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I.
General
1. Design Philosophy - PREAMBLE
The purpose of this calculation is to verify the thickness of glass and its
supporting structure for its integrity, strength and stability verification.
The result of this conclusion is that the structure considered adequate
in meeting the required of design criteria.
The balustrade at the balcony area comprises of 16mm thick clear
tempered glass fixed as per the shop drawings. The model has been
analysed for the various load combinations as explained in the load
built-up.
2. Unit of Measurement
Unit of measurement in design shall be in Metric system.
II.
Design Calculations
1. Design Code and reference:
Loading as per BS 6399 Part 1, 1996
Wind loads as per BS 6399 Part 2, 1997
2. Materials
GLASS PROPERTIES
16mm thick clear tempered glass
The modulus of elasticity E = 72.7 GPa
The modulus of Shear G = 29.6 GPa
The modulus of Rupture = 41.4 MPa
Poisson Ratio = 0.23
Density = 24.525 KN/m3
Flexure Strength = 41MPa = 41 N/mm2
3. Loading
Dead Load Self weight is considered
The Forces acting on the Handrails apart from self weight are
as follows which is complying with the required standards:
Loading as per BS 6399 Part 1, 1996 Table 4 Minimum horizontal
imposed loads for balustrades has been considered.
The occupancy type used is C3 Group (ix)
Modulus of Rigidity (Shear) (G) -- 4.3 x 106 psi (29.6 x 109 Pa = 29.6
GPa)
Poisson's Ratio -- 0.23
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion -- 4.6 x 10-6 strain per oF (8.3 x 10-6
strain per oC)
Density -- 156 lbs. per cubic foot (2500 kg/m3)
Modulus of Rupture (Flexure)a -- 6000 lbs/sq. in. (41.4 mpa):
(mean)
(design: 8 breaks in
1000)b
Annealed Glass --
Heat-Strengthened Glass -- 12,000 psi (83 MPa) 5,600 psi (39 MPa)
Fully Tempered Glass -- 24,000 psi (166 MPa)
MPa)
GLASS CALCULATIONS
The Glass is considered of size 900mm X 16mm thick with 1050mm
high.
Horizontal Load and moment acting at the support is calculated as
mentioned below:
Case 1:
xx
xx
= 307,200 mm4
= 2.66mm
L/360 = 1050 / 360
L/360 = 2.917mm
Hence the deflection is less than the permissible values.
Check for Deflection for case 1 load:
= PL3 / (48 EI)
< L / 200
E = 70000 MPa
I xx = 307200 mm4 as shown above,
Loading shall be considered as 80% of the Ultimate load in calculating
the deflection,
P = 0.80 X 0.740 = 0.592 KN = 592 N
= (592) X (1050)3 /(48 X 72000 X 307200)
Note: for long term deflection un-factored load is considered.
= 0.646 mm
L/360 = 1050 / 360
L/360 = 2.917mm
< 2.917mm
Hence the deflection is less than the permissible values.
Check for shear force:
Shear Force acting = 0.740 KN
Shear Force developed due to the section = Shear Stress X Area
Shear Force = 64 X 14400 = 921.60 KN
Hence, the shear force developed is more than the required from the
design calculations.
Conclusion:
All sections used are structurally sufficient and meet its intended purpose.