Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Handbook
October2010
Table of contents
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................... 5
1
Introduction................................................................................................ 7
1.1
1.2
Introduction ................................................................................................................9
Legislative framework ................................................................................................9
Institutional framework .............................................................................................12
Background................................................................................................................7
Structure ....................................................................................................................7
Introduction ..............................................................................................................15
Recommendations for improved organisation, management and financing ............15
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Annexes.......................................................................................................... 43
Colophon ........................................................................................................ 73
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Acknowledgement
The past two years we have successfully co-operated with a vast number of enthusiastic Turkish
colleagues in the framework of the Dutch-Turkish Government-to-Government programme. Several
pilots, trainings and working meetings were held on the topic of waste water treatment in small and
medium sized municipalities. These experiences resulted in the development of this Handbook.
We would sincerely like to thank the experts involved of the following organisations for their
contribution to the project and for their enthusiasm and valuable input:
Iller Bank
The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF)
Turkish Municipalities Union (TMU)
We hope that everyone enjoyed the co-operation as much as we did, and we are looking forward to
continuation of our co-operation in the very near future.
Yours truly,
The project team:
Corinne van Voorden (Ameco)
Nicola Bekker (Ameco)
Hans Jansen (TAUW )
Mike van Boldrik (TAUW)
Paul Telkamp (TAUW)
Gerard Rundberg (World Waternet)
Otto Ferf Jentink (World Waternet)
Cavit Soydas (World Waternet)
Monique van der Straaten (NL Agency)
Fatih Altunkaynak (IBS)
Seyla Ergenekon (IBS)
Tamer Atabarut (IBS)
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1
1.1
Introduction
Background
This Handbook was developed in the framework of the project Development of an Appropriate
Methodology for Wastewater Treatment in Small and Medium Sized Municipalities in Turkey
(G2G08/TR/7/2), a Government-to-Government project funded by the Dutch Government.
The purpose of the project was to contribute to the implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC of
21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment.
By 2017 all small and medium sized municipalities in Turkey (2.000 - 50.000 p.e.) should have access
to waste water treatment.
Specific priorities include:
Identification of sustainable technological solutions which are appropriate for small and medium
sized municipalities and which comply with the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.
Improving management and organisation of waste water treatment (development of water unions,
co-operation within the chain, training).
Improving the operation and maintenance of (existing) waste water treatment plants (allocation of
human and financial resources, improving efficiency, training).
The purpose of this Handbook is to provide organisational, managerial and financial tools for waste
water treatment in small and medium sized municipalities. The Handbook is meant for professionals
and experts working in the field of waste water treatment (local, regional and national authorities,
municipalities and other associated organisations).
For small and medium sized municipalities, the definition according to the Urban Waste Water
Treatment Directive (UWWTD) is used, namely municipalities with a population equivalent of 200050.000. This means in Turkey approximately 2500 municipalities still need to get access to waste
water treatment.
1.2
Structure
The first chapter of the Handbook provides an overview of the legal and institutional framework for
waste water treatment. This chapter is followed by a chapter with recommendations and tools for
improved organisation and management of waste water treatment and a chapter on tools in the
technological field. The topic of operation and maintenance of WWTPs is included as a separate
chapter, due to its importance.
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2
2.1
Introduction
This chapter provides an overview of the legislative framework and of the institutional setting for waste
water treatment. Some future challenges have been identified when it comes to responsibilities and
duties related to waste water treatment.
2.2
Legislative framework
Taking into consideration (waste) water treatment, the following Turkish legislative documents have
been harmonised with European directives:
UWWTD;
Water Framework Directive;
Drinking Water Directive;
Quality of Surface Water intended for the abstraction of Drinking Water Directive;
Directive on Dangerous Substances Discharged into Water;
Nitrate Directive; and
Bathing Water Directive.
The two Turkish regulations that regulate UWW discharges, based on the UWWTD Council Directive
91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 (UWWTD), are:
By-law on UWWT, in which the collection, treatment and discharge of urban wastewater on
UWWPs is arranged.
By-law on Control of Water Pollution, whose aim is to regulate the water pollution of all discharges
of households and industries on surface water.
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T.C
T.C
MINISTRY
OF
ENVIRONMENT
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTAND
ANDFORESTRY
FORESTRY
Establishment
Law
Establishment Law
(4856
(48562003)
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By-Law
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onControl
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Getting
and
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(2005)
10
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2.3
Institutional framework
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2.
Municipalities check whether the wastewater conforms with Article 44 and Table 25 of the
By-law on Control of Water Pollution
3.
4.
5.
6.
Change permits when necessary (conditions Table 25 of the By-law on Control of Water
Pollution)
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2.
The provincial office of the MoEF checks whether the application conforms to the
Notification about Administrational Methods of the By-law on Control of Water Pollution
3.
The provincial office of the MoEF checks whether the wastewater conforms to Article
37 (Table 5 - 21) of the By-law on Control of Water Pollution
4.
5.
The municipality takes samples. Data are kept for three years
6.
The provincial office of the MoEF checks the discharge permission values with own
measurements
7.
The provincial office of the MoEF makes a status report of all the public UWWTP
discharges in their region every two years and sends it to the MoEF in Ankara
8.
The MoEF in Ankara evaluate the result of regions every two years;
9.
The Provincial office of the MoEF, together with the municipalities, prepares an
implementation program to implement the By-law
Future challenges
The requirements of the UWWTD have been incorporated in Turkish laws and
regulations; however a more integrated approach to the waste water and other
environmental directives could be developed.
Municipalities extend permits for industrial discharges into the sewerage system but do
not check the quality of these discharges; to improve the control of discharges the
capacity at regional and local authority level should be enhanced.
The Enforcement of regulation could be improved. The Provincial Directorate of the
MoEF is responsible for monitoring the operational performance of the UWWTP. The
MoEF would prefer municipalities to carry out these tasks too, but there is insufficient
capacity to do so.
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3.1
Introduction
Municipalities are held responsible for the realisation, operation and maintenance of
UWWTPs and financing waste water services.
By 2012 all municipalities with more than 50,000 p.e. and by 2017 all municipalities with
more than 2,000 p.e., should have access to waste water treatment. There are about 2,500
small and medium sized municipalities (with a population equivalent between 2,000-50,000)
that still need to get access to waste water treatment. To be able to treat financing and
construction requests from municipalities in an efficient way, some organisational
recommendations are provided.
The operation and maintenance of UWWTPs could be improved considerably when
considering efficiency measures, organisational and financial tools. Recommendations are
provided to improve operation and maintenance.
3.2
Recommendations
for
improved
organisation,
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Energy consumption
Manpower, management
Manpower, technicians
Manpower, labour
Precipitation chemicals
Polymers
3,8 per Kg
Transport of sludge
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4
4.1
Introduction
4.2
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4.3
Taking into consideration that Turkey wants to comply with the Urban Waste Water
Treatment Directive, activated sludge UWWTPs are found to be the most appropriate plants
for small and medium sized municipalities. Other treatment forms include for example SBR
(Sequence Batch Reactor) and lagoons (see annex 6 small size technologies for domestic
waste water treatment) which are more simplified and economical feasible, however
UWWTD requirements with respect to Nitrate and Phosphate removal are not met.
Activated sludge UWWTPs consist of simultaneous and multi compartment systems. The
multi compartment systems are in the Netherlands at the forefront of smart technology for
UWWTPs. The multi compartment systems prevent bulking sludge and are focussed on
optimal biological nitrogen and phosphate removal. The following paragraphs discuss the
process choices and configurations forms.
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R w z is in N L m e t B Z V /N v a n 2 ,8 -3 ,0
kom en veel voor
R e la t ie S V I e n F r a c t ie O 2 s lib
IW A C a se y
120
K ru it
100
80
60
40
S T O W A L ic h tslib o n d e rz o e k
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
F r a c t ie a e r o o b s lib
Figure 3: Trend of the relative SVI as a function of the fraction of aerobic sludge
2) Microtrix parvicella is a hydrophobic filamentous bacterium with a low growth rate but a
high substrate affinity. It can only grow at higher fatty acids and reduced N and S, below
(micro-aerophilic) aerobic conditions. Under anoxic conditions Microtrix parvicella is not able
to grow, but it is still able to adsorb higher fatty acids. An aerobic tank with an oxygen
concentration >1.5 mg/l and a sufficiently high aerobic sludge fraction will result in a low
ammonia concentration in the effluent. This creates a competitive disadvantage for Microtrix
parvicella.
3) Plug-flow conditions in the anaerobic tank (if applicable) and pre-denitrification tank (if
applicable) also support the penetration of higher fatty acids in the floc, making them less
available for Microtrix parvicella in the aerobic tank.
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4) A pre-denitrification tank with a certain minimum contact time after the anaerobic tank also
encourages the formation of the correct bacteria and prevents the growth of Microtrix
parvicella due to the lack of simultaneous conditions
In the fixed anoxic reactor Microtrix parvicella is not able to grow, but it can absorb higher
fatty acids. However other micro-organisms can also adsorb higher fatty acids under these
circumstances, but these micro-organisms can grow and prove to be more competitive. A
pre-denitrification tank contributes to the selection of the appropriate flocculation bacteria.
The plug flow configuration results in a substrate gradient resulting in adsorption of COD and
(higher) fatty acids on the floc.
5) A facultative tank for nitrification in winter and denitrification in summer might be
necessary
This is depending on the BOD/N ratio in the wastewater (see paragraph 5.3.4).
Summarized
Sludge bulking problems resulting from Microtrix parvicella only occurs at lower
temperatures (< 15 C). In summer Microtrix parvicella is irrelevant. The filamentous bacteria
will get a different shape at temperatures above 15 C and dont contribute anymore to the
sludge bulking problem. In practice this means that at temperatures above 15 C the fraction
of aerobic sludge and the ammonium concentration (in relation to prevention of sludge
bulking) is not as critical.
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Due to this effect a disturbance of the Bio-P process will occur. Especially in the winter
phosphate concentration in the effluent can become higher. The effect of inhibited phosphate
removal may last for several weeks. The UCT process is designed in such a way that in the
fixed anoxic tank full denitrification occurs. In this way the anaerobic tank will stay strictly
anaerobic throughout the year.
This has the following advantages:
The UCT process uses less (or no) chemicals. The UCT process is therefore more
durable than the Phoredox process.
All fatty acids will be used for the biological Premoval, which reduces the P
concentration in the effluent. Besides the more efficient phosphorus removal also more
BOD is available for the denitrification which results in a faster denitrification process.
The amount of compartments within a UWWTP for nitrogen removal is based on the BOD/N
ratio (Dutch guideline). The following figure presents the relation between the BOD/N ratio
and the amount of compartments.
Aerobic volume
Anoxic volume
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spuislib
Figure 6
In the anaerobic reactor the selection for the bio-P bacteria takes place. In the first anoxic
reactor (Anox 1) pre-denitrification takes place. In this reactor the nitrate in the return sludge
is reduced with the residual biodegradable COD from the anaerobic tank. Then the sludge
without nitrate is recycled to the anaerobic tank (recirculation A). In this process the volatile
fatty acids are completely for the bio-P bacteria.
In a second anoxic reactor (Anox 2) the nitrate is denitrified that was formed in the aerobic
reactor (Aerobic). In the aerobic reactor nitrification takes place and the remaining
biodegradable COD is degraded. The formed nitrate is recycled from the aerobic reactor to
the anoxic tank (with recirculation B) for denitrification. In this system all volatile fatty acids
will be beneficial for the bio-P bacteria. Thats why in this system the biological phosphate
removal is prior over the nitrogen removal.
In the Netherlands the UCT process is mainly used in combination with Chemical-Biological
Nitrogen and Phosphate Removal (UCT-BCFS process).
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BCFS process
spuislib
Figure 7
The influent enters the anaerobic zone. After the anaerobic zone the mix of wastewater and
sludge enters the other compartments starting with the selector (contact tank), the anoxic
zone 1 (fixed anoxic reactor), anoxic zone 2 (facultative reactor) and the aerobic reactor.
The process is regulated by controlling the different recirculation flows (recirculation A, B and
C). The last aerobic reactor is oxygen regulated. Additional phosphorus removal is achieved
by extracting phosphate-rich water from the anaerobic zone through a so-called stripper
tank. A metal solution will be added to this phosphate-rich stream and the stream is
transported to a sludge thickener where precipitation occurs.
Phoredox process
spuislib
Figure 8
In the anaerobic reactor the selection for bio-P bacteria takes place. In the first anoxic
reactor (Anox 1) pre-denitrification takes place. Nitrate is fed by the recirculation from the
aerobic reactor towards Anox 1. In the first aerobic reactor nitrification takes place and the
remaining biodegradable COD is degraded. In order to limit the recirculation the remaining
nitrate is denitrified in a second anoxic reactor (Anox 2). In the following aerobic reactor the
sludge is refreshed. The return sludge is recycled to the anaerobic reactor. The first part of
the anaerobic tank will be anoxic because there is still some remaining nitrate left in the
return sludge.
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In this system a part of the volatile fatty acids will be beneficial for the denitrification and not
for the bio-P bacteria. In this system the nitrogen removal is prior over the biological
phosphate removal.
The original Phoredox process is based on complete plug flow reactors which results in 5
different reactors. In the Netherlands the last three reactors are almost always combined to
one carrousel reactor (simultaneous (de)nitrification). Within this carousel reactor the same
zones can be distinguished. In the following figure the Phoredox process is shown as used in
the Netherlands.
spuislib
Figure 9
Figure 10
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The simultaneous (de)nitrification takes place in one reactor. The reactor is a circulation
reactor with one ore more aerated and non-aerated zones. The process conditions will
fluctuate between aerobic and anoxic conditions continuously as a result of the different
zones. The simultaneous process can reach very low nitrate concentrations. De
simultaneous process can lead to a high SVI. Therefore the settling tanks need to be
designed for a SVI of 150 ml/g. For the UCT or Phoredox process the design SVI is 120
ml/g.
For the realization of Bio-P removal a separate anaerobic tank before the circulation system
needs to be installed.
4.4
Innovative techniques
In the previous paragraph a lot of attention has been paid to state-of-the-art activated sludge
systems. Besides these systems there are also new innovative techniques on the market.
Within this paragraph some innovative techniques are described.
Anammox, Oland, SHARON, DEMON and BABE
These are all techniques for removal of nitrogen in wastewater. These techniques consume
less oxygen than conventional activated sludge systems, but they are only appropriate for
highly concentrated nitrogen streams like rejection water from dewatering digested sludge.
Also the operation of these techniques is more complex than the operation of conventional
activated sludge systems. By treating the rejection water with one of these techniques the
amount of nitrogen that will return to the activated sludge plants will be considerably
reduced. These kinds of techniques are only cost-effective at large UWWTPs with anaerobic
digesting tanks. So these kinds of techniques are not appropriate for the small and medium
sized municipalities.
Sand filtration
Sand filtration can be used when the effluent demands are strict (for instance N < 5 mg/l and
P-total < 0,5 mg/l). This might be the case when effluent is discharged to sensitive areas.
Sand filtration can be placed as a post treatment after the (secondary) settling tanks for
lowering the nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended solids.
MembraneBioReactor (MBR)
With a MBR a high effluent quality can be obtained. The footprint of a MBR is relatively small
which makes it interesting for situations where the available space is limited or if the land
value is high. Disadvantages of an MBR are the high energy consumption, high investment
cost and the complexity of the operation. For the small and medium sized municipalities it is
advised to only consider a MBR when the needed area for a conventional activated sludge
system is not available.
NeredaTM
With this innovative technique the bacteria do not grow in the form of a floc but in compact
granules. It is stated that the energy consumption will reduce considerably and less surface
is needed because there is no need for separate settling tanks. This technique is promising,
but has not been proven on full-scale yet.
The complexity of Nereda is possibly higher than with a conventional activated sludge
system and also the robustness is not known yet. At this moment the first full-scale
installation for urban waste water is built in the Netherlands. The start-up is planned for
2011. As this technique is not a proven technique (yet), it is not recommended to apply this
in Turkey at this moment.
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In addition to the above mentioned innovative techniques there is also another innovative
approach called New Sanitation (or Decentralised Sanitation). New sanitation is based on
separation at source within a household. Within a household we can distinguish different
wastewater streams, namely:
Black water (consists of urine, faeces and an amount of flushing water and is a
concentrated stream)
Grey water (coming from kitchen, bathroom and washing machine and is a relatively
slightly polluted stream).
Rain water (least polluted stream)
Rain water
Alternatively
separate urine
Grey water
Food waste
Black water
Figure 11
For the Turkish situation rain water is already kept separately from the black and grey water.
But the concentrated black water is still mixed with the less polluted grey water. So the
polluted stream is mixed with the less polluted stream. Concentrated black water (which can
be obtained with for instance vacuum toilets) contains almost all nutrients and pathogens
and all medicines and hormones.
Keeping the black water separated from the relatively slightly polluted grey water results in
opportunities to produce biogas, recover phosphorus and effectively treat the medicines and
hormones if desired. As New Sanitation already starts within a household it is in many cases
only worth considering with the development of new urban areas or large scale renovations.
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4.5
Design Criteria
In this section, an overview is given of design criteria of the different parts of a waste water
treatment plant.
4.4.1 Screens
Component
Solids
COD
BOD
P-total
N-total
BOD:N:P
Outlet pre set.
Without pre
settling
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
24:6:1
BOD/N = 4,0
Normal pre
settling
30-40 %
25-35 %
20-30 %
10-20 %
5-10%
21:6:1
BOD/N = 3,5
29
With
precipitation
60-80 %
35-60 %
45-70%
60-90 %
15-30 %
10:5:1
BOD/N = 2,0
Advanced pre
treatment (PE)
60-90 %
30-60 %
40-50 %
20-35 %
10-30 %
13:5:1
BOD/N = 2,6
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4.4.4 Biological
Activated sludge
Bacteria and other micro organisms such as ciliates, flagellates, amoeba, etc. consume the
pollution from the waste water in the biological stages of the waste water treatment:
Phosphate removal, denitrification and nitrification. General design rules for all biological
stages:
Dry solids content (DS) of activated sludge on average 4-5 g/l
Water temperature 10 C 30 C (Dependent on season)
Sludge Volume Index (SVI) 120 ml/g. If SVI > 150 ml/g possibly bulking sludge
Size of settling tank is based on SVI and dry solids content
Sludge load between 0,05 0,25 kg BOD/kg DS.day (depending on nitrification and
temperature)
pH value: 6,5 8,0
Biological phosphate removal tank
Dissolution of phosphate by bacteria in the anaerobic tank is followed by an increased
bacterial phosphorous uptake in the aerobic stage (nitrification tank). Biological phosphorous
removal can be used as an alternative or in combination with P-precipitation.
Oxygen content in phosphate removal tank 0,5 mg/l
Preferably low NO3- content
Minimal amount of mixed compartments in sequence to create a plug flow: 4
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) 1 hour (depending of the amount easily biodegradable
COD). See the table below.
Unit
HRT
BOD < 10% COD influent
BOD 10-15% COD influent
BOD > 15-20% COD influent
Minimal amount of compartments
without pre
settling
Min
Min
Min
-
120
<60
45
4
With pre
settling
60
60
45
4
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Nitrification tank
Conversions: NH4+ -> NO2- and NO2- -> NO3 Oxygen content > 1.0 2.0 mg/l
Optimal pH value: 7.0 8.0
Sufficient aerobic sludge age (dependent on temperature and sludge load). At 10 C, a
minimal aerobic sludge age of 10 days is required for nitrification. This equals a sludge
load of maximally 0.15 kg BOD/kg DS.day.
No toxic substances
Preferably low NH4 and NO2 content
The aerobic volume must be aerobic for > 80%.
Size of nitrification tank is based on a maximal sludge load of 0.15 kg BOD/kg DS.day
(depending on the required minimal aerobic sludge age in relation to the temperature,
DS content, etc).
The nitrification rate is mostly dependent of DS content, temperature and pH.
Air
20%
Aeration systems
Bubble aerator
Fine
bubble
plates
tubes
disk
Membrane
elements
jet
aerators
Surface aerator
coarse
bubble
downflow
jet
aerators
rotor
ceramic
elements
fast
rotating
vert.s. aerat.
slow
rotating
vert.s. Aerat.
Traditional
Disk shape
innovative
Disk shape
Figure 12
These two main groups contain different systems with different specifications. One of the
main issues is the energy consumption in relation to oxygen input. The following table
presents the relation between oxygen and energy use for the most used aerators.
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Type of aerator
Bubble aerator: plates (fine bubbles)
Bubble aerator: disks (fine bubbles)
Surface aerator.: Vertical shaft slow speed (high efficient)
Surface aerator: Vertical shaft slow speed
Surface aerator: Vertical shaft (high speed rotating)
Surface aerator: rotor
O2 input per kW
4,5 5,5 kg O2/kW
4,0 5,0 kg O2/kW
2,0 2,2 kg O2/kW
1,6 1,8 kg O2/kW
1,4 1,6 kg O2/kW
1,2 1,7 kg O2/kW
The following table presents the operational aspects between bubbles and surface aerators.
description
Bubble aerators
reliability
serviceability
suitability
Sustainable energy
Sustainable noise and smell
experience
substitutability
capacity
++
+
+++
+++
+++
++
+
+++
Surface
shaft)
+++
+++
+++
+
+++
+++
+++
+++
aerators
(vertical
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27-37
15-30
Advised design
value
33
20
Unit
C
days
7
25
W/m3
% of time
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Applied value
Advised design
value
Unit
Belt press
Guaranteed DS%
Operational time
Water recovery
Polymer use
17-32
100
> 95
3-8
20
100
98
7
%
hour/week
%
g PE/kg DS
Centrifuge
Guaranteed DS%
Operational time
Water recovery
Polymer use
17-32
100
> 95
5-15
22
100
97
10
%
hour/week
%
g PE/kg DS
In case a belt press is chosen, measures must be taken for air purification.
4.6
Automatisation
4.6.1 Introduction
Use of automated systems will increase the efficiency of plants substantially. In general, the
components of the UWWTPs in small and medium sized municipalities are served on and off
manually. The operation and control of the machinery can be made easier and more efficient
by using simple controllers and timers. There is no need for using complicated hardware or
software. With smart process control- equipment and adjustments the high workload of the
operators will be reduced (they are available 24 hours a day).
The automatic operation of the systems will also reduce the energy use in the UWWTP:
Using better quality measuring equipment and applying extra level switches will prevent
flooding or running the pumps dry.
The use of more measuring sensors (Level, Oxygen, flow) and using more feedback for
targeted control of the machinery and more linearity of the process ensure a stable
process operation of the system.
Many process fluctuations, switching the machinery on and off too frequently without
feedback, disrupt the desired process results.
Execution of an energy assessment of the plant components with energy efficient
alternatives of machines is expected to increase improvements, which will reduce the
energy demand and therefore lower the yearly operating costs.
The functioning of existing UWWTPs can be improved by some relatively small
adjustments like online measurement equipment and automated process control
equipment.
Mainly the small UWWTPs have to be equipped with next measuring and controlling
instruments. It will reduce the cost of operation and maintenance.
Level switch
Level sensor
Flow sensor
Oxygen sensor
Controller
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Figure 13
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Figure 14
Nitrate/ammonium/oxygen control scheme
The nitrate/ammonium/oxygen regulation can also be described as a so called cascadeautomatisation. In this control scheme the ammonium set point is determined by the nitrate
concentration in the activated sludge tank. The ammonium control scheme determines the
oxygen set point and thereby the oxygen control scheme. The oxygen control scheme sends
out a signal to the aerators.
The nitrate content is measured in the activated sludge tank. If the nitrate concentration is
above a specified value (set point), the ammonium set point will be increased with a
specified value. If the nitrate content is below a specified value, the ammonium set point will
be decreased with a specified value. If the nitrate content is between the minimum and
maximum value, the ammonium set point will be set to the average value of the minimum
and maximum set points of ammonium. The control scheme will proceed as previously
described in the ammonium/oxygen control scheme. In the following figure the control
scheme is visualized.
Figure 15
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4.7
The TAUW calculation tool is an Excel spreadsheet for dimensioning wastewater treatment
plants. It is also possible to calculate the annual average N-total value in the effluent of
existing plants (calculating backwards). The effect of seasonally dependent loads can also
be calculated.
The calculations regarding the activated sludge are based on the German HSA model. In the
calculation tool the nitrification is set to as a temperature-dependent process instead of the
static conversion as in the HSA model. The nitrate formed (from ammonium) is the input for
the HSA-calculation for the effluent nitrate value. This model for nitrogen removal gives the
opportunity to calculate the annual average N-total effluent value even if there is a time
period where the temperature is below the design temperature. Different process
configurations (UCT, mUCT, BCFS, Phoredox and carrousel) can de dimensioned or fitted
within the calculation tool. Besides the HSA-model several other modules are included within
the tool such as a module for the aeration and a module for the settling tanks. For the
usability of the calculation tool a navigation toolbar is included.
Using a calculation tool is of course convenient because there is no need anymore to
dimension a UWWTP on paper and saves time, but using a calculation tool is only useful if
the background of the model is understood and the user knows how results should be
interpreted. Otherwise there is a considerable risk that the design made is not appropriate.
Annex 7 includes information on the TAUW Calculation Tool.
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5.1 Introduction
The operation and maintenance of UWWTPs could be improved considerably when
considering efficiency measures, planning, organisational, managerial and financing issues.
This chapter provides an overview of recommendations which could be taken into account.
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5.3 Operation
Focal points for the operation of UWWTPs include:
1) Monitoring
Regular sampling of the effluent water is needed to be able to measure if the effluent water
meets the standards. By monitoring the quality, energy consumption can be organised more
efficiently
2) Automation
Automation provides the operator with regular information; this information can be used to
improve the performance of the installation which will result in better effluent water quality
and efficient use of the installation
3) Staff, co-operation, exchange of knowledge
Involve trained staff with knowledge and experience on waste water treatment
Facilitate exchange of knowledge between the operators and maintenance staff by
holding meetings on regular basis
Initiate co-operation with plants of neighbouring municipalities
4) Manuals
The Iller Bank provides complete operation manuals.
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5.4 Maintenance
Focal points for the maintenance of UWWTPs include:
1) Development of a maintenance plan
Involve trained staff with knowledge and experience on waste water treatment
Facilitate exchange of knowledge between the operators and maintenance staff by
holding meetings on regular basis
Initiate co-operation with plants of neighbouring municipalities
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Annexes
43
Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
Annex 4
Annex 5
Annex 6
Annex 7
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Such discharges are shown to be in conformity with the control procedures laid down in
Annex II (In By-Law)
Comprehensive studies indicate that such discharges will not adversely effect the
environment. The municipality must send the outcome of the studies mentioned above to
the MoEF at least once a year.
The MoEF shall ensure that the identification of less sensitive areas is reviewed at
intervals of no more than four years.
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Advantage
Possible bottlenecks
Clear
organisation
form
Shared
responsibility
Independent
management
and
organisation
(elected board);
facilitating
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Establishment of Water
Board for managing
several UWWTPs
Outsourcing of Operation
and Maintenance of
UWWTPs to private
company
decisionmaking
Efficiency,
return on
investment
reached within
relative short
period
Capable
experts
available
Capacity required at
municipalities/MoEF to organise the
Water Board, elections etc.
General remarks:
Differences between municipalities need to be considered (geographical barriers, climate
issues, waste water characteristics, etc.).
Capacity needed at municipalities for organisation and management of waste water
treatment.
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Traditional tendering
Within the traditional tendering four process steps/phases can be distinguished. The
following overview shows the four process steps including its sub steps (if applicable).
1. Pre-design
a)
Points of Departure/preconditions
b)
System choice
c)
Technological design /dimensioning main components
d)
PFDs
e)
Process control scheme
f)
Basic design lay-out
g)
Basic information equipment
h)
Civil calculations
2. Final design
3. Construction
4. Completion
Phase 1: Pre-design
1. Points of Departure/preconditions
In the Netherlands it is common to look 30 years ahead. This timeframe is related to the
lifetime of the civil works. At this sub step the loads of the future WWTP are determined,
biologically as well as hydraulically. The loads are based on the current situation of the
existing WWTP + the prognosis for 30 years. The prognosis is based on the building plans of
the county, building plans of the involved municipalities and expected industry. The future
effluent demands are of course part of this sub step. The points of departure/preconditions
are (almost) always determined by the water boards.
2. System selection
In general the system selection starts with an exploration of possibilities. In many cases this
starts with a brainstorm session between the involved water board and the contracted
engineering firm. The result of the exploration is a number of different system
possibilities/alternatives. Remark: in some cases the water board has a specific preference
for a system configuration.
The different alternatives are elaborated; the technological dimensioning will be performed
for each alternative and a rough cost evaluation (investment and exploitation costs) is made
for each alternative. In some cases a specific system configuration already prevails after the
elaboration of the alternatives. In other cases no specific alternative prevails and a
qualitative multi criteria analysis (MCA) is needed.
A MCA consists of different aspects like the yearly costs, sustainability (e.g. energy,
chemicals), robustness, risks and complexity for the operators. These aspects are just
examples. The exact aspects are decided in consultation with the involved water board.
Each aspect will be assigned a weighing factor (e.g. between 1 and 3). An aspect with a
higher weighing factor means that that aspect is more important than the aspect with a lower
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weighing factor. The elaborated system possibilities are set next to each other within the
MCA table. Subsequently the different alternatives are rated. This could be rated with
numbers (e.g. from 3 till +3) or with plus signs and minus signs (e.g. from -- till ++). Each
aspect is multiplied with the rate given to the specific system possibility. This adds up to a
final score. The MCA should give a clear picture of the qualitative differences between the
different alternatives. In the following table an example is included.
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Alternative 1
Alternative 2
Alternative 3
Alternative 4
2 Sustainability
--
++
No
Aspect
Sustainability: total
2a Energy (elektricity, gas, transport)
++
2b Chemicals
--
++
++
2c Sludge production
--
2d Emissions to air
2e Needed area
--
2f Noise
Subtotal
--
--
++
--
++
++
Risks
3 Operation during construction
phase
4 Construction time and
construction stages (effect on
effluent quality)
5 Complexity of operation and
maintenance
6
Certainty
Certainty: total
7 Robustness
Robustness: total
7a Effluent demands
Total
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The total score of the MCA is placed next to the building costs and the exploitation costs for
each alternative. Based on this total overview the system configuration of the future WWTP
is chosen. The inclusion of a MCA for the system selection means that the cheapest
alternative does not always prevail. In the following table an example is presented. Although
alternative 1 has the lowest buildings costs and alternative 4 has the lowest exploitation
costs, alternative 3 was the one that prevailed.
Criteria
Building costs
Exploitation costs
Qualitative criteria
Alternative 1
Alternative 2
Alternative 3
Alternative 4
3.060.850
7.256.450
7.602.400
6.640.200
1.702.146
1.809.392
1.691.728
1.635.685
--++
+
Flows
Volumes
Oxygen input
Diameters
Sludge production
Sludge treatment
This dimensioning is only from a technical point of view. Mechanical or civil engineering is
not included
4. PFDs
Based on the dimensioning of the main component in sub step C a PFD (Process Flow
Diagram) is made. The PFD gives an overview of the process flow of the WWTP and the
flow to/of every component is included. In the following figure shows an example of a PFD.
Within this specific PFD two flows are mentioned: the flow between brackets is the dry
weather flow, the other flow is the rain weather flow.
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hydraulics
building height
construction depth
foundation
Phase 2: Final design
After the pre-design phase the final design can be made. The final design is more or less a
further detailed elaboration of the pre-design and includes:
Definitive PFD
Functional design
Electrical installation
P&IDs
Exact costs
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Phase 3: Construction
When the final design is made the construction phase can start. A contractor is assigned for
the construction. In many cases the contracted engineering firm is responsible for the
supervision of the construction phase.
Phase 4: Completion
When the construction is (almost) done the completion phase starts. Within the completion
phase the following activities can be distinguished:
Pre completion
o
Site Acceptance Test (SAT)
o
Wet testing
o
Functional testing
o
Process control test
Training of operator(s)
Final completion
Hydraulics
Influent specifications
Effluent specifications
Design specification
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contractor. There is some freedom to fill own expertise of the consortium. When a tender
consortium is formed a risk assessment within the consortium is executed.
If the consortium is stable the involved companies/organisations sign an agreement where
the cooperation is put down in writing.
Based on the specification of demands an exploration for possible alternatives starts. Every
alternative has to be checked if it fully complies with the specification of demands. In this
phase there is usually the possibility to ask questions to the water board. In the end one
alternative/solution is left/chosen. For this solution an action plan is made. The action plan
contains the following aspects:
Costs of exploitation
Project management
Definitive PFD
Functional design
Electrical installation
P&IDs
Phase 6: Construction process
This phase is more or less the same as with the traditional tendering. The main differences
are that with D&C less supervision by client/water board is necessary, less involvement of
client/ water board at selecting brands and materials and the overall planning is dealt with by
the consortium.
Phase 7: Commissioning, start-up
When the construction phase is done the commissioning of the WWTP can start. This phase
is more or less the same as phase 4 of the traditional tendering.
Before the wastewater will actually be treated several tests need to be performed, namely:
Wet testing
Functional testing
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Also a manual for operation and maintenance is made and a start up procedure is written.
When these steps are performed the real start up of the WWTP can be executed. After the
start up the operators are trained. When all these steps are performed the WWTP is ready
for the last phase: hand over to client.
Phase 8: Hand over to client
In this phase the WWTP is officially handed over to the client. In this phase the client will
receive the final operation and maintenance manual. Usually the handing over to the client is
accompanied with a formal opening ceremony. After the guarantee period the client will pay
the outstanding amount (final payment).
Finance
Operational aspects
Maintenance
Of course it has to comply with legislation. Characteristics of the PPP form of tendering are:
Less supervision
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30000 pe
16000 inhabitants
Object
Water treatment
Aeration
Sludge treatment
description
used
750 MWh
Chemicals
sub
dewatering
thickenning
phosphorus removal
effluent chlorine disinfection
polymeer
polymeer
Ferro salts
chlor
Residual
screenings
grid sand
industrial waste water
Sludge treatment
dewatering sludge,
transportation dewatered sludge
Water use
tax
WVO-tax
Variable costs
Maintenance
2400
0
0
0
total
3.50 per kg
per kg
per ton
per ton
5.00 per m3
5.00 per m3
per kg
0.50 per m3
0.50 per m3
per pe
48,750.00
48,750.00
8,400.00
8,400.00
1,250.00
500.00
1,750.00
6,000.00
2,400.00
8,400.00
240.00
50.00
290.00
-
total investment
67,590.00
kg
kg
ton
ton
250 m3
100 m3
kg
1200 ton
1200 ton
480 m3
100 m3
pe
Object
Instrumentation
description
Flow
Oxygen,
Nitrate
Mechanical equipment
pumps
blowers
mixers
belt filter
10
2
3
1
Manager
Technologist
employee
1 fte
0.5 fte
4 fte
used
3 pc
1 pc
1 pc
pc
pc
pc
pc
tariff
3000
4000
5000
1000
5000
1000
120000
Cleaning
Organization
Staff expenses
Average %
tariff
total
17.82
3.07
0.64
3.07
0.11
0.00
24.70
Average %
9,000.00
4,000.00
5,000.00
18,000.00
10,000.00
10,000.00
3,000.00
120,000.00
143,000.00
20,000.00
5,000.00
20,000.00
45,000.00
6.58
52.27
16.45
206,000.00
75.30
total budget
273,590.00
100.00
cost p.p.e
* This is a cost-calculation sheet for benchmarking UWWTP's in the Netherlands. Filled in figures are not real.
17.10
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2) Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a treatment that reduces highly concentrated (industrial) wastewaters
and domestic wastewater sludge under anoxic conditions and at higher temperatures
(>30C) and releases biogas. Biogas is an attractive energy source. Anaerobic treatment
could be attractive in Turkey because the technique is innovative, it creates biogas as
energy source and the ambient temperature is higher than in Holland.
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. It is widely used to treat wastewater
sludges and organic waste because it provides volume and mass reduction of the input
material. As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces
the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a
renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich
biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels. Also, the nutrient-rich
digestate can be used as fertiliser.
The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials in order to break
down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and make them available for other
bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting
organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Methanogens, finally are able to convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide.
Previously, the technical expertise required to maintain anaerobic digesters coupled with
high capital costs and low process efficiencies had limited the level of its industrial
application as a waste treatment technology.[3] Anaerobic digestion facilities have, however,
been recognised by the United Nations Development Programme as one of the most useful
decentralised sources of energy supply, as they are less capital intensive than large power
plants.
3) SBR
The SBR (Sequenching Batch Reactor) is an aerobic biological waste water treatment. The
waste water is brought into a large reactor where it comes into contact with the microorganisms (active sludge, M.O.) and where oxygen is injected in a controlled manner. These
micro-organisms convert the poluttion into carbon dioxide (CO2) and new biomass.
This process requires a lot of oxygen wich is injected with different aeration techniques. The
nitrogenbonds are also converted into nitrate (nitrification). An appropriated process control
converts this nitrate into nitrogengas (denitrification).
The advantages of a SBR are:
Simplicity of process control and maintenance.
Large buffering capacity and hence protection against peak loads and periods of low
demands.
Simple adjustment to the nitrification- and denitrification processes in relation to the
nitrogen load.
No need for a separate sludge clarifier.
The specific control of the waste water supply into the aeration tank reduces the
production of floating sludge.
A low loaded system will produce relatively low amounts of sludge in comparison with a
high loaded system. The sludge mineralisation also reduces the smell.
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Colophon
Implementing organisations
Ameco, Utrecht, the Netherlands (www.ameco-ut.nl)
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