and

Differentials

Exercise.

6 x dx
x 1
2

Let u x 1
du 2 xdx
2

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x 2 x dx
2

x 1
2

1/2

3
u

u 1 du

1/2

du

u 3/2 u1/2
3

3 / 2 1/ 2

Exercise.

6 x dx
x 1
2

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

u 3/2 u1/2
3

3 / 2 1/ 2

2u

3/2

6u

1/2

2 x 1
2

3/2

6 x 1
2

1/2

Trigonometric Functions

Exercise.

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

cos 3x dx

Let u 3x
Then du 3dx

cos udu
3

cos 3 x 3dx
3

1
sin u c
3
1
sin 3 x c
3

Exercise.
x
sin dx
2
x
Let u
2
1
Then du dx
2

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

x1
2 sin dx
22

2 sin udu

2 cos u c

x
2 cos c
2

Exercise.

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

sec x tan x
sec x tan x
dx 2
dx
x
2 x
Let u x

dx
Then du
2 x

2 sec u tan udu

2sec u c

2sec x c

Exercise.

cos

sin x
2

VOLUNTEER?

dx

1 tan x

dx

x cos 4 x dx

Exercise.

x sin

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

4 x cos 4 x dx
3

Let u sin 4 x

dx

Then du 12 x cos 4 x
2

4x c

1
1
5
2
5
3
3
u du
12 x sin 4 x cos 4 x dx
12
12

1 u

c
12 6

sin

72

Preliminaries

Area of a Plane Region

We want to determine the area of a plane region that lies under
the curve
, above the x-axis and between the lines

Area of a Plane Region

First, lets subdivide the region into strips of equal width.
Since there are n strips, each strip has width

Area of a Plane Region

Thus, we divide the interval

into subintervals

From each interval, we will choose any number.

Choose

in the i-th subinterval

Using these sample points, we form rectangles whose heights

are
.

Area of a Plane Region

Note the following

Area of a Plane Region

Note that the sum of the areas of the rectangles is near the area
of the plane region.

Area of a Plane Region

Now, let us get the area of the rectangles.
The width of the i-th rectangle is

, while its height is

Then the sum of the areas of the rectangles is

This sum can also be expressed as

We call this the Riemann sum.

Area of a Plane Region

Note what happens when we increase the number of the
rectangles.

Area of a Plane Region

The area of the plane region that lies under the curve
above the x-axis and between the lines
and

,
is

Example
Determine the area of the region in the figure.
The interval is [0,1],
while the function is

Example
Subdivide the interval into n equal parts.
The width of each interval is

For the sample point, let us choose the right endpoint of each
subinterval.
For the subinterval

, we choose

Thus, the area of the region is given by

Example

The area of the plane region is 1/3.

Example
Determine the area of the region below the curve
above the x-axis from -1 to 2.

Divide the interval [-1,2] into n subintervals of width

This time, let us choose the left endpoint as the sample point for
each subinterval.
For the subinterval

, choose

Example
Then, the area of the region is given by

Example

The area of the plane region is 21/2.

Definite Integral
If f is a function defined on the closed interval [a,b], then the
definite integral of f from a to b is given by

if this limit exists.

If the limit exists, then we say f is integrable on [a,b].
a is the lower limit (or bound), while b is the upper limit (or
bound) of the integral.

Properties
If the function is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], then it
is integrable on the interval [a,b].
If

, then

if it exists.
If

exists, then

Definite Integral

- - STOP HERE - Friday: more on Riemann Integrals