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GPON stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Networks. GPON is defined by ITU-T recommendation series G.984.1 through G.984.6. GPON can
transport not only Ethernet, but also ATM and TDM (PSTN, ISDN, E1 and E3) traffic. GPON network consists of mainly two active transmission
equipments, namely- Optical Line Termination (OLT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU) or Optical Network Termination (ONT). GPON supports
triple-play services, high-bandwidth, long reach (upto 20km), etc.
Figure 1 shows various FTTx network architectures.
A single fibre from the OLT runs to a passive Optical Splitter (passive means, it does not require any power to operate) which is located near the
users' locations. The Optical Splitter merely divides the optical power into N separate paths to the users. The optical paths can vary between 2 to
128. From the Optical Splitter, a single mode (SM) fibre strand run to each user. This is shown in figure 2. GPON adopts two multiplexing
mechanisms- a) in downstream direction (i.e. from OLT to users), data packets are transmitted in an broadcast manner, but encryption (AES) is
used to prevent eavesdropping, b) in upstream direction (i.e. from users to OLT), data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner.
DBA allows upstream timeslots to shrink and grow based on the distribution of upstream traffic loads. DBA functions on T-CONTs, which are
upstream timeslots, and each is identified by a particular ALLOC_ID. An ONU must have atleast one T-CONT, but most have several T-CONTs,
each with its own priority or traffic class, and each corresponds to a particular upstream timeslot on the PON. Without DBA support on the OLT,
upstream bandwidth is statically assigned to T-CONTs, which cannot be shared, and can be changed only through a management system.
There are two forms of DBA - Status Reporting DBA (SR-DBA) and Non-Status Reporting DBA (NSR-DBA).
In NSR-DBA, an OLT constantly allocates a small amount of extra bandwidth to each ONU. If the ONU has no traffic to send, it transmits idle
frames. If the OLT observes that an ONU is not sending idle frames, it increases the bandwidth allocation to that ONU. Once that ONU starts
sending idle frames, the OLT reduces its allocation accordingly. NSR-DBA has the advantage that the ONUs need not be aware of DBA, however,
its disadvantage is that there is no way for the OLT to know how to allocate bandwidth to several ONUs in the most efficient way.
SR-DBA involves explicit T-CONT buffer status provided by the ONUs when OLT polls them. In this method, the OLT solicits T-CONT buffer status,
and the ONUs respond with a separate report for each assigned T-CONT. The report contains the data currently waiting in T-CONTs in the
specified time slots. OLT receives the status (DBA) report, re-calculates bandwidth allocation (BW Map) through DBA algorithm and sends new
BW Map to the ONUs in-band with downstream traffic. The ONU receives the BW Map from OLT and sends the data in the specified time slots.
When an ONU has no information to send, upon receiving a grant from the OLT, it sends an idle cell upstream to indicate that its buffer is empty.
This informs the OLT that the grants for that T-CONT can be assigned to other T-CONTs. If an ONU has a long queue waiting in its buffer, the OLT
can assign multiple T-CONTs to that ONT.
The OLT sends the PCBd in the broadcast manner, and every ONU receives the entire PCBd. The ONUs then act upon the relevant information
contained therein. The Psync field indicates beginning of the frame to the ONUs. The Ident field contains an 8-KHz Superframe Counter field
which is employed by the encryption system, and may also be used to provide low rate synchronous reference signals. The PLOAMd field handles
functions such as OAM-related alarms or threshold-crossing alerts. BIP field is Bit Interleaved Parity used to estimate bit error rate. The
downstream Payload Length indicator (Plend) gives the length of the upstream bandwidth (US BW) map. The Plend is sent twice for redundancy.
Each entry in the Upstream Bandwidth (US BW) map field represents a single bandwidth allocation to a particular T-CONT. The number of entries
is given in the Plend field.
The Allocation ID (ALLOC_ID) field indicates the recipient of the bandwidth allocation i.e. a particular T-CONT. The lowest 254 allocation ID values
are used to address the ONU directly. During the ranging process, the first ALLOC_ID given to the ONU must be in this range. This ALLOC-ID is
known as the default Allocation ID. This ALLOC_ID is same as ONU-ID number used in PLOAM messages. If further ALLOC_ID values are
required for that ONU, they should be taken from those above 255. ALLOC_ID 254 is the ONU Activation ALLOC_ID- used to discover unknown
ONUs. The Flag field allows the upstream transmission of physical layer overhead blocks for a designated ONU. The Slot Start and Stop field
indicates the beginning and ending of upstream transmission window. The CRC field provides error detection and correction on bandwidth
allocation field.
The GTC payload field contains a series of GEM (GPON Encapsulation Method) frames. The downstream GEM frame stream is filtered at the
ONU based upon the 12-bit Port ID field contained in the header of each GEM frame. Each ONU is configured to recognize which Port-IDs belong
to it. The Port-ID uniquely identifies a GEM Frame.
Upstream GPON Frame Format
The Upstream GTS frame duration is also 125us and is 19440 Bytes long, which gives an upstream data rate of 1.24416 Gbps. Each upstream
frame contains a number of transmission bursts coming from one or more ONUs. Each upstream transmission burst contains an upstream
physical layer overhead (PLOu) section and one or more bandwidth allocation intervals associated with individual ALLOC-IDs. The BW map
dictates the arrangement of the bursts within the frame and the allocation intervals within each burst. Each allocation interval is controlled by a
specific allocation structure of the BW map. Figure 5 shows upstream GTC frame format.
The physical layer overhead (PLOu) at the start of the ONU upstream burst contains the preamble which ensures proper physical layer operation
of the burst-mode upstream link. The PLOu field contains the ONU-ID field which indicates the unique ONU-ID of the ONU that is sending this
transmission. The upstream physical layer OAM (PLOAMu) field is responsible for management functions like ranging, activation of an ONT, and
alarm notifications. The upstream power leveling sequence (PLSu) field contains information about the laser power levels at the ONUs as seen by
the OLT. The dynamic bandwidth report (DBRu) field informs the queue length of each T-CONT at the ONT.
Mapping of GEM Frames into GTC Payload
GEM traffic is carried over the GTC protocol in transparent fashion. In the downstream direction, GEM frames are transmitted from the OLT to the
ONUs using the GTC frame payload section. The OLT may allocate as much duration as it needs in the downstream, upto and including all of the
downstream frame. The ONU filters the incoming frames based on Port-ID. In the upstream direction, frames are transmitted from ONU to OLT
using the configured GEM allocation time. The ONU buffers GEM frames as they arrive, and then sends them in bursts when allocated time to do
so by the OLT. The OLT receives the frames and multiplexes them with the frames from other ONUs.
Ethernet over GEM
The Ethernet frames are carried directly in the GEM frame payload. The preamble and SFD bytes are discarded prior to GEM encapsulation. Each
Ethernet is mapped to a single or multiple (by fragmenting) GEM frames.