CHAPTER ONE

1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Stadium is a very large usually roofless building that has a large open area surrounded by
many rows of seats and that is used for sports events, concerts etc. Is a place or venue for
(mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or
completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view
the event.
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. In contrast to
architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the
larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighbourhoods and
districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and
sustainable. Urban design is an inter-disciplinary subject that utilizes elements of many built
environment professions, including urban planning, landscape architecture, architecture, civil
and municipal engineering. It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice in
urban design. In more recent times different sub-strands of urban design have emerged such as
strategic urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable
urbanism. Urban design demands a good understanding of a wide range of subjects from
physical geography, through to social science, and an appreciation for disciplines, such as real
estate development, urban economics, political economy and social theory. Urban design is
about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the
built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental
stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty
and identity. Urban design draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area
and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.
Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space (i.e. the
'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public places are
experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day
basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure. Some aspects
of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to
public space and are therefore also considered by urban design theory. Important writers on
urban design theory include Christopher Alexander, Peter Calthorpe, Gordon Cullen, Andres
1

Duany, Jane Jacobs, Mitchell Joachim, Jan Gehl, Allan B. Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi,
Colin Rowe, Robert Venturi etc.
Recreation is an activity of leisure , leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do
something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology.
Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment,amusement , or pleasure and are considered
to be "fun ".
The term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th century,
first in the sense of "refreshment or curing of a sick person" and derived turn from Latin (re :
"again", creare: "to create, bring forth, beget.).
Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep , social duties, and
leisure, the latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs, a
prerequisite of recreation. Leisure has increased with increased longevity and, for many, with
decreased hours spent for physical and economic survival, yet others argue that time pressure has
increased for modern people, as they are committed to too many tasks. Other factors that
account for an increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends, and increased
commercialization of recreational offerings. While one perception is that leisure is just "spare
time", time not consumed by the necessities of living, another holds that leisure is a force that
allows individuals to consider and reflect on the values and realities that are missed in the
activities of daily life, thus being an essential element of personal development and
civilization.This direction of thought has even been extended to the view that leisure is the
purpose of work, and a reward in itself, and "leisure life" reflects the values and character of a
nation. Leisure is considered a human right under theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.
Play, recreation and work
Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept of play , which is usually the
term for children's recreational activity. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the
realities of adult life. It has been proposed that play or recreational activities are outlets of or
expression of excess energy, channeling it into socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual
as well as societal needs, without need for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure
for the participant. A traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation
2

being useful to "recharge the battery" so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity
generally performed out of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the
economic framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring
the distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for
another, or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and vice
versa. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, and at
another a recreation. Similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the
case of recreational mathematics .
Recreational activities
Recreation is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are
shaped naturally by individual interests but also by the surrounding social construction.
Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors,
healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. A significant section of recreational
activities are designated as hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. A
list of typical activities could be almost endless including most human activities, a few examples
being reading, playing or listening to music, watching movies or TV, gardening, hunting, sports,
studies, and travel. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational drug use, or
delinquent activities - may violate societal norms and laws.Public space such as parks
andbeaches are essential venues for many recreational activities. Tourism has recognized that
many visitors are specifically attracted by recreational offerings. In support of recreational
activities government has taken an important role in their creation, maintenance, and
organization, and whole industries have developed merchandise or services.
Leisure activities include recreation, sport, tourism, culture and entertainment. These activities
vary greatly both in nature and scale and therefore the degree to which they require specific land
use provision. Demand for leisure activities is expected to increase over the Plan period as
people have more money to spend on leisure. In addition, the intensity and diversity of leisure
activities is expected to increase due to the balances of time and money resources available to
different groups within the population. This will in turn have land use implications if facilities
are to be provided to cater for these demands.

Recreation planning can be defined as a process through which information, attitudes, values and
needs are reviewed and evaluated by and with the community in an on-going fashion. This is
done to identify a range of actions which, if implemented, will achieve better recreation
outcomes for the community than would otherwise have been achieved if things had been left to
take their natural course. Further, effective recreation planning will provide a range of personal,
social, economic and environmental benefits to the community with these being delivered in a
sustainable manner.
Recreation facilities
Recreation facilities are the physical assets which accommodate recreation activities. They can
be natural or built assets which are specifically provided and managed for recreational purposes
or they may be assets which fulfill some other primary role and which are occasionally used for
recreation. Often, facilities are designed to fulfill several roles. Here is a
list of examples of recreation facilities: a review of the list indicates that while some are solely or
predominantly recreational, others serve quite different purposes as well as a recreational role:
sports halls, school halls, football ovals, bushland reserves, playgrounds libraries, trails wetlands,
lakes neighbourhood houses, galleries.
Modern stadium
The first stadium to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the
single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. With tremendous growth in the
popularity of organised sport in the late Victoria era, especially football in the United Kingdom
and baseball in the United states, the first such structures were built. One such early stadium was
the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Wallace Doveton Dunlop (1844-1930),
who organised the first All Ireland Athletics Championships. Banned from locating sporting
events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. I laid down a cinder running path of
a quarter mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite,
started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket club, and last but not least, the
Lansdowne Rugby Football Club colours red, black and yellow. Some 300 cartloads of soil from
a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to utilise his
engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland.

Other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge Stadium
(opened in 1877 for the London Athletic Club) and Anfield stadium (1884 as a venue for Everton
F.C.). In the U.S., many professional baseball teams built large stadiums mainly out of wood ,
with the first such venue being the South End Grounds in Boston , opened in 1871 for the team
then known as the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves ). However, many of these parks
caught fire, and even those that did not burn proved inadequate for a growing game. All of the
19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some after only a few years, and none survive today.
Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world. Walton-based building
firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate
4,000 spectators. A third covered stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was also requested.
Everton officials were impressed with the builder's workmanship and agreed two further
contracts: exterior hoardings were constructed at a cost of 150 and 12 turnstiles were installed
at a cost of 7 each. The stadium was officially opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord Kinnaird
and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played; instead the 12,000
crowd watched a short athletics event followed by music and a fireworks display. Upon its
completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world.
The White City Stadium during the 1908 Summer Olympics.
The architect Archibald Leitch brought his experience with the construction of industrial
buildings to bear on the design of functional stadiums up and down the country. His work
encompassed the first 40 years of the 20th century. One of his most notable designs was Old
Trafford in
Manchester . The ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and
featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as
terraces and uncovered. [10] It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the
contours of the stadium. These early venues, originally designed to host football matches, were
adopted for use by the Olympic Games, the first one being held in 1896 in Athens , Greece . The
White City Stadium , built for the 1908 Summer Olympics in London is often cited as the first
modern seater stadium, at least in the UK. Designed by the engineer J.J. Webster and completed
in 10 months by George Wimpey , on the site of the Franco-British Exhibition , this stadium
5

with a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908. Upon
completion, the stadium had a running track 24 ft wide (7.3 m) and three laps to the mile (536
m); outside there was a 35-foot-wide (11 m), 660-yard (600 m) cycle track. The infield included
a swimming and diving pool. The London Highbury Stadium , built in 1913, was the first
stadium in the UK to feature a two-tiered seating arrangement when it was redesigned in the Art
Deco style in 1936.
During these decades, parallel stadium developments were taking place in the U.S. The Baker
Bowl , a baseball park in Philadelphia that opened in its original form in 1887 but was
completely rebuilt in 1895, broke new ground in stadium construction in two major ways. The
stadium's second incarnation featured the world's first cantilevered second deck (tier) in a sports
venue, and was also the first baseball park to use steel and brick for the majority of its
construction. Another influential venue was Boston 's Harvard Stadium , built in 1903 by
Harvard University for its American football and track and field teams. It was the world's first
stadium to use concrete-and-steel construction. In 1909, concrete-and-steel construction came to
baseball with the opening of venues in each of Pennsylvania 's two largest cities Shibe Park in
Philadelphia and, a few months later, Forbes Field in Pittsburgh . The latter was the world's first
three-tiered sporting venue. The opening of these parks marked the start of the "jewel box" era of
park construction.
Ancient stadium
Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only
the Greeks built structures called "stadium"; Romans built structures called "Circus." Greek
stadia were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for horse races. Both, however, had
similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators. The Greeks also developed the
theatre, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of modern stadia. The Romans copied
the theatre, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowds and more elaborate settings. The
Romans also developed the double-sized round theatre called amphitheatre, seating crowds in the
tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and beast shows. The Greek stadium and theatre and
the Roman circus and amphitheatre are all ancestral to the modern stadium.

1.1

Aim

The aim of this project is to establish a planning framework to achieve a convenient, aesthetic
environment for the improvement of the stadium and integrating social, economic and
environmental values.
1.2 Objectives
In order to actualize the laudable aim the objectives to be pursued are to:
1.

Identify socio economic characteristics of the respondents in Olubadan stadium.

2. Identify existing land use pattern and physical characteristics of the stadium.
3. To determine the existing stadium and physical characteristics condition of the area.
4. Identify general physical and environmental problems of the study area.
5. Determine the adequacy or otherwise of the exiting infrastructural facilities of the study
area.
6. To make the study area a more welcoming or special place.
7. Integrate new development with existing site conditions and preserve the character
amenities of the surrounding area;
8. To prepare a proposed land use map and make general recommendations towards
upgrading and improving the stadium.
1.3

JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY

There is a significant interrelationship between form and function of a city; thus, It is

immoral for urban development to be left to chance it must be controlled through planning and
design frameworks to ensure the city works well, is people-friendly, and has positive
environmental impact. Economic forces must operate for rather than against the city their
manifestation in the physical, spatial, structural, and land use terms must be guided into forms
that enhance the citys quality and identity as a place for people. Design can help enhance a citys
7

advantages physical needs of citizens; safety, security and protection; an environment free of
pollution, noise, accidents, and crime; a conducive social environment a sense of community; an
appropriate image and prestige; creativity and self-expression in neighbourhoods aesthetically
pleasantness as a place of culture and a work of art. its appearance (as expressing details and use
of materials); and its landscape(including all the public realm, built and green spaces).

1.4

SCOPE
The study focuses on the olubadan stadium and some schools such as, Okebola

comprehensive College and Oladipo Alayande school of science Oke Bola with small scale
industries. The research identifies the various land uses in the study area and how information
concerning stadium design were gathered, stored and disseminated were identified and problems
initiating the stadium design were identified and finally method of managing and developing the
information of olubadan stadium.
However, puts into consideration the cultural, social and economic background in order
to make provision for a conducive and suitable environment for the improvement of olubadan
stadium.
1.5

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Information for this project was sourced from both primary and secondary source.
Primary Source
Data were sourced from field surveying carried out through the use of questionnaire as

detailed in the instrument for data collection of this project.

Secondary Source
Secondary source were collected from textbooks, journals, media, internet and past
projected. In addition, relevant textbooks, newspaper, journals, magazines and internet were also
source in order to enhance the quality of data and information available for this research.
1.5.1

INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

The instrument that was used for the successful of this research work is Questionnaire

Administration and interview.

8

1.5.1.1

QUESTIONAIRE ADMINISTRATION

During the questionnaire administration, 100 numbers of questionnaires was administered to the
people in the study area. The related questions that the questionnaire sought from the
respondents includes questions on socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, what
inspire people on coming to stadium, stadium amenities among others, This is to cover various
information used as variable in the data analysis to test the hypothesis.
1.5.1.2 SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size of this project is 100 respondents.
1.5.1.3 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
This project made use of systematic random sampling.
1.5.2

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The questionnaire was used as a method of data collection, to collect data on the socio

economic characteristics and physical characteristics of Olubadan stadium. All the data were
collected through the use of questionnaire with the use of systematic random sampling
techniques.

1.5.3

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

All the data gotten from field were analysed through the use of both descriptive and statistical
methods. Whereas the descriptive and statistical method of analyzing data involved collation,
arrangement and presentation of data in a tabular form, histogram, pie and bar chart.
1.6

LIMITATION
During the course of this study, the problems encountered were many which includes,

insufficient of fund which led to great difficulty in procuring materials for the preparation of the
Olubadan stadium. Some of these reasons are the time duration available for the research work,
financial constraints and the respondents attitudes towards questionnaire administration
Nevertheless, despite all these problems, the researchers were able to do a better job by ensuring
that reliable data were collected using viable instruments and methods to make the findings a
true picture of the research.
9

2.0

CHAPTER TWO

2.1

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Urban design is fundamentally essential in understanding social changes and physical

environmental changes. It is through the process of attending to the social and physical
environmental problem of the society that environmental design draws their inspiration.
Urban design concepts
2.1.1

Green belt concept

The concept was introduced by Ebenezer Howard the proponent of the Green belt

concept become one of the most influential and icon of the modern urban city planning through
his concept. The underlying idea of the Green Belt concept was to decongest the decaying inner
center, through an action in which industrial activities were decentralized, and new towns built
around them for the workers there by creating a healthful environment.
The Green belt approach to physical development provided an ample mechanism for provision of
recreational land use and protection of land for agriculture. Also, it serves as containment to city
growth limiting development (mostly buildings) at the urban fringes
.
2.1.2

Planning implication of the green belt concept

The green belt concept imposes some obvious physical planning implication, both at the

time it was conceived by the proponents and at the present technological computer age. Some of
these planning implications could be viewed from positive and its negative perspective.
Positive perspective
i.

The concept provided for the development of a low density garden city, that is it was not
design to encourage city congestion.

ii.

It is based upon the premise, that a city must attain a given physical size and population.

iii.

That the city would cease to grow when some of the city population start to decant to a
new town.

Negative perspective

10

i.

The reserved area surrounding an urban area will be easily converted automatically to
waste dump, where either individuals or corporate bodies dump, where either individuals
or corporate bodies dump various type of waste ranging from liquid to solid wastes.

ii.

Squatter settlements can easily be seen spring up at the Green belt; the recent
development at the fringe of the Abuja Central Area is a typical example what could
happen where it is applied.

iii.

Over grazing of their livestock within the green belt.

iv.

Insufficient equipment, planning policies, development control mechanism and trained

professional Town Planners will militate the policing of Green belts in Nigeria.

2.1.3

Pedestrian precinct concept

The pedestrian precinct concept is an urban design in super block that incorporates pedestrian
Walkway. It is an urban design concept configuration that is intended to reduce strict vehicular
Movement in an area, while encouraging the provision of pedestrian walkway for pedestrian
Movement, this concept also induces park and walk in its area of application. The design is
Structured in such away that large car parks are provided as final stop point for vehicular
Movement. From the parks, pedestrian walkways take off to other service area or units within the
environmental area, this design seeks to provide restricted access to vehicular movement in given
services area.
2.1.4

Landscape
Landscape offers a complex way of seeing, understanding, and shaping environments. In

its Dutch origin, Landscape meant to adapt cultural and natural processes to create new territory.
As the word moved into English and other languages, it took on visual meaning as well. In
several ways, landscape ecology helped return the word to its root meaning. Developments in
urban ecology and landscape urbanism open new possibilities to restructure ecosystem
understanding and city design. This essay will explore the concepts and evolution of landscape
urbanism and urban ecology, as well as a possible synthesislandscape eco-logical urbanism.
Such a synthesis is important, given global trends in urbanization, population growth, climate
change, energy use, and water availability.

11

City design and planning are especially important in what has been called the first urban
century, with a majority of people on the planet living in city-regions for the first time in
history. Since the mid-1990s, two ideas emerged with implications for how we design and plan
cities in the twenty-first century: landscape urbanism and urban ecology. Landscape urbanism
evolved from design theory within both architecture and landscape architecture. It melds highstyle design and ecology. More traditional ecological design is perceived as messier (some
detractors call ecological design practitioners weedies) and, as a result, less appealing to
international design elites. Thus far, landscape urbanism is largely theoretical, with a few, highly
visible actual projects. Urban ecology evolved from science-based research. Scholars apply
ecological methods, largely developed in non-urban places, to metropolitan regions. To date,
urban ecology exists primarily within the world of academic journals and books. Policy and
design implications have been suggested but not yet implemented. Landscape ecological
urbanism offers a potential strategy to bring ideas from landscape urbanism and urban ecology
together to create new territories that reflect cultural and natural processes. This synthesis also
suggests some possible research directions.
Landscape design
Punter and Carmona (1997) and Rubenstein (1992) state that previous urban design
strategies have tended to focus on buildings and the external appearance of developments.
Landscaping and the use of plants and trees in urban areas, has generally been viewed as a
cosmetic exercise, with the details finalised once all other aspects of development are in place.
Furthermore, Punter and Carmona (1997) state that many developers consult landscape architects
too late in the design process, and often only use them in an attempt to hide ugly buildings or car
parks. Few developers seem aware of the potential contribution that proper consideration of well
developed landscaping can make to environmental quality.
To ensure more sustainable forms of urban development, traditional views where
landscaping is seen as a cosmetic activity must to be changed so that landscaping and ecology
are integrated into the design process (Punter & Carmona 1997). Landscape policies should be
seen at the centre of sustainable urban development. Not only should they form the basis of
development, they should assist in setting the parameters for development and the capacity of
particular sites. Landscape policies should aim to ensure that urban developments take full
12

advantage of natural processes. They should aim to protect habitats and the natural scenery, as
well as preserve regional character and local identity. Landscape policies should help define the
optimal spatial relationship between town and countryside, between urban form and topography,
between open space and built-up areas, and between landscaping and building (Punter &
Carmona 1997).
Landscaping is an important element in the design of public space. It should support
desirable uses and to discourage antisocial behaviour (Punter & Carmona 1997). Policies should
encourage schemes that provide interest throughout the year, through the careful selection of
plants for their seasonal effects, scents, or ability to attract fauna. Authorities need to ensure that
the type of scheme and plants used suit the end user. Maintenance needs should also be carefully
considered in the planning stages.
Green corridors provide an important link between nature, conservation and recreational space
(Punter & Carmona 1997). Open space provision has tended to be neglected as a mainstream
element of design, even though open space is crucial in the strategic design of towns and cities.
Open space is considered by Punter and Carmona (1997) to be critical to neighbourhood
character and the quality of the residential environment.
Trees
Despite the fact that few local authorities have developed policies for street trees in urban areas,
trees can be used in variety of ways. Urban trees consume carbon dioxide, reduce noise, modify
local climates and provide habitat for animals (Punter & Carmona 1997). They direct movement,
clarify spaces and purposes of buildings, screen car parks and unsightly areas, and locate and
emphasise entrances. Trees provide shelter and shade, and enhance open space. They can be used
to frame views, soften the hard lines of buildings and roads, and add interest to the townscape.
Trees can also create the impression of more or less space, depending on which is desired
(Clouston & Novell 1981). The texture and patterns of leaves, bark and bare branches, the
changes in leaf colour, and the appearance of blossom, fruit and seed provide changing year
round interest (Clouston & Novell 1981).
Trees become focal points in small urban spaces and break the line of buildings in a
street. The sculptural qualities of trees used to enhance the urban landscape can be enhanced by
13

night illumination, casting intricate shadows on the surrounding buildings, paving or grass
(Clouston & Novell 1981).
Punter and Carmona (1997) suggest that tree species should be selected if they are
indigenous to a site or locality, as they will be more likely to survive in their local environment.
Indigenous trees will also reinforce local character and ecology.
Open space
In the past, the main justification for maintaining open space was for the social functions
that it fulfils. Open spaces provide areas for entertainment, recreation and relaxation. The
amenity value of open spaces positively contributes to quality of life. They are areas of aesthetic
enjoyment, and provide a feeling of security and freedom from urban noise and pollution
(European Commission 1996). The new emphasis however, is on maximising the ecological role
of open spaces within the urban framework, while maintaining amenity and social functions.
Open green space fulfils several important ecological functions including managing storm water,
increasing biodiversity, and improving air quality (European Commission 1996).
The value of open space within urban areas is increasingly highlighted. Open space
comprises a variety of greens paces, including formal and informal parks, remnants of natural
systems (e.g. along watercourses), agricultural land, private gardens, urban public spaces (e.g.
city squares and the environment around cultural monuments), and habitats which develop on
disused land including industrial sites (Box & Harrison 1993). Local authorities are increasingly
aiming to incorporate minimum levels of open space within their land use plans. It is important
that all open space be regarded as part of the natural framework within which all built
development is set, rather than as the space left over after planning (European Commission
1996).
2.1.5

Landscape urbanism
The basic premise of landscape urbanism holds that landscape should be the fundamental

building block for city design. In traditional urbanism, some structure a wall, roads, or buildings
led development. Green spaces were relegated to left-over areas, unsuited for building, or were
used for ornament. Through land-scape urbanism, cultural and natural processes help the

14

designer to organize urban form. Landscape urbanism is largely the invention of Charles Waldheim, who coined the term(Waldheim, 2006, see alsoAlmy, 2007).
Waldheim identified common ground, integrating McHargs ecological advocacy with Corners
urban design vision. Landscape urbanism remains a relatively new concept with
few realized works. The plan for New York Citys Fresh Kills provides an example of a project
moving toward realization. A key innovation is that James Corner and his Field Operations colleagues embraced long-term change in their design, eschewing a set endstate for amoredynamic,
flexible frameworkof possibilities grounded inan initial seeding. Located inStaten Island,
FreshKills covers some 2200 acres (890ha) and was formerly the largest land-fill
intheworld.Muchof thedebris resulting fromthe11September 2001 terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center was deposited there. The Field Operations plan suggests how the landfill can be
converted into a park three times larger than Central Park. The 30-year plan involves the
restoration of a large landscape and includes reclaiming much of the toxic wetlands that surround
and penetrate the former landfill.
Another recent landscape urbanist example is the High Line Project in Manhattan. The Regional
Plan Associa-tion and the Friends of the High Line advocated that an abandoned rail line
weaving through 22 blocks in New York City be converted into a 6.7-acre (2.7-ha) park. They
promote the 1.45-mile (2.33-km) long corridor as a recreational amenity, a tourist attraction, and
a generator of economic development. In 2004, the Friends of the High Line and the City of New
York selected Field Operations and Diller Scofidio+Renfro to design the project. The designers
proposed a linear walkway that blurred the boundaries between paved and planted surfaces while
suggesting evolutions in human use plus plant and bird life. The first phase of the High Line
opened to much acclaim in June 2009. Its success suggests a model for how abandoned urban
territories can be transformed into community assets. As Field Operations advances landscape
urbanism on the ground, others continue to refine the concept theoretically through competitions
and proposals. For instance, Chris Reed and his Stoss LU colleagues presented many fresh ideas
in their proposal for the 2007 Lower Don Lands invited design competition. TheHigh Lines
dramatic curve westward along 30th Street is augmented by an access point, with the stairs
intersecting the structure and rising up through it.
The broader regional planning lessons of IanMcHarg (1969)are at the base of landscape
urbanism. The approach involves under-standing large-scale systems first and allowing them to
15

inform and even structure proposals in order to develop schemes that engage and inaugurate
ecological and social dynamics. However, landscape urbanism departs from McHarg in the ways
its proponents allow multiple functions to be hybridized or to occupy the same territory
simultaneously. McHargs approaches brought people closer to nature. For example, McHargs
plan for The Woodlands in Texas successfully used storm drainage systems to structure the
master plan, making water an organizing principle. Protected hydrologic corridors form green
ribbons weaving through the urban fabric of The Woodlands. In contrast, landscape urbanists are
interested in having people and nature occupy the same space and to construct new urban
ecologies that tap into social, cultural, and environ-mental dynamics playing off one another.
Concept of consilience, insofar as urban natural systems and human systems interact and alter
one another, producing an energetic synthesis in the process. Landscape urbanism adds to this the
often unfathomable flows of cultural and economic data, updating, if not negating, McHargs
original vision.
2.1.6

Urban ecology
Ecology is an evolving discipline with an increasing focus on landscapes and urban

regions. Forman and Godron (1981, 1986) are responsible for defining the field of landscape
ecology and
illustrating its potential for planning. They explain: Landscapes as ecological units with
structure and function are composed primarily of patches in a matrix. Patches differ
fundamentally in origin and dynamics, while size, shape, and spatial configuration are also
important. Line corridors, strip corridors, stream corridors, networks, and habitations are major
integrative structural characteristics of landscapes (Forman and Godron, 1981, 733). Forman
expanded the field to address regions and planning. His particular interest addresses the ecology
of landscapes and regions beyond the city. Meanwhile, ecologists have also begun to refocus
their science inside the city.
(Alberti and Marzluff, 2004). The Puget Sound group from the University of Washington
has contributed to our understanding of ecological resilience in urban ecosystems. Resilience,
from the Latin resilire meaning to spring back or rebound, is a concept and a theory with
growing appeal in the disciplines of ecology and plan-ning. When rising from traditional
concepts in ecology, resilience emphasizes equilibrium and stability. The United Nations defines
16

resilience as the ability to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways
of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.
As a result of urban-based ecological studies, urban ecology is emerging as a field that
emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the drivers, patterns, processes, and
outcomes associated with urban and urbanizing landscapes.
Alberti (2008) conceives of urban ecosystems as complex coupled human-natural
systems where people are the dominant modifiers of ecosystems, thus producing hybrid socialecological landscape patterns and processes. Some urban ecology research focuses on the impact
of habitat fragmentation on suburban and urban housing development patterns for avian species
productivity; other research focuses on the integration of scientific analyses into growth
management strategies. Such diverse research agendas are united in their recognition that urban
ecosystems are characterized by complexity, heterogeneity, and hybridity, and are therefore best
analyzed within an interdisciplinary approach.
2.1.7 Landscape ecological urbanism
Recently, Mohsen Mostafavi promoted the concept of ecolog-ical urbanism to imagine
an approach that has the capacity to incorporate the inherent conflictual conditions between
ecology and urbanismMostafavi and Doherty (2010, 17). Mostafavi and his colleagues draw
strongly on landscape urbanism, but pay scant attention to the advances made in urban ecology.
If those ecological advances were incorporated, then one might imagine a truly new synthesis:
landscape ecological urbanism.
New ideas about city design and planning are necessary because Urbanization poses
significant social and environmental challenges. As the number of people in the world increases
in this first urban century, the percentage of those dwelling in large city-regions is also expected
to increase. The consequences of continuing to develop as we have in the past are clear: energy
use and green-house gas production for buildings and transportation systems increase; water and
air pollution spreads; valuable habitat and prime farmland are lost; social issues, such as crime
and poverty, are exacerbated.
Urban ecology research indicates what should be obvious: people interact with other
humans and with other species as well as their built and natural environments. The city is a
human-dominated ecosystem. Landscape urbanism projects, such as the High Line and the
17

Toronto waterfront, illustrate how designing with nature can improve the quality of cities for
people, plants, and animals. In doing so, ecosystem services can be enhanced. Ecosystem
services can be defined as the benefits we receive from nature: resource services, such as food,
water, and energy; regulatory services, such as purification of water, carbon sequestration and
climate regulation, waste decomposition and detoxification, crop pollination, and pest and
disease control; support services, such as nutrient dispersal and cycling, and seed dispersal; and
cultural services, including cultural, intellectual, and spiritual inspiration, recreational
experiences, ecotourism, and scientific discovery. The concept has evolved in the Unites States
to provide a basis form ensuring landscape design efficiency.
A goal of landscape ecological urbanism might be to design and plan cities to increase,
rather than to decrease, ecosystem services. This suggests exciting new areas of research in
landscape and urban planning, from ways to measure landscape performance to case studies of
successful and not so successful projects.

2.1.8

TACTICAL URBANISM
Tactical urbanism, also known as tactical place making, is a strategy for revitalizing cities

and towns that allows citizens to take their public spaces into their own hands. Place making is a
way of city planning that tries to create places that foster community interaction and are deeply
integrated into peoples lives. However, this kind of planning is often difficult to get through
slow moving or conservative government planning committees. Though the term was credited to
Mike Lydon in 2010. Tactical urbanism is a broad movement that empowers citizens to make
places for themselves by coming up with inexpensive methods of changing the urban landscape
around them.
2.1.9

Characteristics of Tactical Urbanism

The Street Plans Collaborative defines tactical urbanism as an approach to urban change

that has these characteristics. Tactical urbanism works in phases to change the built environment
of cities and towns. By making changes one step at a time, you can be flexible and respond to
what works and what does not. To that same end, tactical urbanism should be short-term and
realistic.
18

Its all about making little changes and easily executable plans so that your neighborhood can
experience an immediate difference. Solutions should be cheap and easy to set up, so that not too
much is invested if things go differently than expected. Tactical urbanism is a local project, and it
involves people getting involved in their own neighborhoods and coming up with solutions that
work for the places you know best. Ultimately, tactical urbanism is all about bringing people and
local institutions together, so that each can benefit from the other.
2.1.10 Green Spaces
Green spaces in cities have a huge range of positive effects on human health and
wellbeing. Tactical urbanism provides tools to green neighbourhoods without waiting for slow
and expensive solutions. Citizens can remove a section of unnecessary pavement in a driveway
or parking lot, and turn it into green space. Not only does this beautify the area, but it also allows
rainwater to be more easily absorbed into the groundwater, and reduces some of the harmful
effects of runoff. Communities can also practice guerilla gardening by planting in vacant lots or
uncared for sidewalk greenery.
2.1.11 SPLINTERING URBANISM
Splintering Urbanism is the first analytical geography of the network society. It skillfully
blends up-to-date information on metropolitan development, theoretical insights, and a good
knowledge of debates in the field. It demonstrates that electronics-based networks segregate as
much as they connect, and that they do so selectively. It is required reading for students of spatial
transformation and is on the cutting edge of research in urban studies.
Splintering Urbanism is an enormously important book. Graham and Marvin have a very
specific angle into questions of infrastructure and cities that make them stand apart from many
other authors on the subject. The books contribution is its mixing of matters deeply urban and
material with the digital, its analysis of the particular type of fragmenting of urban space this can
engender, and its connecting of these new aspects with conventional infrastructural conditions
and challenges.
Splintering Urbanism is a crucial text for architects and urban designers who are interested in the
roles of network infrastructure particularly new digital telecommunications infrastructure in
19

shaping the future of our cities. It synthesizes a vast amount of relevant material, develops a
range of critical perspectives on it, and provides some clear starting points for exploring possible
design interventions.
Splintering Urbanism is the most comprehensive book to date on the socio-cultural history of
urban infrastructure. It includes impressive global coverage, historical foundations and insightful
analysis of the most recent urban-technology dynamics. A must read for scholars and
practitioners in city planning, history of technologies and urban geography.
Graham and Marvin, whose Telecommunications and the City became an instant classic, repeat
their earlier success by focusing on urban infrastructure in the digital age. In so doing they bring
to the fore a long neglected but critical foundation of cities that makes the space of flows
possible,

revealing

lucidly

its

connections

to

urban

planning,

transportation

and

telecommunications, and cyberspace. Rescuing infrastructure from simplistic metaphors driven

by technological determinism is one of the books finest contributions. In an age of unchallenged
neoliberalism the shape of cities is being powerfully reworked by private capital with little
regard for the social externalities urban development inevitably generates.
Splintering Urbanism shows powerfully how our notions of time and space reflect the ways in
which the geography of cities is periodically torn apart and reconstituted. At scales ranging from
the local to the global, including the frequently overlooked developing world, they reveal the
urban infrastructure as a contested field of class and gender relations, ideologies, environmental
movements, and community groups.
Splintering Urbanisms comprehensive analysis of the impact on cities of the privatization and
unbundling of infrastructure networks, especially telecommunications, is highly original, timely,
and deeply provocative. Urban designers, policy makers and architects will find compelling
evidence here of a new challenge to the role of cities. The authors document how networked
cities, far from equalizing opportunities, are increasingly fragmenting into cellular clusters of
globally connected high-service enclaves and network ghettoes. They locate this discussion
within a wide variety of contemporary theoretical discourse on cities, technology, economic and
social development, reminding us of just how fundamental infrastructure is to the design,
organization, and life of cities.
20

Splintering Urbanism
Splintering Urbanism presents a path-breaking analysis of the nature of the urban condition at the
start of the new millennium. Adopting a global and interdisciplinary perspective, it reveals how
new

technologies

and

increasingly

privatized

systems

of

infrastructure

provision

telecommunications, highways, urban streets, energy and water are supporting the splintering
of metropolitan areas across the world. The result is a new sociotechnical way of understanding
contemporary urban change, which brings together discussions about:
Globalization and the city
The urban and social effects of new technology
Urban, architectural and social theory
Social polarization, marginalization and democratization
Infrastructure, architecture and the built environment
Developed, developing and post-communist cities
2.1.12 Sustainable urbanism
Sustainable urbanism is one of the global issues with numerous publications both
theoretically and practically; however, it needs to be in progress and there are still rooms to
improve the practical form of sustainable environment. In fact, practical sustainable development
is the approach of environment, sense of community, public safety, and economic growth in
constructed form. This paper explores the practical form of sustainable environment principles. It
mainly focuses on functional part of sustainable urbanism.
Sustainability has a conceptual framework of cultivating humanity and nature based on
preserving and conserving energy, resource, and the use of land without depletion of resources.
The practical form of sustainability is the built environmental system to achieve the place with
energy conservation, economic growth, safe public space, and healthy environment.

21

According to Hass (2012), Sustainability means maintaining growth or maintaining the

organism in a healthy mature state, or, sustainability could mean maintaining a harmonious
balance between organism and environment. In Sustainable city we need more walk able and less
driving neighborhoods that lead to healthier lifestyle, less air pollution, and less obesity. We need
alive and mixed-use neighborhood to live happier and feel more comfortable and safe. In fact,
preservation of landscape, protection of biodiversity and reduction of energy consumption are the
responsibilities for sustainable urbanism.
This paper demonstrates the functional principles of sustainable urbanism in real urban context
by examining one of the most livable cities in the world, which is Melbourne, Australia. Then it
reports one constructed sustainable environment in Sydney, Australia that is called Newington
and it is regarded as one successful example of sustainable urbanism. At the end, the findings
illustrate what responsibilities and barriers confronting us as well as what challenges facing us in
order to address these issues.
2.1.13 Essential Principles of Sustainable Urbanism
Sustainable urbanism has three basic aspects: environmental, social and economic. In
environmental terms, this urban form enables people to walk to amenities rather than using a car
and therefore dwellings, retail, leisure and commercial uses are put into much closer and walk
able proximity with effective public transport connections; Socially, sustainable urbanism
contains an appropriate set of spaces and buildings with different sizes and types for a mix of
community activities; In economic terms, sustainable developments involve business activities
and opportunities capable of providing jobs for many of their inhabitants(The Princes
Foundation, 2007).
Urban design needs special features to achieve these gains include density, mixed land use,
greater walkability, safe and attractive public areas. It is obvious that changes have been
occurring technically in urban context; however these alterations should be in the manner of
improving sustainable urbanism. There are various principles for sustainable environments and
societies in different books and they were divided into three major categories as indicated in the
following table:

22

Essential Principles of Sustainable Urbanism

Principles

What We Need

Why We Need

Density

Harmony

Reduce The Length of walk

Balance

Reduce Car Ownership and Use

Varieties

Reduce Carbon Emission

Mixed Uses

Reduce Energy Consumption

Transportation

Encourage Walking

Sustainable

Corridor Encourage Cycling

Walkable Public Areas

Reduce Car Dependence

Natural Systems

Green Visual Relief

Open Spaces

Provide Habitat

Green Cities

Civic Gathering

Accessibility

Biophilia

Density
Good urban design supports a mixture of activities, distinctive use of space, form and
materials, and offers diverse sensory experiences (City of Melbourne, 2006).Mixing uses has
many social and visual benefits including social contacts that stimulate community spirit and
participation as well as providing
visual details at a human scale (City of Melbourne, 2006). In fact, density or compatibility is the
most significant feature of sustainable urbanism. People need a balance set of activities in their
neighborhoods, including retail, business, and community, which are easily accessible (Farr,
23

2008). Moreover, increasing density is associated with shorter length of walk trips, mitigation in
using cars and raising physical activities.
According to Farr (2008), At high enough densities, concentrated mixed-use development can
support district energy systems, reducing carbon generation by 30 percent and energy
consumption by as much as 50 percent.
Accessibility
In sustainable urbanism people have suitable connections and transit service to walk, ride, bike,
and even use a wheelchair around the neighborhood. To gain this connection, wide sidewalks on
both sides o f the street are the essential parts of neighborhood, and the distance between
intersections should not be longer than 300-400 feet (Farr, 2008). Street Speed limit is another
dominant criterion for walkable city; according to Farr (2008), a maximum automobile speed
should be 25-30 miles per hours, and the widest street should have no more than two travel lanes
between curbs.
When people walk, they are confronted with the variety of life in public places, and they are
more likely to participate in street activity; however, they need convenient, high quality , safe
and visible connections to be encouraged to walk and bike (City of Melbourne, 2006).
Furthermore, these connections contribute to more physical activity and reduce car dependence
and people will benefit from considerable health advantages of physical activity, walking, and
cycling.
Biophilia
Open space is another dominant principle for sustainable urbanism, which helps people to
connect to nature and natural systems (Farr, 2008).
Open space by landscape contributes to a green visual relief and balance to the urban landscape
as well as having important ecological benefits (Hass, 2012). According to Farr (2008), People
are three times more likely to walk along landscaped pedestrian routes. Mature tree cover can
further encourage daily outdoor activity by cooling outdoor summer temperatures between five
and ten degrees Fahrenheit.

24

Natural areas with divers facilities and high quality contributes health and wellbeing benefits to
the society, including encouraging people to walk, bike, and jog; participation of people in social
events, organized sports, and physical activities; reducing the impact of urban heat island;
providing visual relief to scape from built forms (City of Melbourne, 2006).

2.2

URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Principles applied to a town or city can enhance appearance, transportation, the public

space along streets between the private property lines, and location decisions about specific civic
and private land uses. Property values should increase as well. Urban design is a combination of
ideas from architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning, with some general urban
theory in evidence as well. The term entered the vocabulary in the 1950s, but there is little
agreement on its usage yet. However, most people involved in community work think that urban
design principles especially emphasize what is to be called the public space. This public realm
includes the street, sidewalk, area between the street and the side walk, as well as civic buildings,
plazas, parks, and greenways.
But also you might hear talk about building facades during passionate discussions about urban
design principles, especially if you have some architects gathered. Its safe to say that urban
design tends to be defined in terms of objects, patterns, textures, repetitions, themes, and
disparate elements that one might observe from the street.
Urban design principles are as follow:
1.

Centers and nodes set up the pattern for the city.

A village , town, or city needs one or more focal points, depending on size. Traditionally these
were the downtowns. Now must regions are multi-centric (sometimes called polycentric). Its
actually fine to have more than one center in a large city, but sound urban design principles
would describe a hierarchy of centers. And downtown should the king of the hill. Node is simply
a term more likely to be used by professionals for the idea of an activity center or an area where
traffic, money, information, or other flows come together. You might have employment centers,
shopping centres, shopping centers, entertainment centres, or multifunction activity centers.
Each center or node should exude a strong sense of place. If you were a tyrant and you could
make the perfect hierarchical set of nodes within a major city, you also should make each centre
25

or node have some distinctive elements. So cultivating a dynamic and exciting community center
or hierarchy of centres, that most people can read intuitively, is perhaps the most important of
the urban design principles. When applied to a city or town, legible means that people from the
same culture have an intuitive sense of what is coming next and how to navigate; thus we say
that they can read their surroundings.
2. Creating A Strong Sense Of Place Is Key To A Successful Neighbourhood.
If you hang around the architecture or planning communities, you'll hear this term bandied about
as if it were something you learned in kindergarten. I didn't learn it until much later, so let's talk.
Certainly distinguishing this place from other places on the basis of history, culture, well
preserved natural systems, and distinctive human inventiveness and ornamentation somehow
stimulates the brain in a pleasant way. If you flatten off the mountaintop, which I still see
occasionally, haven't you given up a very distinguishing feature? I'd love to see a mountain
outside my window now instead of asphalt, concrete, Bradford pear trees, a distant awning, and a
non-descript building.
Recognizing history, including human history, natural history, and cultural history, contributes
greatly to the collective memory that helps form a great community. Along these lines, a district
needs to feel like a district, that is, a relatively cohesive place with boundaries . In the influential
1961 book The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch called these boundaries "edges," and they should
be discernible. If you work at the neighborhood scale, it's important to define your neighborhood
boundaries . The edges enhance sense of place also, because they reinforce the notion that we are
leaving one place and entering another.
3. Theme And Variation Is Among The Key Urban Design Principles.
Over and over in these pages, we are reminded that urban design principles are similar to the key
concept behind music, which is the enunciation of a theme or two, and then endless variations
and complexities rendered on the themes. This is especially true when we consider architecture.
Buildings on a street may be generally two-story brick, but we might want to see different colors
of brick, slightly varying building heights, slightly varying window and door patterns, inventive
use of accent color, and even the occasional three-story brick or stucco building that is in

26

sympathy with other building members on the face of the block. Maybe the cornice type and
height varies along the block face.
So theme and variation is among the key urban design principles. In a town, you want some
slight degree of predictability about buildings, in a neighborhood a little more predictability, and
on a block, still more predictability. Yet in all cases, we still want to be surprised. We humans
need variety and delight in the creativity of others. Don't take that away if you want a successful
town or city. But if you shock us on every block with a radically different look and feel, it's
going to read like a museum of architecture and not a very homey one at that.
4. Decide Where To Make A Design Statement, Make It, But Don't Make It Everywhere.
Attention to quality, detail, and workmanship count in the public realm. You would like each
design element to look as though someone thought about it, at least a little, and fit the form to the
function. In other words, I want the door of the art museum to be a more interesting and unique
door than the door to the paper cup factory. The occasional handmade and artful detail is
essential to the perception that someone cares about this place.
You don't have to be clever about traffic lights; predictability is more important than a design
statement there. However, when you have a bench along the sidewalk, it shouldn't look as though
it came from the discount store. Nor should I have to hang my feet out into the street to use it.
The benches, planters, street trees with tree grates, litter cans, and such that you see along many
commercial streets collectively are called a streetscape, by the way. Often it's best not to spend
money on streetscape unless you can do it well.
So decide where urban design principles need to be subtle and functional, versus conscious and
even decorative. Architects would remind us that this means that there should be some thoughtful
"articulation" (doors, windows, details, and "relief" in the form of different vertical planes on the
front wall) on walls facing the public realm, rather than simply blank walls. But if you carry out
an elaborate cornice system on the rear of the building where no one can see it, maybe you're just
being impractical.
Landmarks are important in making people feel comfortable in a place, but each building can't be
a landmark. That would defeat the purpose. In the public space, your backflow preventer cover
27

doesn't need to be lavender, but maybe the flowers in your planters should be lavender with some
yellow and white thrown in for contrast. Usually your street furniture (benches and such) is
important, but perhaps an exquisite uplight for your street tree less so. That's a judgment call, and
one that requires a well-trained eye.
5. Urban Design Should Promote And Facilitate Social Interaction.
Just walk across the plaza and meet me. Don't call me on your cell phone from the driveway.
Seriously, social interaction is important because the wealthy develop empathy for the poor, and
vice versa, only when there are places for accidental association among classes and people with
diverse outlooks.
In the professional community, you will hear about related urban design principles of "human
scale" and "pedestrian scale." Designing for the human scale implies everything from keeping
street lighting at a height that lights the way for pedestrians, rather than only for cars, to
designing some places that are appropriate for intimate and semi-private conversations in the
public realm. When you build a great cathedral (who's done that lately?), you want it to be aweinspiring and to point to something far greater than human scale. But for most everyday
interactions, including commerce, people unconsciously respond very well to keeping street level
features at the human scale.
6. The Social System Should Be More Important Than Vehicular Systems.
People are more important than machines. OK, you all agree. But I know that some of you really
don't, because I see you build highways that bisect neighborhoods, parishes, and extended
families. When there is only one path, and that path accommodates only machines, which could
describe how the interstate highways function in some parts of cities, we're all in trouble.
And when accommodating all the automobiles at the regional shopping mall du jour for the
Saturday before Christmas means that we should asphalt acres and acres, we're forgetting that
people are more important than our machines.

28

7. De-emphasize Utilitarian, But Gray Portions Of The Public Realm.

We mean those gray, brown, or rusty streets, roads, stormwater inlets, manholes, utility boxes,
ugly bridges, and so forth. With determined effort, you can design an attractive and brightly
colored street and you certainly can build a good-looking bridge.
However, making every road an art statement isnt the answer. The answer is skinnier roads and
more options for walking, cycling, and transit. Look into a complete streets policy and see if you
don't like it. Land use patterns and the amount of private land that each residence is allowed to
absorb are major determinants of how much of a metropolitan or micropolitan area must be
devoted to roads and other gray infrastructure.
So your urban design principles should emphasize compact development patterns and the most
narrow and unobtrusive infrastructure that will accomplish the goal of a well-functioning flow of
people and goods.
8. Functional Methods Of Transporting People Of All Abilities, Goods, And Utilities Are
Essential.
Here's where many American cities and towns are failing. Is it really functional to have every
desirable destination lined up along a single roadway, which then becomes ridiculously
congested along about 5:00 p.m. every Friday? Surely not. Is it useful for people to have to
commute to work for 30 miles? Maybe somewhat useful, but not economically efficient or
friendly to the environment.
In most contemporary American cities, the pedestrian, the cyclist, the scooter user, the baby
carriage, and the skateboarder are all but forgotten. Making it safe and easy for these people to
move over the land is an essential part of a functional transportation system. The flows of people,
electricity, water, freight, and so forth literally comprise the urban structure. So the distribution
of people, goods, and energy should be redundant, intelligible, and efficient.
For example, when a freeway is being rebuilt, we need an alternate street system. This is why it's
a mistake to destroy a historic street grid, which allows for abundant detours that are only
slightly less efficient than the route of choice. A system of cul-de-sacs may provide a comforting
sense of familiarity, and thus meet the intelligibility factor for those who live there. However,
29

visitors from outside the neighborhood won't find it so easy to navigate because it isn't
redundant. And systems that don't have ready substitutes are unforgiving of small mistakes, or if
people who don't drive. Kids, the frail elderly, and the temporarily or permanently disabled
actually comprise a substantial portion of the population, so we need to accommodate their
movement also.
9. Land Use Is Usually Secondary To Building Scale, Mass, And Setbacks.
Elsewhere we describe how segregating land uses through zoning was the norm in urban
planning until a paradigm shift that began in the 1980s. And we're pretty consistent proponents
of mixed-use development . But that doesn't mean a complete hodge-podge. Imagine trying to
walk down a sidewalk by a street, and in this order you pass:
A dry cleaner with a small amount of suburban type parking in front of it
A typical big box discount store
An apartment complex with three or four driveways onto the public street and two rows or
parking in front of the first buildings
A large old single-family house
A four-story brick office building of vaguely Colonial architecture Disorienting, isn't it?
So not every mix of uses is a good one. Complete lack of consistency in building setback and
height, as well as a disparate set of uses, isn't comfortable. So the soundest of urban design
principles is that the land and building uses need to be compatible with their neighbors,
particularly if you can see from one to another. Is a concrete plant likely to need to be close to a
Five-Star restaurant? I think not. But would a loft condominium development marketing to
young people need to be near a moderately priced, loud, and popular restaurant? Yes.
10. Civic And Public Gathering Space Should Be Generous.
Probably civic space is simply another twist on the idea of a sense of place, but let's emphasize
that there should be a physical place where people can have chance encounters and also
purposeful gatherings.
30

Every culture needs to demonstrate its pride in some heritage or accomplishment, and every
democratic country needs places where those who are unhappy can assemble. But what makes a
good civic space is appropriate scale, visibility from one end to the other, a sense of spaciousness
adequate for the likely number of participants, the look and feel of being "on purpose" without
being overly formal, and the capability for random patterns of movement.
And pay attention to the new urbanist idea of giving civic buildings and spaces a prominent place
within the community. Don't put them down by the railroad track where no one else wants to be;
make them the end point of a great long view.
11. Urban Design Is Valuable But Complexity Should Be Proportionate To The Population.
The larger the city, the more complexity it can bear in design elements, and indeed some
cityscapes thrive on nearly complete chaos. Yet that can only be a pleasant experience when the
human flow and other flows within the city is large, random, and slightly chaotic itself. So
complexity or simplicity needs to be compatible with the number of inhabitants, whether
permanent or on a seasonal or daytime basis.
In a small town, you can still manage layers of complexity, and the best small towns do. But the
scale is drastically reduced. By this I mean that you might have a complex rose garden 20 feet
across, rather than the cacophony of businesses, street vendors, street performers, entrances,
signs, art, whimsy, and honking taxis that are part of the fun in a New York City block.
2.2.1

THE CONTEXTS OF URBAN DESIGN

Urban design operates in between many externalities which are usually beyond the

control of the urban designer. These externalities define the context that constrain and inform all
areas of urban design. The underline factor for the context of urban design is premised on the
need for urban designer to identify different internal and external factor of the environment
within the framework of the economy and institutional control within the environment in
fashioning and applying the right approach to different settings.
There are four (4) contexts of urban design, they are; Local, Global and Regulatory.
(a)

The local context

31

Context is the character and setting of an area within which a project scheme will sit. It is its
natural as well as human history; the forms of the settlements, buildings and spaces; its ecology
and archaeology; its location, and the routes that pass through it. Context also includes people,
the individuals living in or near the area and how communities are organized so that citizens
become real participants in the project of development. A thorough appreciation of the overall
site context is the starting point for designing a distinct place. (English Partnership). The change
in context is what makes a rural area have different qualities and needs than a suburban area or
an urban downtown core area.
(b)

Global Context
Carmona et al, (2003) states that just as all acts of urban design are embedded in their

local contexts, they are also inextricably embedded in the global context; meaning that just as
local actions have global impacts and consequences, global action have local impacts and
consequences.
This is why global warming, climate change, pollution of the natural environment and the
depletion of fossil fuel sources are important considerations for urban designers, no matter the
size of their projects. To contribute to a sustainable development, urban designers need to have
regard to social impacts and long term economic viability, as well as the environmental impacts
of their projects.
(c)

Market Contexts
The concept of sustainable development includes not only environmental, but also

economic and social sustainability. Urban designers need to have regard to social impacts and
long term economic viability, as well as environmental impacts. A developments environmental
impacts can be likened to footprint. More sustainable urban design involves reducing the total
environmental footprint consequence lang assuming that technology will always find an answer,
urban designers should take an environmentally begin position, designing flexible. Even thought,
in the short term, people are likely to continue to use their cars. The market & regulatory context
in these contexts focus on different sides of the same coin. As most of us live in market
economies, most urban design actions occur within a context based on fundamental forces of

32

supply and demand. Hence, urban design actions typically occur in market economies that are
regulated to a greater or lesser extent.
(d)

Regulatory Context
The regulatory context (government) is macro governmental context, which provides the

overall context for the detailed elaboration of public policy, including urban design policy and
the operation of design control. An important part of the regulatory context is the balance public
and private sectors. Depending on the sectorial viewpoint, development will often be perceived
differently.

2.3

LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of the urban environment evolved from the transformation of the

agricultural rural setting, as a result of the population growth and its accompanying urbanization
via technological innovations that aid physical development of our environment. The Rapid
change in our rural environment and its consequences gave rise to the thought of an aspect of
physical planning known as urban design.
Urban design as expressed in most literature begins with the movement of social
reformers and technological progress that aim providing through design a better environment. It
is important to note that, the growth of social science did not pay attention to the physical
environment in terms of design, the physical growth thus formed resulted in arnchy and confused
unhealthy environment. To solve the risen environment problem, eliminated into the analysis of
the social environment and the physical environment by social reformers, pioneer thinkers in
urban planning and industrial philanthropists. Their various solutions articulated in design gave
rise to urban design.
The understanding of urban design in the study of urban planning or town planning,
entails a configuration of use, manipulation and adoption of the physical environment, human
and other animate and inanimate components in production of a livable environment. (Branch
1985).

33

Branch therefore, described urban design as a conception of urban form that is

schematically represented as a design for perceptual interpretation. To give more meaning to his
explanation, Branch further opined that, urban design as a planning process has to do with the
sensory response of visual appearance, aesthetic quality and spatial character.
Reekie (1972) in his own definition articulated urban design as the general design of
groups of buildings and associated structures, road and open spaces forming part of the town,
Achi (2004) elaborated on the definition of Reekie by stating that, urban design is the general
arrangement of building masses and the preservation and enhancement of amenities considered
three dimensionally. From the view point of Udeh in Mba,
Ogbazi and Efobi (ed.) urban design is described as that part of planning process that
deals mainly with the quality of the built environment and further seeks to control changes in the
natural as well as in the man made substantial areas of planning including housing,
transportation, open spaces, institutional services, commence and industries (Udeh 1992).
Barnett (1982) explaining urban design as a process of giving physical design direction to
urban growth, conservation, and rural as well as cities. This definitions of Barnett is structured
on the basis of the arrangement of the physical configuration of the urban environment in
response to growth. To sum up what urban design mean and stands to achieve, Udeh further
added that, urban design is the articulation and conception of form of urban environmental
elements, including the animate and inanimate components paying heed to such perceptual
characteristics of operational, responsive and inferential perception to achieve the desired
environmental images and instrument of satisfying social needs.
Therefore urban design is the outcome of combined professional input of the Town
planner, Architects, Landscape Architects and Civil Engineer, who has acquired professional
skills in related field of study, to produce an urban form, based on its physical form and available
technology.
The Town planner or Urban planner engages in urban design in responses to solving the
physical and social problems, by producing the desired from through the existing configuration
of the physical form of the spatial entity.

34

3.0

CHAPTER THREE

3.0

STUDY AREA CONTEXT

3.1

LOCATION
Olubadan Stadium is a popular and oldest stadium located at Ibadan district in Ibadan

south western Ibadan of Oyo State, South Western Nigeria.. It lies between the latitude of
7o22444.17N and longitude 305233.44E.
3.2

HISTORY
The Olubadan (Olubadan means Lord of Ibadan) is the royal title of the king of Ibadan

land in Nigeria, now a largely symbolic role. Ibadan

was founded in the 16th century, but the present Yoruba people only took control around 1820.
By 1850 they had established their unusual succession principle, which is quite
different compared with other traditional Yoruba rulers in that it alternates between two lines. It
usually takes decades to groom an Olubadan for the stool through stages of chieftaincy
promotion, thus meaning that just about any male born title-holder of the metropolitan center is a
potential king.
According to the outline history of Ibadan by Oba Isaac Akinyele, Ibadan was founded in
the 16th century. Around 1820, an army of Egba, Ijebu, Ife and Oyo people won the town during
their wars with the Fulanis. After a struggle between the victors, the Oyo gained control in 1829.
A system where the Baale line (civic) and Balogun Isoriki line (military) shared power was
established by 1851, subject to a traditional council representing both lines.
In 1885 C.E. the Royal Niger Company became effective rulers of the area, signing treaties with
local powers such as the Olubadan, and in 1900 the British government formally assumed
authority over Nigeria as a "Protectorate".
The British created the Ibadan Town Council in 1897, using the traditionally powerful local
chiefs to administer their town. In 1901 the Governor Sir William MacGregor introduced an
ordinance whereby the Baale became the president of the Council while the Resident was only to
35

advise when necessary (Rulers of Ibadan were generally referred to as Baale until 1936, when
the title of Olubadan was resuscitated).
On 1 October 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. Various
juntas then ruled for almost forty years. In 1999, a democratically elected government came into
power.
The city of Ibadan is located approximately on longitude 3 5 1 East of the Greenwich
Meridian and latitude 7 231 North of the Equator at a distance some 145kilometres worth east
of Lagos. The physical setting of the city consists of ridges of hills that run approximately in
northwest southeast direction.
HISTORY OF OLUBADAN STADIUM
Historically Nigeria was colonized British and sport was so popular. It was the government
then that granted a piece of land for the stadium and it fence round. Thereafter, football pitch was
established by the western government but there was a particular building which is functioning
still date was constructed by IBADAN FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (I.F.A) with the support of
individuals like (N.O IDOWU whose donated most 50pounds), government grants. The building
consists of offices, restaurant, bar, dispensary, restrooms for both footballers and officials and
other necessary facilities things. Since then sporting activities has been started in the stadium and
it was first stadium in Ibadan.
Before I.F.A can to existence, there was divisions around the state like Ibadan division, Ede
division, Osogbo division, Ijesha division and was chosen to be IBADAN DIVISIONAL
AMATEUR FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (I.B.D.A.F.A). Later when the issue of division was
no longer function then Ibadan became IBADAN FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION.
April 2016, the stadium has been under construction, renovating the building, reconstruct the
pitches (adding tract race, grass surface) and others.
The stadium was maintained by IBADAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS COMPANY
PROPERTY LIMITED. It was transferred to this company in 2006 by the state government.

36

3.3

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA

The physical characteristics of Olubadan stadium includes -weather and climate, drainage

pattern, vegetation etc.

3.3.1

Climate
Ibadan south Local Government Area enjoy a tropical wet and dry climate with a lengthen

wet season which is characterized by two distinct seasons that is the rainy season which occurs
between April and October with a short break in August and dry season which starts from
November and last until march annually.
3.3.2 Vegetation
The study area consists of tropical rain-forest with trees spaced rather widely apart
permitting the development of a dense lower layer. Trees which are mostly hard and thorny are
of medium height and are umbrella- shape to shield their roots from the scorching heat and
expose only a narrow edge to the strong trade winds that blow all year round. Some of these trees
are xerophytes (drought resistance) palm acacia, Bamboo, Iroko and Obeche (Sammy).
Both trees and plants are deciduous shedding their leaves in the coal dry season to
prevent excessive loss of water through transpiration and lying dormant during the long drought.
3.4

TOPOGRAPHY
The topography map of the study area shows how the area slopes. There are two different

maps under the topography map. These maps are elevation and slope analysis map.
3.4.1

Elevation Map
This map shows how the study area slopes differs from the lowest elevation to the highest

elevation. The slope ranges from 190- 201, the higher the slope the thicker the color (refer to
sheet 13).

37

3.4.2

Slope Analysis Map

This map shows the slope analysis of the study area, the higher the gradient the thicker

the color (map 14). When analyzing the topography map, it was discovered that the land has two
different gradients which are: flat land (below 5%), and moderate slope (6.10%). See map 14.
3.4.3

Drainage
The study area drains in so many ways depending on the elevation of the area. In the

study, water drains from highest level to the lowest level. The drainage analysis map (see map
12) shows the drainage analysis of the study area; the arrow indicates the direction of flow of the
drainage of the study area.
3.5

Building / Land Uses

There are different types of building and land uses in the area. The building uses include

residential, commercial, and industrial and services while the various land uses include;
residential, commercial, circulation, industrial, agriculture, public utilities and open spaces land
uses. The land and building uses are denoted in different colours on the map, these colours are;
residential-yellow, commercial-blue, circulation-white, services and facilities-red, industrialpink, agriculture deep green, recreation green, open spaces-light green etc.
The total number of building is 807 from which commercial took 173, It also shows the
building height, condition of building and age of building (refer to sheet 3 and 5).
3.6

Road and Infrastructure

This map shows the road network; infrastructure and facilities of the study area see map

6 & 7).

3.7:

LAND USE PATTERN

Table 3.7.1: LAND USE PATTERN OLUBADAN STADUM IN IBADAN SOUTH

LOCAL GOVERNMENT.

38

LAND USE

AREA HECTARES

PERCENTAGE (%)

Residential

1.31

4.13

Commercial

0.76

2.42

Circulation

1.17

5.74

Industrial

5.91

18.66

Public and utilities

7.20

22.69

Open space

11.78

37.13

Recreation

2.94

9.27

Agriculture

0.01

0.04

TOTAL

31.73

100

Source: Field survey, August, 2016

3.7.1

RESIDENTIAL LANDUSE
Residential land use is the specific activity which accommodates living and other

residential activities such as sleeping, bathing, eating and so on. The residential land use can be a
detached dwelling unit, semi detached, apartment unit or row unit.
In the study area, the residential land use /building was estimated to 1.31 hectares of land
and 4.13% of the total area and factually all the buildings are type duplex, compound buildings.
3.7.2

CIRCULATION LAND USE

The circulation pattern of the study area covers 1.17 hactares and 13.1% of the total land

area. All the road include access road to the stadium and access to industry area and schools
within the area some are tarred while others are untarred.
3.7.3

INDUSTRIAL LAND USE

39

This activity involves the transformation of raw materials or unfinished goods into
finished goods. It can be processing industry such as extraction of timber, cotton, rubber etc.
Manufacturing industry(this includes firms that involve in the transformation of raw materials
into finished goods, such as the use of palm oil, manufacturing of soap, cotton in making clothes
etc.). It can be also be mining industry, construction industry, transport industry etc. Those listed
industries are performing different functions and they were categorised into two i.e it can be light
or heavy industry.
The industrial land use covers 5.91hactares (18.66%) of the total land area.
3.7.4

PUBLIC UTILITIES LAND USE

Public land use is owned by government only for the satisfaction of public interest and it

includes public services such as police station, post office etc.

Semi public land use is either privately owned or governmentally owned. It contains
health institution, educational institution, religious centres etc.
The public utilities land use covers 7.20hectares and 22.69% of the total land area.
Basically there were so few facilities present in the study area as at the time of this research.
These facilities are educational facilities.
3.7.5

OPEN SPACE
Open space covered 11.78hactares and 37.13% of the total land area.

3.7.6

COMMERCIAL LAND USE

Commercial land use was categorised as a place whereby various goods and services

were sold and bought by the people. It can take place in retail form, wholesales form and
manufacture form which can be small scale, medium scale or large scales in order to raise the
social and economic condition of the area.

40

The commercial land use of the study area covered 0.76 hectares of land with 2.42%.
From the data collected and the investigation made, it shows clearly that commercial land use
dominates the study area.
3.7.7. RECREATIONAL LAND USE
Recreational land use ranges from home entertainment such as playing football and
watching television, through passive activities such as strolling and playing in the morning. To
active games and competitive sports. The recreational land use covered 2.94 hectares and 9.27%
based on the research carried out.
3.7.8

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

Agricultural land use is typically land devoted to agriculture, the systematic and

controlled use of other forms of life particularly the rearing of livestock and production of crops
to produce food for humans. It is synonymous with farmland or cropland.
The agricultural land use covered 0.01 hectares and 0.04%.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

41

4.0

DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the researcher presented the analysis and discussion of primary data

collected through the administration of questionnaire in the study area. That is, the findings of
the research work were presented through the response of the respondents to reflect the
objectives of this research.
The total number of 100 questionnaires was administered. The first part of the
questionnaire revealed the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, followed by the
physical characteristics, amenities and facilities and the interview guide for the users.
4.1

Socio-Economic Characteristics
The characteristics and composition of the respondents of the study area were analyzed

and interpreted as follow:

Table 1
Gender Of The Respondents
Gender
Frequency
Male
91
Female
9
Total
100

Percent
91 Source:
9 Author Field
100
Survey, 2016.
The

above table shows that the total number of male interviewed during the survey was (91%). While
female has (9%). Thus, this induces that male do recreate than females that are mostly found at
home busy with domestic work.

42

Table 2

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The chart above shows that those that fall within the age of 31-45 has the highest
frequency followed by the age that falls within 18-30, 46-60 and the age that is less than 18 has
the lowest frequency.
Table 3
Religion

Religion
Frequency
Islam
63
Christianity
37
43

Percent
63
37

Total

100

100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The table above revealed that (63%) of the respondents are Muslim, (37%) of the
respondents are Christians. This indicates that the highest percentage (63%) of the respondents
are Muslim.
Table 4

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The chart shows that Yoruba has the highest percentage while Hausa and Igbo have the
same percentage.
Table 5
Marital status
Frequency
Single
25
Married
74
Divorced
1
Total
100

Percent
25
74
1
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

44

The above table shows that the highest percentage of the respondents are married which
is (74%), while (25%) of the respondents are single and while (1%) of the respondent is
divorced. This indicate that majority of the people in the study area are married.
Table 6
Occupation
Frequency
Trading
Farming
Civil service
Industrial activities
Others specify
Total

Percent
17
3
41
10
29
100

17
3
41
10
29
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Occupation distribution of the respondents in the study area. The analysis above shows
that (41%) of the respondent are civil servant which has the highest percentage, followed by
others specify (29%) trading, (17%), industrial activities (10.0%) and while (3%) of the
respondent are into farming.

Table 7

45

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

As depicted in chart 7 above, majority of the respondent have secondary (47%) and
tertiary education (42%)while the rest of the respondent in the study area have primary education
(9%) while the rest of other respondent have adult education (2%).
Table 8
employment status
Frequency
Student
Artisan
Employed
Unemployed
Total

Percent
7
24
67
2
100

7
24
67
2
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Number of employed respondent (67%) in the population is very high .i.e. of total
percentage followed by the number of artisan population (24%) while few member of the
schedule are under the student (7%) and unemployed group (2%) in the focus area of olubadan
area.
Table 9
Nationality
Nigeria

Frequency
100

Percent
100
46

Foreigner
0
Total
100
Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

0
100

The entire inhabitant that is the respondent is Nigerians (100%), there are no foreigners.
all are indigene of Nigeria in the study area.
4.2

Physical Characteristics
The characteristics and composition of the respondents of the study area was analyzed

and interpreted as follow:

Table 10
Is this place well equipped with all necessary sport facilities
Frequency
Percent
Yes
5
5
No
95
95
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

(95%) percent of the respondent said no that the place is not equipped and while (5%)
percent of the respondent said yes.

Table 11
If yes, how adequate are the facilities provided
Frequency
Percent
Very adequate
2
Adequate
0
Not adequate
3
Total
5

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

47

40
0
60
100

40% shows that it is very adequate while 60% shows that it is not adequate. it illustrate
that the facilities are not adequate to the users.
Table 12

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

28% of the respondent said that they do not have guest house while 72% of the
respondent said that they have guest house. which shows that 28% of the respondent do not have
access to the guest house.
Table 13

Functional
Not functional

If yes how functional is it?

Frequency
8
10

Total

28

Percent
28.57
71.43
100.0

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Based on the percentage, 28.57% said is functional while 71.43% said is not functional

48

Table 14
Is there electricity supply?
Frequency
100

Yes

Percent
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The entire habitant that is the respondent said there is supply of electricity (100%)
in the study area.

Table 15

Very stable
Stable
Not stable

If yes, is it stable?
Frequency
8
75
17

Total

100

Percent
8
75
17
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

As depicted in table 15 above, majority of the respondent said that the electricity supply
is stable (75%), not stable (17%) and while (8%) of the respondent said the electricity supply is
very stable in the study area of olubadan.
Table 16

49

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

96% of the respondent said there is availability of water supply in the study area while
4% of the respondent said there is no availability of water supply in the study area of olubadan.
Table 17
If yes, how functional is it?
Frequency
Very functional
12
Functional
79
Not functional
5
Total
96

Percent
13.00
82.29
5.21
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Based on the table shown above it shows that 82.29% agreed that the water supply is
functional, 13.00% said that the water supply is very functional and while 5.21%said that the
water supply is not functional at all. This shows that those with lowest percentage may be they
do not have access to water supply in the study area.
Table 18
Source of water?
50

Frequency
Well
Borehole
Total

Percent

6
94
100

6
94
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

6% of the respondent said that their source of water supply is well while 96% of the
respondent said that their source of water supply is borehole. It illustrate that the respondent with
6% do not have access to borehole may be it could be the distance from their house to
source(borehole).
Table 19

No

Do you have a health centre?

Frequency
100

Percent
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

100% of the respondent testified to it that they do not have a health centre or get access to
health centre facilities in the study area of olubadan.

Table 20

51

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

99% of the respondent said that they have public toilet while 1% of the respondent said
that they do not have public toilet. It illustrate that the respondent have public toilet where they
ease their self.
Table 21
Who provided the facility?
Frequency
Community
35
NGO
10
Government
50
Individual
5
Total
100

Percent
35
10
50
5
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Based on the analysis illustrated it shows that 35.00% of the community provided the
facility, 50% of the government provided the facility, 10% of the NGO provided the facility and
while 5% of the individual provided the facility.
Table 22

Yes

Do you pay to access the facilities?

Frequency
88

Percent
88

No

12

12

Total

100

100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

52

Table 22 above illustrate that 88% of the respondent can access the facility and while
12% of the respondent do not have access to the facility.
Table 23

Yes

If yes, is it affordable?
Frequency
88

Percent
88

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The table above shows that 88% of the respondents have access to the facility.
Table 24

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The chart above shows that 45% of the community is in charge of maintaining the
facility, 38% of the individual is in charge of maintaining the facility and while 17% of the
government worker is in charge of maintaining the facility.
53

Table 25
Are there places where refuse are dumped?
Frequency
Percent
89
11
100

yes
no
Total

89
11
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

89% of the respondent testified to it that there are places where refused are been dumped
while 11% of the respondent do not testified to it.
Table 26

refuse depot
recycling bin
bush
Total

If yes where?
Frequency
9
10
70
89

Percent
10.11
11.24
78.65
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

The table above shows that 10.11% of the respondent makes use of the refuse depot,
11.24% of the respondent makes use of the recycling bin while 78.65% of the respondent make
use of bush. It shows that the respondent with the highest percentage make use of bush which is
not proper.
Table 27

1-3
3-6

How many recycle bin do you have?

Frequency
54
46
54

Percent
54.0
46.0

Total

100

100.0

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Table 28

Yes
No
Total

Are there places where refuse need to be cleared?

Frequency
Percent
82
18
100

82
18
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

Table 29

Yes
No
Total

Is there provision for security?

Frequency
Percent
60
40
100

60
40
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, it can be seen that the security level of the study area is good. It
carries 60%.
Table 30
How is it done?
55

Frequency
security guards
gate
Total

Percent
76
24
100

76
24
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, we can see that most of the security is done by the security guard
which is 76% while gate security carries 24%.

Table 31

highly effective
effective
not effective
Total

How effective is it?

Frequency
49
38
13
100

Percent
49.0
38.0
13.0
100.0

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, the efficiency of the security falls as; highly effective carries 49%,
effective carries 38% while not effective carries 13%. From the analysis above, we can see that
the level of security can be said to be highly effective.

Table 32
What do you like about this stadium/area?
Frequency
Percent
affordable
20
nice environment
5
friendly users
4
56

20
5
4

safe
convenient
Total

31
40
100

31
40
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, the research carried can be interpreted that what people like about
the stadium is that its convenience.

Table 33
What do you dislike about this stadium/area?
Frequency
polluted environment
18
bad road
2
poor structures
41
not well planned
8
inadequate sport & support facilities
31
Total
100

Percent
18
2
41
8
31
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above and the research conducted, we can see that people dislike the
structure of the stadium because its poor.
Table 34
In what area can the stadium be improved
Frequency
provision of more facilities
68
provision of more structures
27
Landscaping
5
Total
100

57

Percent
68
27
5
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, the research conducted states that people suggested that there
should be more provision of facilities. That would improve the stadium.
Table 35
How can we make this stadium a greener place?
Frequency
Percent
planting of flowers and trees
10
provision of seats out
2
provision of water fountain
2
all of the above
86
Total
100

10
2
2
86
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, people suggested that planting of flowers and trees, provision of
seats out and provision of water fountain would make the stadium a greener place.
Table 36
How can the place be more welcoming and easier for people to find their way
around?
Frequency
Signs
emphasis on landmarks
spaces between structures
Zoning
categorization of uses
Total

37
21
9
11
22
100

Percent
37
21
9
11
22
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, people suggested that provision of signs will make the stadium
more easy for people to find their way around which is 37%, while 21% suggested that there
should be more emphasis on landmark, 9% suggested spaces between structures and 22%
suggested categorization of users.
58

Table 37
which buildings and structures are more important to conserve?
Frequency
Percent
sport buildings
80
others specify
20
Total
100

80.0
20.0
100.0

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 80% suggested that sport buildings are the structure that is most
important to conserve.
Table 38

Yes
No
Total

Are they already protected?

Frequency
34
66
100

Percent
34
66
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 66% said they structures are not already protected while 34% said
they are already protected.

Table 39
If no, should they?
Frequency
yes
No
Total

Percent
59
7
66

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

59

89.39
10.61
100

From the table above, 89.39% said that the structure should be conserved while 10.61%
said it shouldnt.
Table 40
Are there places where people feel unsafe during the day or night?
Frequency
Percent
yes
83
83
No
17
17
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 83% said there are places that are unsafe during the day or night
while 17% said there isnt any place unsafe during the day or night.

Table 41

Close To Bushes
Within The Stadium
Parking Lot
Exit
Other Specify
Total

If yes, where?
Frequency
46
16
2
15
4
83

Percent
50
16
2
15
17
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 46% said that places close to the bush are unsafe, 16% said places
within the stadium are unsafe,2% said the parking lots are unsafe, 15% said the exit is the place
unsafe while 4% suggested other places as unsafe.

60

Table 42
What can be done to make them feel safer?
Frequency
clear bushes
34
provision of security guards
57
installation of CCTV
9
Total
100

Percent
34
57
9
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 34% suggested that clearing of bushes would make the place safer,
57% suggested that provision of more security would make the place safer, 9% suggested that
availability of CCTV would make the place safer.
Table 43

yes
No
Total

Is there any public/open space that is not used?

Frequency
Percent
80
20
100

80
20
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 80% says there is public/open spaces not used, while 20% says
there isnt.
Table 44
If yes, how can it be made usable?
Frequency
Appropriate designation
22
By ensuring the place is made accessible to all
3
By ensuring that it is properly managed
26
Proper design of the space for use
29
Total
80

61

Percent
27.5
3.75
32.5
36.25
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 22% says that the open spaces should be used for appropriate
designation,3% says the open spaces should be used the ensure the place is made accessible to
all,26% says the open spaces should be ensured that is properly managed, 49% says that the open
spaces should be used for proper design.

Table 45
Are the street and other spaces well cleaned and maintained?
Frequency
Percent
yes
32
32
No
68
68
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 32% says the street and other spaces are not well cleaned and
maintained while 68% says the street and other spaces are well cleaned and maintained.
Table 46
Who is responsible for caring and maintaining public or open spaces?
Frequency
Percent
Community
45
45
NGO
2
2
Individual
21
21
Government
32
32
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above 45% says that the community is responsible for caring and
maintaining public or open spaces,5% says the NGOs are responsible for caring and maintaining
public or open spaces, 19% says that individuals are responsible for caring and maintaining

62

public or open spaces,31% says the government are responsible for caring and maintaining the
public or open spaces.
Table 47
What can be done to mark places that are gateway to particular areas?
Frequency
Percent
Gate/arcade
22
22
Landscaping
24
24
conspicuous signage
20
20
all of the above
34
34
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 22% says gate/arcade should be used to mark places that serves as
gateway to particular areas, 24% says landscaping should be used to mark places that serves as
gateway to particular areas, 20% says conspicuous signage should be done to mark places that
serves as gate way to particular areas while 34% thinks all the above should be done.
Table 48

Yes
No
Total

Are there places where better signs are needed?

Frequency
Percent
83
17
100

83
17
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 83% says there are places where better signs are needed while 17%
says that there are no places where betters signs are needed.

Table 49
If yes, where?
63

Frequency
At the entrances of each building
Inside each of the sport facilities
At the gates
Others, specify
Total

Percent
16.87
28.92
32.53
21.68
100

14
24
27
18
83

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 16.87% suggests that the signs should be at the entrance of each
building, 28.92% says the sign should be inside each of the sport facilities, 32.53% says the signs
should be at the gates while 21.68% specified other places.
Table 50

yes
No
Total

Do the signs give the right impression about this area?

Frequency
Percent
49
51
100

49
51
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 49% says that the signs give the right impression about the area
while 51% says that the signs do not give the right impression about the area.
Table 51
Who controls, regulate or set standard here?
Frequency
Government
28
Private
5
Individual
8
sports councils
59
Total
100

64

Percent
28
5
8
59
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 28% says the government are the one who controls, regulate or set
standards here,5% says its a private sector that controls, regulate or set standards here,8% says
individuals are the ones who control, regulate or set standards here, while 59% says the sport
council controls, regulate or set standards.
Table 52
Who draw up policies, plans, briefs and strategies that affect the places?
Frequency
Percent
NGO
5
5
Government
39
39
Sport councils
56
56
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 5% says the NGOs are the ones who draw up policies, plans, briefs
and strategies that affects the place, 39% says the government are the ones who draw up policies,
plans, briefs and strategies that affect the place while 56% says the sport councils are the ones
who draw up policies, plans, briefs and strategies that affect the place.
Table 53
Who needs to be involved in changing the place for the better?
Frequency
Percent
Community
23
NGO
7
Government
44
Individual
17
Sports councils
9
Total
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

65

23
7
44
17
9
100

From the table above, 23% says that the community are the ones needed to be involved in
changing the place for the better, 7% says the NGOs are the one needed in changing the place for
the better, 42% says that government are to be involved in changing the place for the better, 17%
says individuals are the ones to change the place for the better while 11% says the sport councils
are the ones needed to change the place for the better.

Table 54
How can we make the stadium a more special place?
Frequency
By constructing more buildings
23
By providing more recreational facilities to the existing
37
ones
By having more types of sport that are not present before
39
By stopping ones or more types of sports in the stadium
1
Total
100

Percent
23
37
39
1.0
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 23% says that constructing more buildings would make the
stadium a special place, 37% says providing more recreational facilities to the existing ones
would make the stadium a more special places, 39% says having more types of sport that are not
present before the stadium can be a more special place.
Table 55
How often do you visit this place?
Frequency
First time
Everyday

Percent
5
49

66

5
49

A couple of times a week

A couple of times a year
Total

42
4
100

42
4
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 5% says it is their first time of visiting the stadium, 49% says they
visit the stadium everyday, 42% says they visit a couple of times a week, 4% says they visit a
couple of times a year.
Table 56
At what time a year would you normally visit this stadium/ area
Frequency
Percent
winter
35
summer
55
6.00
7
7.00
3
Total
100

35
55
7
3
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 35% says they visit the stadium during winter season, 55% says
they visit the stadium during summer season, 7% says they visit
Table 57
When would you normally visit this stadium/area
Frequency
Percent
Weekdays
59
Weekend
41
Total
100

59
41
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 59% says they visit the stadium during weekdays while 41% says
they visit during weekends.
67

Table 58
When you visit, where do you usually travel from?
Frequency
Percent
Home
54
Work
38
Shops
8
Total
100

54
8
8
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 54% of the respondents visit from home, 38% visits from their
work place while 8% visits from their shops.
Table 59

On foot
Bicycle
Motorbike
Tourist coach
Bus
Taxi
Car
Total

How would you normally travel to this stadium/area

Frequency
Percent
1
5
21
22
17
24
10
100

1
5
21
22
17
24
10
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 1% of the respondents travel to the stadium on foot, 5% travel by
bicycle, 21% travel by motorbike, 22% travel by tourist coach, 17% travel by bus, 24% travel by
taxi, 10% travel by car.
Table 60
Approximately how long does your normal journey take?
Frequency
Percent
less than 5 minutes
6
68

5-10minutes
10-15minutes
15-20minutes
20-30minutes
more than 30minutes
7.00
9.00
Total

9
20
21
8
26
6
4
100

9
20
21
8
26
6
4
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the table above, 6% of the respondents said they take less than 5minutes to get to
the stadium, 9% said their journey takes 5-10minutes, 20% said it takes them 15-20minutes, 21%
said it takes them 15-20minutes, 8% said it takes them 20-30minutes, 26% said it takes them
more than 30minutes, 6% said it takes them

Table 61
Who would you normally visit this stadium/ area with?
Frequency
Percent
Alone
66
In a group
28
Both equally
6
Total
100

66
28
6
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 66% of the respondents said they visit alone, 28% said they visit in
a group, while 6% said both equally.
Table 62
69

When you visit the stadium/area as part of a group, who would you normally
visit with?
Frequency
Partner
Family
Friends
Tourist group
Team/club
School group
Total

Percent
39
2
4
22
30
3
100

39
2
4
22
30
3
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table,39% said they visit the stadium with their partner, 2% said they
visit with their family, 4% said they visit with their friends, 22% said they visit with tourist
group, 30% said they visit with their team, while 3% said they visit with school group.
Table 63
For what reason do you normally visit this area?
Frequency
The beauty of the place
1
Peace and quiet
21
Wildlife
17
Fresh air
39
To keep feet
10
Attend event
5
Food/drink
7
Total
100

Percent
1
21
17
39
10
5
7
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 1% of the respondents said they normally visit the stadium because
of the beauty of the stadium, 21% said they visit because the stadium is peaceful and quiet, 17%
said they visit because of wildlife, 39% said they visit because of fresh air, 10% said they visit so
70

as to keep fit, 5% said they visit the stadium to attend event while 7% said they visit because of
food and drinks.

Table 64
What is your overall impression of this place?
Frequency
Percent
Very poor
14
Poor
50
Fair
34
Good
2
Total
100

14
50
34
2
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 14% of the respondents impression of the place is very poor, 50%
of the respondents said the place is poor, 34% said the place is fair while 2% said the place is
good.
Table 65
How would you rate the design and appearance of this area?
Frequency
Percent
Very poor
12
12
Poor
63
63
Fair
25
25
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

71

From the above table, 12% of the respondents rated the design and appearance of the
stadium as very poor, 63% rated it as poor while 25% said it is fair.
Table 66
To what extent do you think this stadium is a landmark which
contributes to the urban character of the city?
Frequency
Percent
very poor
15
Poor
37
fair
37
good
11
Total
100

15
37
37
11
100

From the above table, 15% of the respondents

Table 67
What do you think about the range of visitor facilities that are available?
Frequency
Percent
Very adequate
36
36
Adequate
51
51
Not adequate
13
13
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 36% of the respondents said the visitor facilities that is available is
very adequate,31% said the available are adequate while 13% said they are not adequate.
Table 68
How easy is it for you to get to this stadium/area?
Frequency
Percent
72

Easy
Not easy
4.00
5.00
Total

16
35
47
2
100

16
35
47
2
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 16% of the respondents said it is easy for them to get to the
stadium, 35% said it is not easy for them to get to the stadium
Table 69
To what extent do you find this area is integrated with surrounding
amenities?
Frequency
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Total

Percent
26
58
16
100

26
58
16
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 26% of the respondents said the extent at which the area is
integrated with surrounding amenities is very poor, 58% said it is poor, while 16% said it is fair.
Table 70
To what extent do you think this area is safe?
Frequency
Percent
Very poor
6
Poor
30
Fair
34
Good
17
Very good
13
Total
100

73

6
30
34
17
13
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 6% of the respondents said the safety of the area is very poor, 30%
said it is poor, 34% said the safety of the area is fair,17% said it is good while 13% said the
safety is very good.
Table 71
To what extent do you think the stadium is designed to fit the
climate?
Frequency
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Dont know
Total

Percent
23
14
23
40
100

23
14
23
40
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 23% of the people said the extent at which the stadium is designed
to fit the climate is very poor, 14% said the stadiums design to fit the climate is poor, 23% said
its design to fit the climate is fair while 40% said they dont know.
Table 72
How would you rate the standard of cleanliness and maintenance
of this area?
Frequency
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Total

Percent
26
49
22
3
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

74

26
49
22
3
100

From the above table, 26% of the respondents said the cleanliness and maintenance of the
area is very poor, 49% said the cleanliness and maintenance of the area is poor, 22% said
cleanliness and maintenance of the area is fair, 3% said it is good

Table 73
To what extent do you think this area contribute to the commercial
activities around it?
Frequency
Very poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Dont know
Total

7
45
34
12
2
100

Percent
7
45
34
12
2
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 7% of the respondents said the extent at which the area contribute
to the commercial activities around it is very poor, 45% said its contribution to the commercial
activities around it is poor, 34% said its contribution to the commercial activities around it is fair,
12% said it is good while 2% of the respondents dont know.

75

Table 74
To what extent do you think this stadium is provided by the authority bodies
mainly to please royal court?
Frequency
Percent
Very poor
13
13
Poor
41
41
Fair
27
27
Good
2
2
Dont know
17
17
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 13% of the respondents said the extents at which the stadium is
provided by the authority bodies is very poor, 41% said its provision by the authority bodies
mainly to please royal court is poor, 27% said the extent at which the stadium is provided by the
authority bodies is fair, 2% said it is good while 17% dont know
Table 75
To what extent do you think this area can be used for social and cultural
events?
Frequency
Percent
Very poor
33
33
Poor
35
35
Fair
23
23
Good
7
7
Dont know
2
2
Total
100
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 33% of the respondents said the extent at which the area can be
used for social and cultural events is very poor, 35% said the extent at which the area can be
used for social and cultural events is poor, 23% said it is poor, 7% said it is good while 2% dont
know.
76

Table 76
Is there anything that would encourage you to use this
stadium more often, or to stay for long?
Frequency
Yes
No
Dont know
Total

Percent
24
66
10
100

24
66
10
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 24% of the respondents said there are things that encourage them
to use the stadium more often, 66% said nothing encourages them to use the stadium while 10%
dont know
Table 77
Do you think the authority bodies have involved the public in

Yes
No
dont know
Total

providing this stadium?

Frequency
62
32
6
100

Percent
62
32
6
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 62% of the respondents said the authority bodies involved the
public in providing the stadium, 32% said the authority bodies involved the public in providing
the stadium while 6% dont know
Table 78
Does the stadiums size/quality make you travel to use it?
Frequency
Percent
Yes
8
77

No
Dont know
Total

91
1
100

91
1
100

Source: Author Field Survey, 2016.

From the above table, 8% of the respondents said the size and quality of the stadium
make them travel to use it, 91% of the respondents said the size and quality of the stadium
doesnt make them travel to use it while 1% dont know

78

4.3

TRAFFIC COUNT ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

Orientation
SBT
EBT

Volume
685
261

Left opposite turn

173
313

Total
858
547
1432

The diagram shows the analysis of the traffic volume that flow at this junction which is 1432 it
means there is an unstable flow of traffic high volume approaching road capacity limited speed
and intermittent vehicle queuing
79

Orientation
SBT
EBT

Volume
171
119

Left opposite turn

151
113

Total
322
238
560

80

The diagram shows the analysis of the traffic volume that flow at this junction which is 560
which means there is free flow of traffic, low volume high operating speed and high
manoverability

Orientation
NBT
EBT

Volume
101
102

Left opposite turn

35
108

Total
136
210
346

The diagram shows the analysis of the traffic volume that flow at this junction which is 346
which means there is free flow of traffic, low volume high operating speed and high
manoverability
81

The graph above shows the hourly traffic that enters into table tennis court which help to
spell out the peak hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the peak
hour falls within the hour of 7-8 am which constitute 8 vehicle and the off peak period fall within
the hour of 8-9 am which there is no vehicular movement at all. 7-8 am is the peak period here
due to people resuming to their place of work.

82

The graph above shows the departure of hourly traffic from table tennis court which help
to spell out the peak hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the
peak hour falls within the hour of 5-6 pm which constitute 8 vehicle and the off peak period fall

83

within the hour of 8am -1pm. 5-6 pm is the peak our due to the departure of those that are
leaving work for their home.

The graph above shows the hourly traffic flowing into (IMG) which help to spell out the
peak hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the peak hour falls
within the hour of 1-2 pm which constitute 173 vehicular movement and the off peak period fall
within the hour of 7am-8am. People rushing back home after work make 1-2pm the peak period.

84

The graph above shows the traffic flowing out of (IMG) which help to spell out the peak
hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the peak hour falls within

85

the hour of 11am-12pm which constitute 222 vehicular movement and the off peak period fall
within the hour of 6pm-7pm which also constitute 158 vehicular movement.

The graph above shows the traffic from NTC road flowing towards Oke Bola which help
to spell out the peak hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the
peak hour falls within the hour of 2pm-3pm which constitute 140 vehicular movement and the
86

off peak period fall within the hour of 6pm-7pm which also constitute 80 vehicular movement.
People rushing back home after work make 2pm-3pm the peak period.

The graph above shows the traffic from Oke Bola flowing towards NTC road which help
to spell out the peak hours and the off peak hour. It is deduced from the graph above that the
peak hour falls within the hour of 8am-9am which constitute 264 vehicular movement and the off
87

peak period fall within the hour of 12pm-1pm which also constitute 99 vehicular movement. 89am is the peak period due to working days the traffic count is conduct so many people leave
their home for their place of work.

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure from OKEADO via the gate along OLU-BADAN fall within 9-10am of the day. Having 230vehicle coming
the Oke-ado, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 7-8am having traffic lesser
the 110 vehicle.

88

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure into OLUBADAN via the gate along OKE-ADO fall within 9-10am of the day. Having 253vehicle leaving
the oke-ado, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 7-8am having traffic lesser
the 125 vehicle.

89

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular going into
OYO STATE SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES fall within 8-9am of the day. Having 64vehicle,
while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 6-7pm having traffic lesser the 20 vehicle.

90

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure from OYO
STATE SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES fall within 10-11am of the day. Having 65vehicle
leaving, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 8-9am having traffic lesser the 24
vehicle.

91

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure from OLUBADAN via the along SUNSHINE MODEL SCHOOL fall within 5-6pm of the day. Having
245vehicle leaving the olu -badan, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 7-8am
having traffic lesser the 140 vehicle.

92

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure from
SUNSHINE MODEL SCHOOL via along OLU-BADAN STADIUM fall within 10-11am of the
day. Having 339vehicle coming to the OLU-BADAN STADUIM, while the off period of
vehicular fall within 1-2pm having traffic lesser the 170 vehicle.
93

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure into OKEBOLA via along OLU-BADAN fall within 9-10am of the day. Having 13vehicle leaving the oke

94

bola, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 7-8am having traffic lesser the 0
vehicle.

95

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure into OLUBADAN via the gate along OLU-BADAN STADUIM fall within 7-8am of the day. Having
25vehicle coming to the oke-bola, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within 5-6pm
having traffic lesser the 0 vehicle.

96

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure into OLUBADAN via SUNSHINE MODEL SCHOOL fall within 5-6pm of the day. Having 310vehicle
leaving OLU-BADAN STADUIM ROAD, while the off period of vehicular departure fall within
7-8am having traffic lesser the 130 vehicle.

97

From the above Graph, it can be deduced that the peak period of vehicular departure from
SUNSHINE MODEL SCHOOL via OLU-BADAN STADUIM ROAD fall within 8-9am of the
day. Having 275vehicle coming to the olubadan, while the off period of vehicular departure fall
within 6-7pm having traffic lesser the 109 vehicle.

98

According to the above diagram it shows the trends of vehicular movement from Olubadan
toward Oke-ado which designate each area and shows the peak period and Off peak period
within the designated area. This pass across information on the vehicle that divert from the road
and converge to the road. This shows that Okebola to NTC is the peak period among this area
while NTC to IMG is the off peak period among this area.

99

According to the above diagram it shows the trends of vehicular movement from Okeado
toward Olubadan which designate each area and shows the peak period and Off peak period
within the designated area. This pass across information on the vehicle that divert from the road
and converge to the road. This shows that Okeado to IMG is the peak period among this area
while Oke-bola comprehensive to Industry is the off peak period among this area.

100

4.4 urban Audit

Plate 1. Showing the existing condition of seat out in Olubadan stadium

Plate 2: showing the existing condition of football pitch

101

Plate 3: Hostel in the stadium

102

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The study instigate the existing land use and proposed urban design of a Central Business

District (CBD) of Bodija market well being of the people of the Bodija market. Ibadan North,
Oyo state.
The first objective of this study is to identify the socio economic characteristics of the
users of Olubadan Stadium. The analysis carried out shows that almost all the people in the study
area were males while little was females (see table 1). It reflected that males dominates more
than females in the study area. This reflected than males engage in sport activities than females
More so, the survey conducted on the ethnicity of the people in the study area shows that
majority of the people there were Yorubas while few of them were Igbos and Hausas (see table
8). The study also reveals all the respondents are Nigerian.
Furthermore, it was also deduce in chapter four that there is unavailability of electricity,
water supply, health facilities road, educational facilities, public toilet, refuse depot, parking lots
and other facilities. The investigation done shows that those facilities above were provided but
not really in good state and some of these facilities were provided by the government. The
people revealed there dislikes about the study area, which some responded that the stadium is
been patronised by them because of the security and affordability of the area , few patronised it
because the nice environment . Their dislikes were also stated which are very polluted
environment, bad roads, poor structure and unavailability of sport facilities e.t.c.
The second objective is to identify the existing land use pattern and physical
characteristics of the stadium. The study shows that the land use pattern of the study area which
includes: residential, commercial, industrial and open spaces.
The third objective is to critically identify general physical characteristics, stadium, and
environmental problems of the study area. The problem identified in the study area is
unavailability of refuse site. The study area over the year have suffered neglect from the
government particularly in terms of renovation and construction of more structures for the
103

stadium structures which has greatly affect sporting or recraeting activities, thereby affecting
socio economic growth and development in the study area. Among the problems are
unavailability of health facilities and infrastructural facilities, sport or recreational facilities, lack
of good roads, poor environment, poor structures, lack of good water facilities, lack of fire
station, inadequate parking facilities.

104