TYPES OF CHEMICAL

REACTIONS
CHARLES DAVE BISNAR
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN NURSING-1
MAAM ANALYN G.
GULTIANO
CHEMISTRY 11.1
MONDAY, FRIDAY: 04:0007:00 P.M
SEPTEMBER 22, 2015

CONTENTS
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
I.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the lab was to create a demonstration that presented four types
of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single-displacement, and
double-displacement). Each type of chemical reaction has different properties
and has different indicators that a reaction has occurred. The experiment
exposed other compounds to each other or put a compound against conditions
that would cause a chemical reaction, such as a compound being exposed to
heat.

Chemical reactions are processes in which substances change into other substances.
You know a chemical reaction takes place if one or more of these occur:

Color changes - Different combinations of molecules reflect light differently. A color

change indicates a change in molecules.

Heat content changes - In all chemical reactions, the heat content of the reactants and
the heat content of the products is never the same. Sometimes the difference is great and
can be easily detected. At other times, the difference is slight and more difficult to detect.

Gas produced - Whenever a gaseous product forms in a liquid solution, bubbles can be
seen. A colorless gas produced in a reaction of solids is much harder to detect.

Precipitate forms - Precipitates are insoluble products formed by a reaction taking place
in a liquid solution. This insoluble product will eventually settle to the bottom, but might
immediately appear by turning the clear solution cloudy.

Most chemical reactions can be placed into one of five basic types:
1. Decomposition Reactions

A compound breaks into parts.

compound element + element

2H2O 2H2 + O2

Some decomposition complications with heat:

Some acids, when heated, decompose into an acidic oxide and H2O.
H2SO3 SO2 + H2O

Metallic hydroxides, when heated, decompose into a metallic oxide and H2O.
Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O

Metallic carbonates, when heated, decompose into a metallic oxide and CO2.
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2

Metallic chlorates, when heated, decompose into metallic chlorides and O2.
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

2. Synthesis Reactions

Elements are joined together.

element + element compound

2H2 + O2 2H2O

Compounds are joined together

compound + compound compound

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

3. Single Displacement Reactions

A single element replaces an element in a compound.

element + compound element + compound

Zn + 2HCl H2 + ZnCl2

4. Double Displacement Reactions

An element from each of two compounds switch places.

compound + compound compound + compound

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

5. Combustion Reactions

A hydrocarbon (a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen) combines with

oxygen.

The products of combustion are always carbon dioxide and water.

hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

When metallic substances combine with oxygen, the result is an oxidation-reduction

reaction.
The rusting of iron - 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

In view of this; to verify or investigate the above concept, an experiment was conducted with the
following objectives:
1. Determined the type of reaction involved:
A. The copper metal was converted into cupric oxide;
B. The copper metal was converted into cupric nitrate;
C. The cupric nitrate was converted into cupric hydroxide;
D. The cupric hydroxide was converted into cupric oxide;
E. The cupric oxide was converted into cupric chloride;
F. The cupric chloride was converted into copper;
2. Identified the products of the chemical reaction
3. Summarized the chemical reacted in terms of a balanced equation.

II. METHODOLOGY
A. Materials and Apparatus

The chemicals used in the experiment were as follows:

*HNO3 (Nitric Acid) and
*NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide.) The apparatus used included Alcohol lamp, Tongs, Beaker, Watch
glass,
Stirring rod, Iron ring, Iron stand, Iron clamp, and Wire gauze.
Materials included in the experiment include standard lab equipment, samples of Magnesium,
dioxide, copper carbonate (III), aluminum foil,copper chloride, AgNO3, CuSO4, Fe(NO3)3, KI and
KSCN.

B. Procedure

For the first experiment burn magnesium and observe the reaction. For the secondlab
heat copper (II) carbonate in a test tube and observe the reaction. For the third lab adda
small piece of aluminum to a test tube. Cover the aluminum foil with copper chlorideand
observe the reaction after several minutes.
The fourth lab calls for an arrangement of each sample (AgNO3, CuSO4, Fe(NO3)3, KI
and KSCN) so that each sample interacts with one another and observe all reactions.
A. Changing Copper to Cupric Oxide
1. Obtained a small strip of copper from the counter. The properties of its
characteristic, color, kind of surface, and other physical characteristics
had taken notes about it.
2. Heated the copper strip strongly in the burner flame for 5 minutes. The
properties of the heated copper were compared with the unheated
copper.
B. Changing Copper to Cupric acid
1. Placed 1-2 pieces of copper strip into a 50-mL or 100-mL beaker.
2. The 1 mL conc. HNO3 was added into the beaker and directly covered
with a watch glass. Recorded the result of the copper strip and the color
of the gas evolved. Caution: The poisonous NO2 gas should not be
inhaled!
C. Changing Cupric Nitrate to Cupric Hydroxide
1. The solution in Procedure B-2was tested with a litmus paper.
2. Measured 4.0 mL 6N NaOH.
3. The ice water was put in a 250-mL beaker. The beaker containing the
solution from B-2 was immersed. NaOH was added drop by drop to the
solution, stirred continuously until the solution became basic litmus.

D. Changing Cupric Hydroxide to Cupric Oxide

1. Transferred the precipitate formed from Procedure C-3 above into a
beaker and added 20 mL tap water.
2. Heated the mixture to boiling point with constant stirring until the
precipitate changed to brownish black. Filtered and washed the resulting
solid with 10 mL portions of hot water.

E. Changing Cupric Oxide to Cupric Chloride

1. The precipitate in the filter paper from Procedure D-2, 6M HCl was
added drop by drop while catching the resulting liquid with a clean dry
test tube.
2. The procedure was continued until the precipitate has dissolved.

F. Changing Cupric Chloride to Copper

1. The thin aluminum wire was immersed into the solution on one end
from Procedure E-2.
2. The color of the deposit on the surface of aluminum and the original
copper were compared.

III. RESULTS

The first experiment can be represented by the equation

2Mg + O2 2MgO
The magnesium reacted with the flame and changed color to produce Magnesium Oxide
The second lab showed the decomposition of copper (II) carbonate to carbon dioxide and
copper oxide. The compound changed color from blue to black. It is represented by the
chemical equation
CuCO3 CO2+ CuO
The third lab was a reaction between an aluminum sample and copper chloride. Bubbles
and black pigment appeared near the aluminum sample. Heat was produced by the
reaction. It can be represented by the chemical equation.
Fourth lab was multiple reactions that were all examples of double-displacement
chemical reactions. The table below demonstrates the reactions and observations made.

AgNO3

CuNO3

Fe(NO3)3

KI

AgNO3

Cloudy

CloudyOrange

Exploded/Solidi
fied

CuNO3

Cloudy

No
Reaction

Yellow-Orange

Green

Fe(NO3)3

Cloudy-Orange

No
Reaction

Orange

Black

KI

Exploded/Solidi
fied

YellowOrange

Orange

No
Reaction

KSCN

Explodes/White
Cloud

Green

Black

No Reaction

Exercise 18
Types of Chemical Reactions

A. Changing Cu to CuO
COLOR
Unheated copper

FORMULA OF THE SUBSTANCE

Reddish Brown

Heated Copper

CuO

Bleach

Cu+O

Type of Chemical Reaction: Combustion/Synthesis

Balanced Chemical Equation:

2Cu + O2

B. Changing Cu to Cu(NO3)2
Color of the gas produced: Brown
Name of the gas:

Nitrogen Dioxide

2CuO

Cu
CuO

KSCN

Exploded
/ White

Color of the solution produced: Blue

Formula of the substance responsible for the color of the solution:
Cu(NO3)2
Type of chemical reaction: Single replacement + Substitution
Balanced chemical reaction: Cu + 4HNO3

Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

C. Changing Cu(NO3)2 to Cu(OH)2

Color of the precipitate formed: Blue
Formula of the precipitate: Cu(OH)2
Type of chemical reaction: Double Decomposition
Balanced chemical equation: Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH

Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3

D. Changing Cu(OH)2 to CuO

Color of the precipitate formed: Brownish Black
Formula of the precipitate: CuO
Type of chemical reaction: Decomposition
Balanced chemical equation: Cu(OH)2

CuO + H2O

E. Changing CuO to CuCl2

Color of solution: Blue Green
Formula of the substances responsible for the color of the solution: CuCl2
Type of chemical reaction: Double Decomposition
Balanced chemical equation: CuO + 2HCl

F. Changing CuCl2 to Cu

CuCl2 + H2O

Observable result on the aluminum wire: The tip that was immense melt and the color turns
brown.
Formula on the substance formed on the aluminum wire: Cu
Type of chemical reaction: Redox
Balanced chemical equation: 3CuCl2 + 2Al

2AlCl3 + 3Cu

IV. DISCUSSION

In the first lab the magnesium reacted with the flame by producing magnesium oxide. This is an
example of synthesis. Synthesis can occur naturally but also when one compound or molecule is
introduced to another. The reaction occurred because the magnesium sample was introduced
to the flame. It follows the synthesis formula of
A + B AB or (in the case of the lab) 2Mg + O2 2MgO
The reason it needed to be two magnesium molecules is because all chemical equations must be
balanced. The magnesium oxide product appeared as a white powder. The transition of states of
matter was from solid and gas to solid. The signs of a chemical reaction taking place were color
change and an odor that emitted. Magnesium Oxide is a naturally occurring mineral that can
form inside of your body. It is used to supply magnesium to your body which is necessary for
health of nerves and muscles. So the chemical reaction that was observed in the lab occurs in
humans bodies naturally all the time. The second lab was a demonstration of decomposition.
The reaction occurred when the compound copper (II) carbonate was heated. The compound
decomposed to carbon dioxide and copper oxide. The products exposure to heat is what leads to
its decomposition. Decomposition can best be represented by the formula
AB A + B
Decomposition often occurs when a compound is introduced to heat or lack of heat. The lab
exemplifies this. Indicators that a chemical reaction had occurred were a smell and the
compound had changed to a black color.
The third lab was an example of a single displacement reaction. The aluminium foil reacted
copper chloride by yielding bubbles and black pigment. Also heat was exerted by the reaction.
The single displacement formula is
AB + X AX + B

With that formula Robert formed the chemical equation that would apply to the lab. The result is
CuCl + Al CuAl + Cl
There is room for error in that equation for there could be more molecules that were not
accounted for. The reason the reaction took a relatively long time is because it took several
moments for each molecule of aluminum to displace the chlorine molecules. Heat was exerted
because of the kinetic energies of the molecules rearranging which could lead to a hypothesis
stating that all single (or double) displacement reactions exert heat due to the exchange of
molecules. The final lab was a demonstration of double-displacement reactions. Each reaction
that occurred in the twenty-five wells was a double-displacement reaction. Almost every reaction
produced a precipitate of solid. Some samples had violent reactions while others no visible
reaction took place. All of the samples produced heat which supports the previous stated
hypothesis that all displacement reactions produce heat. Some compounds exploded when
introduced to others. A reaction like this occurs when the process of the displacement of
molecules rearranges and collides. There are three switches downstairs. Each corresponds to one
of the three light bulbs in the attic. You can turn the switches on and off and leave them in any
position. How would you identify which switch corresponds to which light bulb, if you are only
allowed one trip upstairs? In the lab reactions that introduced the same compound to each other
were not accounted for. There was no room for human error unless ridiculous proportions were
used. Each lab illustrated how each kind of chemical reaction contrasts and influences involved
in the reactions. I would still like to pursue the displacement causing heat hypothesis in further
experimentation.

V. Conclusion and Recommendation

Therefore, chemical reactions occur anywhere. Patience is important while

heating, in order for a reaction to transpire. Multiple reactions happened just as expected. If
patience exists, the more reactions are observed during the experiment. Rushing some element
was fine but it is important to take it slow and seize every moment during the experiment for it to
be enjoyable and observed properly. This experiment connects to real life because chemical
reactions happen every day. Change is really constant, nothing stays the same forever. As how
the mixture and precipitation happened, it was proved how change works in reality. From how
the things would change physically, it was proven and tested. A piece of advice would be on
continuing on observing how things change and accept the fact that everything changes simply
because change is constant.
VI. REFERENCES

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