Amity Law School

Research Paper on
"A Study on Women Safety in Public Transport in Lucknow"

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Mr. B.M. Pandey

Pooja Shukla

Amity Law School

L.L.M.
Ist Semester

Session 2016-17

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled A Study on Women Safety in Public Transport in
Lucknow submitted by POOJA SHUKLA is a record of the candidates own work carried out
by his under my supervision. The matter embodied in the project is original and has not been
submitted for the award of any other degree.

DATE:..

Mr./ Ms
(Professor)

DECLARATION

" I undertake that all material presented for examination is my own work and has not
been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person (s). I also undertake than any
quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly
acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.

Pooja Shukla

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to Mr. B.M. Pandey for bestowing upon me the responsibility of condition
this study within a short span of time. The whole report has been prepared under the continuous
guidance and support of B.M. Pandey sir for whom I am most grateful. I appreciated his tireless
efforts t o help me complete this final report.
I take this opportunity to acknowledge my family members and friends who have made in
providing me financial and moral support to complete the dissertation work.
It also provided me with a good learning experience about one of the worst crimes
against women.
I am heartily thankful to everyone.

Pooja Shukla

ABSTRACT

Sexual harassment of women on public transport is a widespread problem within

Lucknow, which creates a variety of negative impacts, including physical and psychological
harm, limitation of access to the wider public sphere and entrenchment of gender difference
within society this study is based on such problems faced by women in public transport and how
their safety is affected the level of awareness among women and knowledge relating to their
rights in public transport are emphasized.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

PARTICULARS

PAGE NO.
7-13
14-29
30-38

1.
2.
3.

Introduction
Research Design and Methodology
Literature
Review
women
safety:

4. (i)

Awareness and Measures

Data Interpretation

39-49

5.

Profile of the Respondents

Exposure of Respondents towards public

50-84

6.

transport
Conclusion and Suggestion

85-93

ANNEXURE

1.
2.

Annexure
References

94
95-96

CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Public transport is the life line of any city. Women tend to choose public transport to
travel to the workplace, college, school, market and carry out a whole range of activities over the
city. Unfortunately, it is actually unsafe public transport that has been reported to be the most
deterrent for women to access public spaces.
Womens safety in Public Transport is one of the key challenges across the globe. The
authorities are taking various measures to make public transport safe and comfortable f or
women it is very important to understand the travel needs of men and women are very different.
In developing countries, late of women forced to remain at home owing to lack of safe
transportation option. Women are more likely to travel shorter distances and to stop more
frequently that men during their journey.
According to the UN, women after chain their activities by combining multiple stops
and destinations within a single, longer trip as a result of their household and caretaking
responsibilities. This makes it costly for women to use public transport, since they may have t o
pay for numerous single fare, one-way tickets throughout a chained trip. Additionally, women
may be travelling with children elderly parents, or groceries, adding complication and
inconvenience if transport isnt reliable, simple to use, or physically accommodating. Finally
transport routes beyond the central commuter corridors may not be in services during off peak
house, when women are most likely tones public transport to access their social and economic
networks.

In many cases, women have more almost responsibilities like taking care of children,
running household errands, and maintaining family and community ties. Public transport has the
potential to make employment opportunities, healthcare resources, and education accessible to
women.
However, due to poor transport planning, women after do not have equal access to public
transport, putting these resources out of reach and limiting financial autonomy. Furthermore
sexual harassment and violence in stations in vehicles remain persistent problems for cities
around the world. When women continually feel unsafe and lack the ability to report incident,
public transport ceases to be an equitable and accessible form of mobility.
A city cannot be inclusive without ensuring womens safety in public transport. Women
after remain a vulnerable part of the transit users, as many face violence, verbal harassment,
physical abuse and discriminatory graffiti messages in stations.
Studies have shown that in many cities, women use public transport differently than men,
given their unique needs and roles across cultures. Some cities have experimented with
segregation- based and infrastructural solutions, such as women-only compartment in meters,
gender- specific cabs and hail rides, and greater police forces around well-lit walking areas.
However, some of these solutions are controversial for segregating public transit for males and
females.
Several public agencies have embraced public awareness campaigns as a critical tool for
reframing the transit safety problem for women.
Many more cities and public bodies need to take action to include gender-

related

transport needs in transport planning. Transit services and facilities must ensure the safety of
9

women and girls. Travelling in public transport with a fear of abuse or discrimination should be a
priority for transport planning, as safer transport is a crucial element of a livable city.
Transport operators in India are taking various measures to make public transport safe
including.

Installation of CCTV cameras and live GPS Tracking.

Rescuing first coach for ladies in Metro.
Operating special ladies buses and dedicated cab fleet (she tane)
Seperated sections for women in the buses and reserved seats.

When we generally talk about women safety in public transport, we just concentrate on
providing safety inside the vehicles. It is important to ensure the safety of women from origin to
destination, rather than just covering one part of the trip. This requires:

Safe and accessible first and last mile connectivity.

Safe passengers facilities- Bus stops/inter change
Safe Boarding and Alighting
Safety inside the vehicle

The government has to create confidence in women so they could fearlessly travel in public
transport and para-transit. Government of India is also discussing with Mobile Handset
manufactures to install Pani Buttons in mobile phone to generate alerts in the distress.
In general, improving public transport from a viewpoint of safety, especially women
safety, requires a long term vision and sustained efforts, which combine sensitization, capacitybuilding, as well as punitive measure.
The issue of sexual harassment of women in public space, specifically on public transport
is not a new predicament and continuous to impact upon the lives of women, and impede the

10

advancement of womens rights, with lack of access to justice and a lack of gender
mainstreaming within relevant institutions presenting significant obstacle to redress.
Although harassment of women on public transport can be labeled as a global issue, this
dissertation will focus on the problem within the content of Lucknow, as cultural and traditional
norms within the region present a special set of obstacles that make the implantation of strategies
to address sexual harassment particularly challenging.
In addition, there has recently been a spate of reports emerging from the region, with
sexual harassment of women being condemned by NGOs and other organization governments
and the media as unacceptable these groups have suggested and critiqued evicting and possible
approaches to address the problem, such as the prominent policy of gender segregation on public
transport, while other suggested strategies include raising awareness within communities and
sensitizing transport officials.
Despite the variety of strategies advocates of these groups, the common discourse
remains one of protection, which has positive implications, allowing women mobility and
consequently access to further opportunities. However, this focus ultimately results in lack of
consideration of the long term empowerment of women and creation of a amore egalitarians
society, where women are perceived as having t he right to engage with space with the same
level of freedom as men.
The strategy of gender segregation on public transport is particularly contentious, as there
are arguments presented both for and against, with strong opinions on both sides. These who
argue in favour, assert that it is necessary from a safety perspective, to protect women from the
inevitable unwanted attentive they will face as a result of venting out into the public sphere.
11

However, those against point out that in the long term women should ultimately have the
opportunity to confront risk in order it, a tactic not possible when they are separated from male
passengers.
The main objective of this dissertation is to take stock of options available to contend
with the problem of harassment of women on public transport and evaluate them in terms of their
short and long term implications.
IMPACT OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT TAKING PLACE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
In addition to examining how harassment is perceived and interpreted by both sexual, it is
also vital to assess the impacts these offences can have on women in the content of public
transport specifically. This is particularly relevant in contents where sexual harassment is
perceived by women as being the highest to their safety in public space, and where public
transport spaces are reported as areas where women face high levels of sexual harassment.
On a practical level, the actions perpetual to maintain womens traditional gender roles by
confining them to private space can create serious issues for women who require access to public
space to maintain their livelihoods and provide for themselves and their families.
Public transport can be an important enabler in accessing the public sphere, with a denied
of access impacting women throughout them lives. For example, it is common for girls to be kept
away from school if there is no safe transport available.
It is asserted that gender violence, through it effects on a womens ability to act can serve
as a brake on socio-economic development and limit womens productivity, the gains of which

12

(an increased share of family income allocated to food and health care for children, higher
households incomes and improved child survival) are lost.
The threat of sexual harassment in the public space therefore not only affects women selfworth and confidence, but also hampers womens right to perform their (often necessary role as
breadwinners, as well as their standing) within their families and communities, and serves to
maintain the evicting gender hierarchy.
It is a sad reality that we live in an increasingly violent society in which the fear of crime
is ever-present. Personal safety has become an issue of importance for everyone, but especially
for women.

13

CHAPTER-2
RESEARCH
DESIGN AND
METHODLOGY

14

CHAPTER-2
RESEARCH DESIGN
AND METHODLOGY
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of research is to discover answer to question through the application
scientific procedure.
The objective of this study are:

To know the conditions of the women safety and its measure.

To know the conditions of the public transport and the cases of harassment occurring

there.
To know the reasons for violation of women safety and its impact on ones life.
Role of the NGOs and Government towards women safety in public places and in public

transport.
Profile of respondents.

NATURE OF STUDY

Considered a problem related to delinquency in youth it is a form of sexual aggression

that ranges in severity from sexually suggestive remarlas, inadvertent brushing in public

places, catcalls, to outright groping.

Safety of women matters a lot whether at home, outside the home or working place. Few
crime against women especially rape cases were very dread and fearful. Because of such
crimes, women safety in India has become a doubtful topic.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

15

Studies show that women safety can be affected of any age, at any time, white it happens
mostly to women. The perpetrator cans b e can anyone, but mostly it is a man against women.

HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis of this study are:

Women safety is most affected in public transport as maximum women have to face
harassment police and the government dot not take enough for improvement in the

conditions.
Women are facing harassment or their safety is being affected in public transport due to
overloading in public transport. Not enough steps are being taken to bring about
improvement in this regard.

METHODLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically in it where the various
steps that are generally adopted a researcher in studying his research problem along with the
logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research
methods/techniques but also the methodology. This research is empirical in mature primary and
secondary source of data has been used research methods can be put into the interview schedule
has but used as a tool for data following there groups:

AREA OF STUDY
The area of study is Kailash Vihar, Ward- Ismailganj because of the case of access to the
place and familiarity with it.
16

PROBLEMS FACED DURING STUDY

The major problems faced by the researcher include:

The female respondents were non-cooperative due to which it became difficult for the

researcher to find so respondents.

Mostly respondents were trying to fake themselves and provided false data.
Due to the sensitivity of the issue, women were not free to reveal the truth.

17

NEW DELHI: Laying down stringent procedures to curb and punish harassment of women in
public transport, the Supreme Court has ordered that in the event of a complaint of a woman, the
bus driver must immediately drive the vehicle to the nearest police station. If the driver fails to
do so, authorities must canceibis permit to ply.
This is part of a series of directiOns issued on Friday by the court that include installing CCWs,
setting up helplines and proactive steps by authorities to make public places safer, to curb the
amenace of women being harassed by offenders passing lewd comments and "singing, reciting or
uttering" any obscene song or making sounds or gestures to insult their modesty.
A bench of Justices I< S Radhakrishan and DipakMisra lamented that Tamil Nadu was the only
state to have enacted a law against harassment of womenbut found it to be "toothless".
"We notice there is no uniform law in this country to curb eve-teasing effectively in or within
educational institutions, places of worship, bus stands, metro stations, railway stations, cinema
theatres, parks, beaches, places of festival, public senfice vehicles or any other similar places,"
the bench said.
There were many. instances where young girls were harassed, which sometimes had led to
serious psychological problems and even saw victims committing suicide, the bench said. It felt
"eve-teasing generally occurs in public places which with little effort can be effectively curbed.
Sexual harassment of women as a crime was difficult for the prosecution to prove in a court of
law as complaints are often not filed and few witnesses come forward.to depose given the snailpaced trial process, the bench said. Hence, it decided to issue a series of directions to curb the
menace till legislatures decide to enact an effective law embodying a mechanism to deal with
eve-teasers.
18

Justice Radhakrishna, writing the judgment for the bench, said provisions of the Sexual
Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010, still pending with Parliament, was not enough to curb
sexual harassment. So, the bench decided to order states to take following urgent measures to
curb sexual harassment.
All states and LiTs are directed to depute plain-clothed feille police officers in the precincts of
bus-stands and stops, railway stations, metro stations, cinema theatres, shopping malls, parks,
beaches, public service vehicles, places of worship to monitor and supervise incidents of sexual
harassment.
States and UTs to install CCTV in strategic Positions which itself would be a deterrent and if
detected, the offender could be caught.
* Persons in-charge of the educational institutions, places of worship, cinema theatres, railway
stations, bus stands have to take steps as they deem fit to prevent sexual harassment, within their
precincts and, on a complaint being made, they must pass on the inNEW DELHI: Laying down
stringent procedures to curb and punish harassment of women in public transport, the Supreme
Court has ordered that in the event of a complaint of a woman, the bus driver must immediately
drive the vehicle to the nearest police station. If the driver fails to do so, authorities must cancel
his permit to ply.
This is part of a series of directions issued on Friday by the court that include installing CCTVs,
setting helplines and proactive steps by authorities to make public places safer, to curb the
menace of women being harassed by offenders passing lewd comments and "singing, reciting or
uttering" any obscene song or making sounds or gestures to insult their modesty.

19

A bench of Justices < S Radhakrishan and DipaldVisra lamented that Tamil Nadu was the only
state to have enacted a law against harassment of women but found it to be "toothless".
We notice there.isno uniform law in this country to curb eve-teasing effectively in or within
educational institutions, places of worship bus stands, metro stations, railway stations, cinema
theatres, parks, beaches, places of festival, public service vehicles or any other similar places,"
the bench said.
There were many instances where young girls were harassed, which sometimes had led to
serious psychological problems and even saw victims committing suicide, the bench said. it felt
"eve-teasing generally occurs in public.placcs which with little effort can be effectively curbed".
Sexual harassment of women as a crime was difficult for the prosecution to prove in a court of
law as complaints are often not filed and few witnesses come forward to depose given the snailpaced trial process, the bench said. Hence, it decided to issue a series of directions to curb the
menace till legislatures decide to enact an effective law embodying a mechanism to deal with
eve-teasers.
Justice Radhakrishna, writing the judgment for the bench, said provisions of the Sexual
Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010, still pending with parliament, was not enough to curb
sexual harassment. So, the bench decided to order states to take following urgent measures to
curb sexual harassment.
* All states and UTs are directed to depute plain-clothed female police officers in the precincts of
bus-stands and stops, railway stations, metro stations, cinema theatres, shopping malls, parks,
beaches, public service vehicles, places of worship to monitor and supervise incidents of sexual
harassment.
20

 States and UTs to install CCTV in strategic positions which itself would be a deterrent and if
detected, the offender could be caught.
Persons in-charge of the educational institutions, places of worship, cinema theatres, railway
stations, bus stands have to take steps as they deem fit to prevent sexual harassment, within their
precincts and, on a complaint being made, they must pass on the information to the nearest police
station or the women's help centre.
* Where any incident of sexual harassment is committed in a public service vehicle either by the
passengers or the persons in charge of the vehicle, the crew of such vehicle shall, on a complaint
made by the aggrieved person, take such vehicle to the nearest police station and give
information to the police. Failure to do so should lead to cancellation of the permit to ply.
States and UTs are directed to establish women's helpline in various cities and towns to curb
sexual harassment within three months.
Suitable sign boards cautioning act of sexual harassment be exhibited in all public places
including precincts of educational institutions, bus stands, railway stations, cinema theatres,
parties, beaches, public service vehicles, places of worship etc.

* Responsibility is also on the passersby and on noticing such incident; they should also report it
to the nearest police station or to the helpline to save the victims from such crimes.
* States and UTs would take adequate and effective measures by issuing suitable instructions to
the authorities concerned including the District Collectors and the District Superintendent of
Police in order to take effective and proper measures to curb such incidents of sexual harassment.
21

CASE STUDY- 1
Street sexual harassment can refer to any form of sexual harassment that occurs in a public place.
This includes not just streets but also public transport such as buses and trains, malls beaches,
parks, restaurants and cafs, markets, bazaars, public toilets, elevators and any other place
outside the home or workplaceM Street harassment can affect girls and women, and to a much
lesser extent, boys and men; it can occur at any time of the day or night; and it can take the form
of verbal, non-verbal or physical actions that are sexually aggressive and cause physical and/or
emotional harm. Street sexual harassment is euphemistically known in India as 'eve-teasing',
which trivializes the impact that this form of violence has on \A clims.12=1
The non-profit organisation Stop Street Harassment lists several offences that can be categorised
as street harassment, ranging from 'leers, whistles, honks, kissing noises, gender policing, and
non-sexually explicit evaluative. comments, to more insulting and threatening behaviour like
vulgar gestures, sexually charged comments, flashing and stalking, to actions like public
masturbation, sexual touching, assault and murder'.13-1The organisation also notes that street
sexual harassment is a 'human rights issue', because it denies women equal access to public
spaces.
Know the law
National Legislation
if is no national legislation addressing street sexual harassment specifically; however, the new
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, which was enacted in April 2013 to amend sections of
the Indian Penal Code (IPC) that address gender violence, has classified 'sexual harassment' as a
punishable offence. Under the newly introduced Section 354A, 'physical contact and advances
22

involving unwelcome and explicit sexual.overtures' and 'a demand or request for sexual favours'
are each punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both. al According to the
same Amendment, 'making sexually coloured remarks' can lead to imprisonment for up to one
year, or a fine, or bothal These amendments, while not comprehensive, apply to many cases of
street sexual harassment, providing victims new avenues for obtaining justice.
Additionally, the newly-added section 354D of the Indian Penal Code addresses stalking: 'any
man who ,Olh-_,mvs a woman and ccrnZacZs, or attempts to contact such woman to iroster
personal interaction repeatedly despite a clear indication of disinterest by such woman' can be
tried for stalking. if convicted, offenders can face imprisonment up to three years for a first
conviction, and up to five years for repeat offences, in addition to paying a fine. However, this
section also says that a case will be dismissed if the accused can prove that in the particular
circumstances such conduct was reasonable and justified', thereby providing a potential loophole
for perpetrators.
In addition to these amendments, offences under existing legislation, such as assault or criminal
force to a woman that is intended to 'outrage her modesty' (under Section 354), is now
punishable with imprisonment of a minimum of one year, and up to five years, in addition to a
fine; previously, the maximum sentence for a Section 354 offence was two yearsoal Offences
under Section 509, which addresses any 'word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of
any woman', can now be punished with imprisonment up to three years, up from one year, in
addition to a fine.alSection 294 criminalises obscene acts and singing, reciting or uttering any
'obscene song, ballad or words' in a public place, and can result in imprisonment for up to three
months, or a fine, or both.

23

State Legislation
While most states have enacted prohibitions against sexual harassment generally, Tamil Nadu
continues to be the only state in the country with legislation targeting street harassment
explicitly. The Prohibition of Harassment of Women Act was passed by the state in 1998 in
response to the death of college student Sarika Shah who died due to injuries sustained from
street sexual harassment.U_.22121The Act was amended in 2002.
The Act provides for life imprisonment and a fine of at least Rs. 50,000 for those convicted of
intentionally causing the death of a woman by harassment. According to Section 4 of the
amended Act, up to three years' imprisonment and a fine of not less than Rs. 10,000 is the
penalty for 'whoever commits or participates in or abets harassment of women' in any place. The
law also imposes a punishment of up to ten years imprisonment and a fine of not less than Rs.
50,000 on offenders in cases where the harassment causes the victim to commit suicide.
Significantly, the Bill states that the onus of proving innocence lies on those accused of having
caused or abetted the 'harassment death' or 'harassment suicide'. It also provides for
compensation for victims of street harassment who suffer any loss, injury, disability or mental
agony, and for victims' legal heirs. ,1n
Keeping count
Many factors contribute to the vast underreporting of street harassment: perpetrators are often
strangers; they can usually escape with relative ease; women are socially conditioned to stay
silent , about this form of abuse; and victims tend to harbor distrust toWards the institutions that
are meant to deliver justice.

24

As a result little statistical data is available on the prevalence of street sexual harassment, and
the reliability of existing data is difficult to evaluate. The National Crimes Record Bureau
(NCRB) does not collect data on street harassment specifically; it does record the number of
cases filed under Section 354 'assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty', referred to
in pre-2012 reports as 'molestation') and Section 509 ('insult to the modesty of women' through
words, gestures or acts, referred to in pre-2012 reports as 'sexual harassment'). However, both of
these sections of the IPC encompass not just street sexual harassment but also other forms of
gender violence, such as workplace harassment.
Table 1, as well as Figures 1 2, summarize the past six years of NCRB data. Not all of the cases
filed resulted in prosecutions or convictions. Furthermore, without further study it is impossible
to determine whether and to what extent fluctuations in the numbers are due to actual changes in
the incidence of harassment, changes in reporting practices and procedures, random variation or
other unknown factors.
According to the NCRB data, the number of Section 354 cases filed increased by 56% between
2012 and 2013; the number of Section 509 cases filed increased by 37.2% during the same
period. Of the Section 354 filings in 2013, Madhya Pradesh had the highest percentage of
reported cases (11.67), followed by Maharashtra 111.50%).aal Of the Section 309 filings for
2013, a staggering 37,35% were reported in Andhra Pradesh alone;[ 1.2 however, this may
indicate greater awareness of Section 509 or better support for victims in that state, instead of or
in addition to a higher incidence of harassment. Without further data and analysis, no clear causal
conclusions can be drawn from the

25

The most common and recurrent form of street harassment encountered by any woman in my
community is when she chooses to take the public transport. in Mumbai, where 0 live, tens of
thousands of women choose to travel by public transport where distances between one's
residence and one's place of work/study are significant. Though Mumbai is by and large a safe
city and women can travel at any time of the hour by the public transport, it is riot completely
immune to the phenomenon of street harassment.
When Ispeak of public transport, 0 refer to transport by the local bus, train, autorickshaw or cab.
Let me elaborate each mode separately and in detail.
On Mumbai, the local buses are almost always crowded, especially during peak times. Though
the first five seats are reserved for women, it is no guarantee that a woman who boards a bus will
not be harassed. Often, due to the crowd, she is subjected to groping. 0 have experienced this: a
man sits next to me on one of the unreserved seats and tries to fondle or grope. Other than
remaining silent, O frankly have no other option. The most 0 do is get up and go find a separate
seat or stand.
A survey conducted by We The People Foundation in early 2012 found that 80% of women in
Mumbai faced sexual harassment with the maximum cases taking place in crowded areas such as
trains and railway platforms.
One huge advantage of the local trains in Mumbai is that they have separate compartments for
women. In addition there are also ladies' specials trains being run at specific times. Despite this,
women continue to face harassment as they board the daily train. This could be in the form of the
men's compartment adjacent to the women's compartment from which there is catcalling and
verbal harassment. ften times, as a train stops at a particular station, the men on the platform pass
26

lewd comments and whistie at women. Harassment also exists in the form of snatching of purses
and bags of women who are perched on the entrance of the train as it approaches a station for
alighting. The Central Railway has registered 215 cases of sexual harassment in January-2013
and 314 cases in February-2013.
Compared to the buses and the trains, travelling by autorickshaws or cabs seems safer since it is
like a semi-private travel. However, both these modes are not completely harassment-free. Many
times, when the rickshaw or the cab is stationary at a signal, men on bikes peep inside and pass
comments or point,fingers and giggle. There have also been instances of bikers snatching gold
chains from female commuters in cabs or rickshaws.
Sometimes, the auto/cab driver has tried to molest the woman passenger. To deal with this
menace, women-only cabs Qsuch as Viira Cabs, Mumbai Gold Cabs, Priyadarshini Taxi Service,
etc) have been launched in MumbaD and heartiiy welcomed by women commuters especially
when travelling during odd hours of the day or night. Additionally, when a woman hails a cab
from the domesticiintE,,rnational airport, a police officiai notes down her phone number with her
destination and the number of the taxi for security reasons.
While women continue to experience varied forms of street harassment, the important thing is
not to get dejected or depressed but continue to find ways and means to deal with it. These could
be in the form of raising an alarm, filing a complaint or helping out a woman in need, Dt could
also be in the form of working with the local authorities to make public transport safer and
enjoyable for women. Women have as much right to public transport as men and there is no
reason why any form of harassment should discourage or scar them from using it.

27

And it is equally critical for men to pitch in as well. After all, a woman being harassed Ds
somebody's mother, daughter or sister. Both genders need to work together to eliminate the
monster of street harassment specifically in public transport.
in 2009, the non-profit Jagori launched the 'Safer Cities Free from Violence against Women and
Girls' initiative, in collaboration with the Department of Women and ChM Development and UN
Women. As part of this initiative, Jagori conducted a baseline survey in 2010 of over 3,000 men
and women living in Delhi. Kerala-based non-profit SAKHD also contributed to this initiative,
undertaking a study in Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode between 2009 and 2011. SAKHl
surveyed 800 women and 200 common witnesses (men and women likely to have witnessed the
sexual harassment of women, owing to their proximity to public spaces) in Thiruvananthapuram
and 400 women and 100 common witnesses in Kozhikode; the organization also held focus
group discussions, safety audits and capacity gaps analyses.1241.
According to Jagori's survey, almost two-thirds of women had faced sexual harassment two to
five times in the preceding year. Harassment was most commonly reported to occur on public
transport and roadsides. The study also revealed that school and college students between the
ages of 15 and 19 and female workers in the unorganised sector were particularly likely to be
harassed; that harassment can occur at any time of the day or night, in any kind of public space,
whether secluded or crowded; that almost nine out of ten respondents had witnessed incidents
o.q: sexual harassment; that bad infrastructure, po maintained pavements and the lack of public
toilets were among the main reasons for the prevalence of street harassment; and that the burden
of staying safe continues to remain upon women. An 'overwhelmingly high percentage' of all
respondents considered sexual harassment to be the 'most important factor that renders Delhi ...
unsafe'.1.15 The study by SAKHI reinforced many of these findings. ADD the women surveyed
28

in Thiruvananthapuram said that they feared the possibility of violence in the city's public
spaces. Sexual harassment has also been reported as the main 'safety problem' by 98% of the
women and 99% of the common witnesses surveyed.al Almost 60% of women said that a 'lack of
respect' contributed towards making them feel unsafe in piablicaE in Kozhikode, the number
reporting harassment during the day was over twice the number of those who had experienced it
after darkoM Only nine of the 400 women surveyed for 'direct experience', as opposed to those
surveyed as 'common witnesses', reported not having faced street sexual harassment.251
L11 Gender Violence in Indio: A Prajnya Report, 'Street Sexual Harassment', p. 9, 2010.

29

CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW
WOMEN SAFETY:
AWARENESS AND
MEASURES
30

CHAPTER-3
WOMEN SAFETY
AWARENESS AND MEASURE
WOMEN SAFETY: AWARENESS
Safety planning for women and girls is important because it creates public spaces where
women and all users have equal opportunity to be healthy, secure and happy. This kind of
planning is based on the fact that the physical design of urban spaces affects womens use and
enjoyment of the public realm.
Planning safe public spaces for women and girls is important because:

It raises awareness of the fact that space is no neutral; the design of spaces can either

facilitate or impede their use, appropriation and safety for women and girls.
It recognizes that gender and gender relations between women and men are key factors in

how urban spaces are organised and developed

It recognises that the city spatially reflects specific social, economic and historical

characteristics that are unique to local women situation.

It recognize that spaces in the city reflect the relations of power that determine the

behaviors and differences in the lives of women and men.

It recognise that the public spaces in a city are usually designed based on a traditional
conception of the family and a traditional division of labour among women and men
(more as workers in the public space and women as caretakers and home keepers in the
home and private spaces). Furthermore, it promotes initiative to change this spatial

organisation in order to reflect hanging gender roles in society.

It recognises that womens faces are bases on reality (the relationship between feelings of
fear and experiences of violence) and that won know when and where they feel unsafe in
the cities and why.
31

It is a useful tool to improve the quality of urban and community life and to reduce

womens fear and victimization.

It recognises that women and girls avoid using certain public spaces because they do not
feel safe, these spaces will become more insure for women, girls and other users.
Therefore, it is a useful tool to improve the quality of urban are community life for

everyone, and to reduce women fear and victimisation.

It promotes the right to the city and to citizenship for women and girls as a condition for
equitable and sustainable cities and communities.
The best way to ensure that spaces are welcoming to women and girls is to consult with

women and girls who are the intended users of a space. However, women and girls may find it
difficult to participate in public planning and design discussions for a variety of reasons.

CAPACITY BUILDING AND AWARENESS CREATION

For capacity building and awareness generation, two activities are undertaken:

Training of drivers and conductors

Trainings and sensitization of bus drivers and conductors on gender and womens safety

should be undertaken. Trainings should be conducted with the support from the police
department and aimed to help drives and conductors understood and identify various types of
harassment, increases awareness about existing laws with regard to womens rights, improve
the interaction with women passengers and increasing their personal commitment to prevent
harassment of passengers especially women. The trainings should also be focused on the
appropriate steps that can be taken by ground personnel in case of an incident on a bus.
Though the activities are centered towards capacity building of ground personnel, there are
32

key takeaways from such activities that help in building a greater understanding of the issue
of womens safety.

Advocacy Campaign
The campaign should include both on ground activities as well as activities on the social
media to ensure maximum outreach and covering. Various activities such as exhibitions at
bus stops, signature campaigns, and talk shows with police and role plays in the buses
should be undertaken. Public feedback on the same should be recorded as a source of
information for later stages in the project.

WOMEN SAFETY: MEASURES

Constitutional Provisions
The constitution of India not only grant equality to women but also empowers the state to
adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the
cumulative social, economic, education and political disadvantage faced by them.
Fundamental rights, among other ensure equality before the law and equal. Protection of
law; prohibits discrimination again any citizen and grounds of religion, race, caste, sen or
place of birth, and guarantee quality of opportunity to all citizens in matters relating to
employment. Articles 14, 15, 15(3), 16, 39(a), 39(b), 39(c) and 42 of the constitution 1
are of importance in this regard.

(i)

Special initiatives taken for women

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN

1 The constitution of India by J. N. Reddy

33

In January 1992, the government set-up this statutory body with a specific mandate to
study and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and legal safeguards provided for
women, receive the existing legislative to suggest amendments wherever necessary, etc.

(ii)

RESEARCH FOR WOMEN IN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

The 73rd constitutional Amendment acts passed in 1992 by parliament ensure on third of

the total seats for women in all elected offices in local bodies whether in rural areas or urban
areas:2

(iii)

THE NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION FOR THE GIRL CHILD

(1991-2000)

The plan of action is to ensure survival, protection and development of the girl child with
the ultimate objective of building up a better future for the girl child.3

(iv)

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN,

2001

The department of women and child development in the Ministry of human resource
development has prepared a National Policy for the Empowerment of Women in the year 2001.

2 The constitution of India vs V.V. Shukla

3 Ministry of Statistics an Programme Implementation, women in India, 2012, 14 th Issue, 13
34

The goal of this policy is the bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of
women.

OTHER MEASURES
The government has initiated a time-bound action plan to strengthen the police and
administration to combat sexual crimes against women. The measures include:

The National crime records Bureau (NCRB) will compile a database of people
commutated of criminal offences. The details of criminals convicted of crimes against

women will be displayed on its website.

Action will be taken to provide the facility of registering a first information report (FIR)
in any police station irrespective of the jurisdiction or area. The FIR may thereafter be
transferred to the concerned police station for investigation. This will pertain to serious

crimes shows including issues against women.

Citizen should not face any harassment when they come forward to assist women in
distress for this, they should be protected to enable them to freely report a crime and
assist the victim/police without being subjected to any interrogation or being forced to

become witnesses.
Women only buses should be pressed into service: A programme is proposed to

encouraging more women-driven buses/Tanis all over the country.

The existing motor vehicle regulations will be received.
The government will review the degree to wheeler vehicle windows are tinted. The use of
curter will be reviewed taking into account the need for passenger comfort and visibility
require for security purposes. The road transport minister proposes to rescue the standards

appropriately and ensure compliance by manufactures of buses.

There is a need for 100% verification for drivers, conductors, helpers (the entire crew) of
public transport vehicles, playing in Delhi in a time-bound programme that will includes
35

collectign bio-metrics of all such persons as well for this, action will be taken to review
the relevant rules for mandating the same. The ministry of home affairs will develop a
protection over a defined time frame, for verification of the crew of public transport
vehicles and suitable advice the state government also to undertake the same. After the
stipulated time frame, no public transport vehicle will be allowed to be driven/manned by
any drives/conductor/helper or other crew member unless a person has been verified and

carries the verification certificate/ identify permit.

Owners of buses will be hold responsible for compliance of the steps outlined. It is also
necessary to bar owners of vehicles involved in report offences from retaining existing
permits/obtaining any fresh permits for playing public transport vehicles and for
impounding of vehicle involved in repeat offences. The roads ministry state government
will initiate action in this regard. The particulars of the bus owner/drivers and details of
permits and licenses should be prominently displayed in the buses both inside and
outside, at places where it is prominently visible in easily red able fonts. Use GPS
devices in all public transport vehicles is necessary along with the setting up of a control
room to monitor movement of buses. The roads ministry will issue an appropriate

advisory to all the states in this regard.

There is no need to increase the quantum of fines livable on the violation of permit

condition and to disallow compounding of offences beyond a certain number.

The roads ministry secretary will write to all the states regarding the revision/changes in
the permit conditions being made by the government of India and request them to take

similar measures.
At eh time of inspection of police stations, it should be mandatory for the inspecting
offices to specifically record his findings regarding the gender sensitivity of the personnel
posted in the police station as well as the record of the police station/station house office

36

(SHO) in registering/investigating complaints of crimes against women and for checking

whether women are being discouraged from lodging complaints in the police stations.
Strict action will be taken against police personnel and offices found to be either
displaying bias against women or neglecting their supervisory responsibilities in this

regard.
There is a continual need for gender sensitization among the police force, particularly at
the law of the constabulary on beat duty or at the police stations. There is a need for
impressing that there has to be a complete cessation of gender-insensitive comments. For
this, training courses need to be organised on a regular basis by the police. Strict
disciplinary action will be taken against any official indulging in gender bias action taken
in this regard has to be reporters at every level of action is not found to be taken gains an

earring official, the supervision in this regard will be issued and compliances ensured.
It is also planned to further develop and promote community policing. This would not
only augment the effectiveness of the police force but would also motivate responsible

persons in each locality to perform their duty as citizens.

There is a need for increased focus on street light in public places. Civic bodies must

undertake a review of the existing facilities and strength these whenever required.
It would be useful to impart training to girl in educational institutions in self defense /
martial arts.

37

CHAPTER-4
DATA
INTERPRETATION

38

CHAPTER-4
PROFIEL OF THE
RESPONDENTS

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data from the respondents of
the women travailing the services of the public transport in Lucknow.

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

A society can be divided into different age groups which reflect eh maturity level of that
group. Generally, age of an individual doesnt only depict the physical and mental maturity of an
individual but also its role in the society.

39

TABLE NO. 1
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
AGE (in years)

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

PERCENTAGE (%)

15-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
TOTAL
MEAN

5
13
5
9
5
10
3
50
31.75

10
26
10
18
10
20
6
100

17.5
23
28
33
38
43
48

87.5
299
140
297
190
430
144
1587.5

15-20

17.5

48

21-25

23

26-30
28

31-35
36-40
41-45

43
33
38

46-50
TOTAL
MEAN

The age-wise distribution of sample population reveals that the maximum women belong to the
age group 21-25 years in the sample. The average age of the respondents is 31.75 year.

RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS

40

Religion is an organized collection of belief cultural systems and world views that related
humanity to an order of existence.
TABLE NO. 2
RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS
RELIGION

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

HINDU
MUSLIM
TOTAL

RESPONDENRTS
44
6
50

88
12
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENRTS

HINDU
MUSLIM
TOTAL

88% of the respondent population is Hindu and the other 12% being Muslims.

CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS

41

Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy. Hereditary

transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation ritual status in a hierarchy and
customary socio interaction and exclusion based on cultural nation of purity and pollution.
TABLE NO. 3
CASTE OF THE RESPONDENTS
CASTE

NUMBER
RESPONDENTS
29
6
15
50

CASTE
OBC
SC
TOTAL

OF PERCENTAGE (%)
58
12
30
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
CASTE
OBC
SC
TOTAL

Majority of the sample population belongs to the general category, that is 68%, the other being
OBC (30%) and Sc (12%).
EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

42

Education helps to determine the knowledge and maturity level of one.

TABLE NO. 4
EDUCATIONAL STATUS: OF THE RESPONDENTS
Educational Status
Illiterate
Literate
Less than primary
Primary
Junior High School
High School
Intermediate
Graduate
Post Graduate
TOTAL

Number of Respondents
4
2
3
1
3
8
15
13
1
50

Percentage (%)
8
4
6
2
6
16
30
26
2
100

Number of Respondents
Illiterate
Literate
Less than primary
Primary
Junior High School
High School
Intermediate
Graduate
Post Graduate
TOTAL

The educational status of the respondents is widely distributed, however maximum

belong to the graduate and Intermediate category with 26% and 30% respectively.

MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

43

A persons marital status indicates whether the person is married.

TABLE NO. 5
MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPODNENTS
MARITAL STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Unmarried
Married
Widow
Divorcee
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
16
21
9
4
50

32
42
18
8
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Unmarried
Married
Widow
Divorcee
TOTAL

The study reveals that 42% of the sample population is unmarried 32% is married, 18% are
widow and 8% are divorcee.
MAJOR OCCUPATION OF THE FAMILY
Occupation is a persons usual or principal work or business, especially as a mean of
earning a living.
44

TABLE NO. 6
MAJOR OCCUPATION OF THE FAMILY
OCCUPATION

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

Wage
Private Job
Government Job
Business
Housewife
Personal Business
Other
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
0
23
10
13
3
0
1
50

0
46
20
26
6
0
2
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Wage
Private Job
Government Job
Business
Housewife
Personal Business
Other
TOTAL

Maximum number of sample family, that is, 46% are engaged in private job.
MONTHLY INCOME OF THE FAMILY
An individuals total personal income, before accounting for taxes or deductions is the
monthly income. The total monthly income of individuals in the family represents the month
income of the family.
TABLE NO. 7
45

MONTHLY INCOME OF THE FAMILY

INCOME
(IN
RUPEES)
5000-15000
10000
15001-30000
22500.5
30001-35000
32500.5
35001-40000
37500.5
40001-45000
42500.5
45001-50000
47500.5
TOTAL
MEAN

NUMBER
OF
RESPONDENTS
30
12
1
3
3
1
50
17800.2

PERCENTAGE
(%)
60
24
2
6
6
2
100

300000
270006
32500.5
112501.5
127501.5
47500.5
890010

Chart Title
5000-15000
15001-30000
30001-35000
35001-40000
40001-45000
45001-50000
TOTAL
MEAN

The monthly income of the family of respondents is maximum between 500-15000, that is, of
60% the average income is 17800.2 rupees per month.
TYPE OF FAMILY
Family type plays on important role in one development.
TABLE NO. 8
TYPE OF FAMILY
TYPE OF FAMILY

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)
46

RESPONDENTS
23
27
50

NUCLEAR
JOINT
TOTAL

46
54
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

23

NUCLEAR
JOINT
TOTAL

50
27

Of the sample population 54% live in joint families and 46% live in nuclear family.

47

BACKGROUND OF FAMILY
Family background is a key element bees parent and sibling attributes have a significant
impact on a respondents future life experiences.
TABLE NO. 9
BACKGROUND OF FAMILY
BACKGROUND

OF NUMBER

FAMILY
RURAL
URBAN
TOTAL

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

RESPONDENTS
0
50
50

0
100
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

RURAL
URBAN
50

50

100% of the sample population is of urban background.

48

TOTAL

CHAPTER-5
EXPOSURE OF
RESPONDENTS
TOWARDS PUBLIC
TRANSPORT

49

CHAPTER-5
EXPOSURE OF RESPONDENTS
TOWARDS PUBLIC

When you take public transportation, you may not automatically think about gender
differences. But men and womens experiences will transport systems differ greatly, particularly
when related to their physical security and safety.
Researches have shown high level of violence against women and girls in public
transport and adjacent public spaces in many cities around the world. Common types of abuse on
public transport range from leering looks on offensive gestures to unwanted touching and sexual
assault.
The issue of womens security in public transportation becomes even more critical since
it is women, rather than men, who most depend on public transport to meet their mobility needs.

50

STATUS OF DAYS OF UTILISATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT BY RESPONDENTS

Public transport is a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the
general public, as distinct from modes such as taxicab, carpooling or hired buses white are not
shared by strangers without private arrangement.
TABLE NO. 10
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Per day
1-2 times a week
3-4 times a week
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
26
13
11
50

52
26
22
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Per day

26

1-2 times a week

3-4 times a week

50

TOTAL
13
11

Maximum of the sample population, that is, 52% utilizes public transport as conveyan per day.
STATUS OF UTILITY OF MAIN RESOURCES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT BY
RESPONDENTS
51

TABLE NO. 11
UTILITY OF MAIN

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

RESOURCES
City Bus
Taxi
Auto
Rikshaw
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
25
5
9
11
50

50
10
18
22
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
City Bus
Taxi
Auto
Rikshaw
TOTAL

50% of the respondent use city bus as the main resources for public transport 22% use rikshaw,
18% use auto and 10% use taxi.

52

REASON FOR MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES BY RESPONDENTS

TABLE NO. 12
REASON

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE
(%)

RESOURC

TAXI

AUTO

RIKSHAW CITY

E
Less
expenses
Comfortable
Net much
distance
TOTAL
Percentage

BUS
25
5

9
11

5
10

9
18

11
22

25
50

25

50

14
11

28
22

100

(%)

50% of the sample population prefers to travel by city bus because of the low rates of travelling.

53

STATUS OF SAFETY OF WOMEN IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN LUCKNOW CITY

TABLE NO. 13
STATUS

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
14
36
50

28
72
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

72% of respondents feel that public transport is unsafe for women passengers, whereas other
28% feel safe:

54

REASON FOR SAFETY OF TRANSPORT

TABLE NO. 13.1
REASON

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Never happened
Teasing is maximum in more

RESPONDENTS
8
6

57.14
42.86

public
TOTAL

14

100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Never happened
Teasing is maximum
in more public
TOTAL

Of the 14 respondents according to whom public transport is safe, 57.14% have never
faced exe-teasing and 42.86% said that teasing is minimum in more public.

55

REASONS OF UNSAFE TRANSPORT

TABLE NO. 13.2
REASON

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Torture
Teasing
Insolence
Comments
Vulgar Videas
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
2
15
5
10
4
36

5.56
41.67
13.89
27.78
11.10
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Torture
Teasing
Insolence
Comments
Vulgar Videas
TOTAL

Of the 36 respondents from the sample populate maximum faced exe-teasing, that is, 41.67%.

56

STATUS OF COMPREHENSION IN RESPONDENT ABOUT EVE-TEASING AND

TORTURE OF WOMEN
TABLE NO. 14

STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
46
4
50

92
8
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the total of 50 respondents, 92% had the knowledge of exe-teasing and torture of women
while the other 8% had no knowledge.

57

TYPES OF TORTURE AND EVE-TEASING ON WOMEN

Eve-teasing is the colloquial Indian term for public sexual harassment against women that
includes everything from catcalling to physical molestation and assaults.
TABLE NO. 14.1
TYPES

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Oral comments
Touching, staring
Teasing
Teasing with private parts
Feeling uncomfortable
Vulgar gestures
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
3
21
11
1
2
8
46

6.52
45.66
23.91
2.17
4.35
17.39
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Oral comments

Touching, staring

Teasing

Teasing with private

parts

Feeling uncomfortable

Vulgar gestures

TOTAL

Maximum sample population focus torture and we-teasing through touch a staring, that is,
46.44% while others include many other types of torture and we-teasing as show.
STATUS OF EVE-TEASING FOR RESPONDE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

58

TABLE NO. 15
TYPES

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
35
15
50

70
30
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the total of 50 respondents, 70% have faced eve-teasing in public transport.

TYPES OF EVE-TEASING
It has been gathered by researcher through observations and interaction that eve-teasing
result in a number of ways.
59

TABLE NO. 15.1

TYPES

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Titillating with body

Touching
Snatching of tippet
Commenting
Vulgar photos
Through winking
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
7
10
3
11
2
2
35

20
28.58
8.58
31.42
5.71
5.71
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Titillating with body
Touching
Snatching of tippet
Commenting
Vulgar photos
Through winking
TOTAL

The women are facing eve-teasing in a number of ways as shown in the figure. Maximum, that
is, 31.42% are facing eve-teasing through comments.
STATUS OF LODGING INFORMATION ABOUT EVE-TEASING TO POLICE BY
REPONDENTS
TABLE NO. 16
TYPES

NUMBER OF
RESPONDENTS
60

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

0
50
50

0
100
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the total 50 respondents, none had lodged complaint about eve-teasing to the police.

61

REASONS FOR NOT LODGING COMPLAINT TO POLICE BY RESPONDENTS

TABLE NO. 16.1
REASON

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

Happens daily
Gives rise to tunail
Did not wanted to exaggerate
Did not wanted to stander
Was not needed
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
10
12
8
5
15
50

20
24
16
10
30
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Happens daily

Gives rise to tunail

Did not wanted to

exaggerate

Did not wanted to

stander

Was not needed

TOTAL

Respondents gave a variety of reasons for not lodging complaints to the police as shown in figure
16.1
STATUS OF GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT EVE-TEASING BY RESPONDENTS TO
FAMILY MEMBERS
TABLE NO. 17
62

STATUS

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
9
41
50

18
82
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the total of 50 respondents, maximum, that is, 82%of them did not give information about
eve-teasing to family members.

THE FAMILY MEMBER AND STATUS OF HIS/HER REACTION

TABLE NO. 17.1
ACTIO

NUMBER OF

TOTA

PERCENTA

RESPONDNE

GE (%)

63

TS
MEMBE MOTHER
R
Got
angry
Be

FATHE

BROTHE SISTE

HUSBAN

D
5

careful
Be
attentive
TOTAL

1
3

55.56

33.33

11.11

100

Of the I respondents, who informed their family members, gave information either to their matter
sister or husband (those who are married).

64

REASON FOR NOT INFORMING TO THE FAMILY

TABLE NO. 17.1
REASON

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Get worried
Exaggerate issue
Fear
Not needed
Banned travelling
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
7
5
7
16
6
41

17.07
12.19
17.08
39.02
14.64
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Get worried
Exaggerate issue
Fear
Not needed
Banned travelling
TOTAL

Maximum of the respondents who did not information their family members, that is, 39.02% ,
said the they did not felt the need to inform the member
STATUS OF HELP RENDERED BY DRIVER OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN CASE OF EVETEASING AND TORTURE TO OTHER WOMEN OBSERVED BY RESPONDNETS
65

TABLE NO. 18
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
6
44
50

12
88
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the 50 respondents, maximum, that is, 88% of them did not see any driver of public transport
rendering help to other women in need.

66

STATUS OF PROMOTING EVE-TEASING BY HARD MUSIC AND STICKERS OF

SHER-O- SHAYARI IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
TABEL NO. 19
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

REPONDENTS
19
31
50

38
62
100

NUMBER OF REPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Maximum of the respondents, that is 62% felt that hard music and stickers of sher-o- shayari in
public transport do nto promote eve-teasing.
REASONS FOR PROMOTING EVE-TEASING ON WOMEN

67

TABLE NO. 19.1

REASON

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Get excited
Poor songs
Dont know
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
15
3
1
19

78.95
15.78
5.27
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Get excited
Poor songs
Dont know
TOTAL

Of the 19 respondents according to whom hard music promotes eve-teasing, the main reason
given by them is that people get excited.

68

STATUS OF OVER-LOADING TOWARDS PROMOTING EVE-TEASING

TABLE NO. 20
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDNETS
42
8
50

84
16
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDNETS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Maximum of the sample population felt that over-loading promotes eve-teasing, that is 84%

69

TYPES OF PROMOTING EVE-TEASING TOWARDS WOMEN

TABLE NO. 20.1
TYPES

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Cleanness
Try sticking
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
39
3
42

92.85
7.15
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Cleanness
Try sticking
TOTAL

42 of the respondent according to whom over-loading promotes eve-teasing, maximum fat that
due to closeness of seating, eve-teasing is promoted as one gets the opportunity to do so easily.

70

REASONS FOR NOT PROMOTING EVE-TEASING TOWARDS WOMEN

TABLE NO. 20.2
REASON

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

No other option
Dont know
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
6
2
8

75
25
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

No other option
Dont know
TOTAL

Of those respondents who felt that over loading does not promotes eve-teasing (8),
75% said that there is no other option and the other 25% did not know the reason.

71

THE STATUS OF MAXIMUM RESPONSIBILITY IN TORTURE AND EVE-TEASING

OF WOMEN IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

TABLE NO. 21

AGE

NUMBER OF

CATEGORY

RESPONDIN

STATUS
21-30
31-40
41-50
TOTAL
PERCENTAGE

G
MEN
24
21
5
50

WOMEN

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE(%)

24
21
5

48
42
10

DRIVER

100

(%)

Maximum responsibility in torture and eve-teasing of women in public transport rests with men,
that is 100% of which 48% come between the age of 21-30

72

STATUS OF AWARENESS ABOUT LAWS RELATED TO EVE-TEASING AND

TORTURE TOWARDS WOMEN
TABLE NO. 22
KNOWLEDGE

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
24
26
50

48
52
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the 50 respondents, only 48% of them had knowledge of laws related to eve-teasing and
torture towards women.

73

PARTICULARS ABOUT LAWS RELATED TO TORTURE AND EVE-TEASING OF

WOMENS
TABLE NO. 22.1
PARTICULARS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

1090
PWDVA-2005
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
18
6
24

75
25
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

1090
PWDVA-2005
TOTAL

Of the 24 respondents having knowledge relating to laws of torture and eve-teasing of women,
75% had knowledge about 1090 and the other 25% had knowledge of PWDVA-2005.

74

STAUTS OF AWARENESS ABOUT HELPLINE FOR LEGAL ASSISTANCE TO

RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO. 23
KNOWLEDGE

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
42
8
50

84
16
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the total of 50 respondents, 84% had the knowledge about helpline for legal assistance to
women and the other 16% had no knowledge.

75

PARTICULARS ABOUT HELPLINES FOR LEGAL ASSISTANCE

TABLE NO. 23.1
PARTICULARS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

1090
100
BASE

RESPONDENTS
42
14
56

75
25
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

1090
100
BASE

As per base, 75% had knowledge of 1090 helpline and 25% had knowledge of 100 helpline.

76

STATUS OF PIVOTAL ROLE PLAYED B DRIVER IN CURBING THE INCIDENTS OF

EVE TEASING AND TORTURE IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: RESPONDENTS VIEW
TABLE NO. 24
STATUS

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
34
16
50

68
32
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

According to the maximum number of respondents (68%), yes the driver can play a
pivotal role in curbing the incidents of eve-teasing and torture in public transport.

77

TYPES OF CURBING TORTURE AND EVE-TEASING TOWARDS WOMEN

TABLE NO. 24.1
TYPES

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Being attentive
Throwing out eve-teaser
Lodging complaint at right

RESPONDENTS
2
13
5

5.88
38.24
14.70

place
Dropping women at right

10

29.41

place
Not allowing suspicious

11.77

person
TOTAL

34

100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Being attentive
Throwing out eveteaser
Lodging complaint at
right place
Dropping women at
right place
Not allowing suspicious
person
TOTAL

Of the 34 respondents in view that the driver can play a pivotal role in protecting cases of eveteasing, maximum, that is, 38.24% said that it can be done by throwing out the eve-teaser.
THE STATUS OF ADEQUATE MEASURE BY GOVERNMENT TO STOP EVE-TEASING

78

TABLE NO. 25
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
23
27
50

46
54
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

YES
NO
TOTAL

54% of the respondents believed that the measures taken by the government to stop eve-teasing
are inadequate.
SUGGESTIONS BY RESPONDENTS FOR INADEQUACIES
TABL ENO. 25.1
SUGGESTIONS

NUMBER OF
79

PERCENTAGE (%)

More attentiveness
Need emphases
Be head should quickly
Strict laws
Dont know
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
4
4
2
15
2
27

14.82
14.82
7.40
55.56
7.40
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
More attentiveness
Need emphases
Be head should quickly
Strict laws
Dont know
TOTAL

According to maximum respondents, that is, 55.56% strict laws should be made in order to
prevent eve-teasing.
STATUS OF MEASURES FOR WOMEN SAFETY IN TRANSPORT TAKEN BY
GOVERNMENT, NGOs etc.
TABLE NO. 26
STATUS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

YES
NO
TOTAL

RESPONDNETS
37
13
50

74
26
100

80

NUMBER OF RESPONDNETS

YES
NO
TOTAL

Of the 50 respondents, 74% of them had knowledge about measures for women safety transport
taken up by the government, NGOs etc.
PARTICULARS ABOUT ADOPTED MEASURE SUGGESTED BY RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO. 26.1
PARTICULARS

NUMBER OF

PERCENTAGE (%)

Safe-safar
1090
Pink auto
BASE

RESPONDENTS
8
35
23
66

12.12
5303
34.85
100

81

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS

Safe-safar
1090
Pink auto
BASE

There were multiple responses by the sample population and majority of them had the
knowledge about 1090 helpline.

82

SATUS OF ROLE PLAYED BY GOVERNMENT A NON-GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATIONS

TOWARDS

WOMEN

SAFETY

IN

PUBLIC

TRANSPORT: RESPONDENTS VIEW

TABLE NO. 27
PARTICULARS

NUMBER

OF PERCENTAGE (%)

Dont know
Awareness
Confidence
Empowerment
Strict laws
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
4
16
19
9
2
50

8
32
38
18
4
100

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Dont know
Awareness
Confidence
Empowerment
Strict laws
TOTAL

Of the 50 respondents, maximum were in view of bringing about awareness and confidence
among women that is, 32% and 38% respectively.

83

CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTIONS

84

CONCLUSION

It has been observed that whether a women is educated or not, the problem of women
safety is being faced by all. However, maximum eve-teasing is faced by college going

girls (26%) and intermediate students 30.

Irrespective of marital status of women, all are facing eve-teasing in one or other fore
being married has nothing to do with eve-teasing. In this study, 42% respondents facing

eve-teasing are found to be married.

According to the study, maximum women use public transport focus is on those public

transport in which the fares are minimum, that is, city bus (50%).
According to the respondents, safety is minimum in public transport, as 72% believed the
son and eve-teasing in a number of ways is experience to be happening in public

transport.
It has been found as per study that though women are having knowledge about eveteasing, they dont want to express as per study, 92% of the respondents are aware about
eve-teasing and maximum, that is, 45.66% are facing eve-teasing in the form of touching

and staring of those who have experience it.

Of the 50 respondents, 70% have experienced eve-teasing themselves, with 31.42% of

those of who have experienced it in the form of vulgar comments.

None complain their problems or experiences of eve-teasing to the police because of the

police taking the matter to the lighter side or themselves being involved in such activities.
82% of the respondents do not inform their family members as they f eel they would
themselves be blamed and of the 18% the inform, do not feel free to inform the male

member in the family.

88% of the respondents have never observed any driver providing help to the dressed as
they themselves fear of being a victim to the issue or problem.

85

84% of the respondents said that over-load promotes eve-teasing with 92.35% of the in
favour believed looseness to be a major reason which provides opportunities for eve-

teasing.
It has been found that eve-teasing is do by almost all age-groups of men but the more

prominent one is between 21-40 years.

Only educated women have knowledge about laws related to eve-teasing and torture
towards women that too on a very basis level of 1090 and PWDVA- 2005 (The Protection

of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005).

68% of women respondents believe that driver can play on important role in curbing the
incidents of eve-teasing and torture in public transport with 38.24% of those in favour

said that mainly it can be done through throwing out the eve-teaser out of the transport.
74% had knowledge about government measures and measures by NGOs for women

safety with 53.03% of those who had knowledge. Knew about 1090.
38% and 32% of the respondent were in favour of raising the confidence level and
banging about awareness respectively in the role played by government and non-safety in

public transport
Of the 27 respondent who believed that the measures taken by the government are
inadequate, 55.56% were in view of taking action towards making more strict laws

related to women safety.

84% of the respondent had knowledge about legal helpline for women safety with
maximum having knowledge of the 109 helpline.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO PROMOTE WOM SAFETY IN SOCIETY

Education policy should ensure equality and equality gifts and boys.

Curriculum has a strong role to take initiative to portray girls and boys equal.

86

In the textbook, moral education should be included immediately and should have a

chapter on the eve-teasing as a social use.

Healthy family atmosphere and progressive family education and the trust between the

members of the family are necessary.

Teachers in the less should be aware of treating both boys and girls equally they should
talk about morality, about eve-teasing to make them understand the gravity of eve-teasing

on total humankind.
Law should be implemented.
Local police and social security should play a strong safe.
From government level. An award could be announced for the person who could resist

eve-teaser.
Electronic media and printing media should be aware about the consequence

negative impact of eve-teasing.

Journalist should get training on gender irises so that they can handle the issues very

and

carefully, some news in the newspaper. Due to the work presentation of the newspaper
makes the girl severable and the boys as a hero.

SUGGESTIONS
Awareness is of paramount importance as regards the issue of eve-teasing most of the
people are not aware that eve teasing is an offense and legal action can be taken
against eve-teasers. This arises out of the fact that eve-teasing has been normalized in
our society. It has become a part of the routine of a girls life, that it is not given a

87

Seward thought but we do not realize that if we nip the problem in the bud the
problem will not escalate to heinous crimes.
Also our attitude towards the women who for eve-teasing has to change. Instead of
planning them me should taken action again the offenders. Most of the offenders
dont sea that their acts are offensive capable of leaving trauma. Generally it has been
seen that men dons feel guilty about treating women as several adjusts as due to such
aggressive only they con be seen as real men. Such predisposition towards eveteasing has to be changed. The answer may lie in speeding awareness about women
being as human as men, providing them with the same liberties and restrictions as
men in their forms so that the brothers can se that they are equal to them and not
merely as several objects.
Another matters of importance, is the punishment provided to the offender should not
be minor but should have the impact of deterring him and others to commit such on
offence again a stringent and effective action has to be taken.
The mindset of the society has to change. This can be done when women are treated
with respect and as true equals to the me the schools can play a very major role in
sensitizing young adults about the need to treat the women with respect.
The trauma faced by an ever-teased victim should be explained and if need be, shown
with the help of short films, plays and tall shows. Faced by an eve-teased victim
should be negative impact on them should be highlighted.
In their homes too, the male and the female, child should be treated as equals. It is the
responsibility of parents to fulfill their duty towards the family and society by
providing the right values to the children, especially the boys.
There is need of implementation of laws these can directly make an effect on this.
Eve-teasers should be treated as major criminals as their acts cause educational, social
insecurity to girls it should become social movement so that we can save our family,
society and nation from evil.
88

 Boys should not be allowed to enter the hostel unless they know the resident in the
hostel.
Lastly, CCTV cameras need to be installed at strategic places of the university,
campus public transport.

GOVERNMENT
Efforts should be made for the proper an effective enforcement of existing laws
related to girls.
Government agencies/department should make use of the assistances of NGOs to
create awareness on eve-teasing among the public
All police stations should be equipped with special legal aid cells to provide
assistance to victims of eve-teasing.

POLICE
Police needs to be sensitized to treat eve-teasing cases as seriously as other crime.
Special training to handle eve-teasing cases should be imparted to police force.
They should be provided with information regarding support network of judiciary,
government agencies/department and NGOs handle eve-teasing, to make their work
more effective and efficient.
There should be a separate wing of police dealing with womens issues attached to all
police stations and should be included from any other duty.
Women police officials should handle all crimes against women.

NGOs

89

 NGOs working in different fields should be made proactive to the issues of eveteasing so that prompt assistance could be reducing to the victims.
Non- governmental agencies and private institution need to be a part of any initiative
that seeks to address the issue of eve-teasing.
Information regarding all agencies dealing with eve-teasing should be made available
to all health are institutions, their reference, resultive in the provision of services as

and when required.

Facilities like that stay homes for girls in distress should be provided and emphasis
should be laid on vocational training to rehabilitate them.

HEALTH CARE SUPPORT

Authorities should take steps to recognize we-teasing as a public health issue.
Special care should be provided to women seeking medical help following an episode
of teased.
Gender based eve-teased and its impact or health and care of abused women should
nursing curriculum.

COUNSELLING
More counseling centers with professionally qualified counselors should be started at
the rural/urban areas focusing more on eve-teasing.
Vulnerable communities should be identified and services like counseling, legal aid,
etc should be made easily accessible and free of charge.

90

 Mobile counseling should be introduced as effective strategy to provide consolation to

the victims of eve-teasing.

AWARENESS GENERATION AND SENSITIZATION

Gender sensitization and awareness generation programmes on eve-teasing should
become a part of the school and university curricular.
This would help to bring about a charge in the mindset of the coming generation.
List of NGOs and other governmental organizations dealing with womens issues
should be made known to the public.
Sensitization programmes should be organized for the policy-makers, judiciary and
enforcement personnel in order to make them responsive in their handling cases of
teasing against women.
Frequent legal awareness camps for women empowerment and spreading social
awareness about womens status and rights should be organized in rural/urban areas.
A general outline on the depiction of gender based violence in the media should be
formulated and implemented.
Media should be given an appropriate training in highlighting and presenting the
impact of eve-teasing on the victims.
Due recognition should be given to media by instating incentives/awards to encourage
their contribution in disseminating valid information and generating public empathy.

91

ANNEXURE

92

REFERENCES

93

REFERENCES

Ahuja, R (1987) crime against women, the kapur press.

Jain, S.P. and Singh, M (2001) Violence against women Radha Publications
Kalkar, G. (1992) violence against women: perspective and strategies in India, Indian

institute of Advance study.

Namaste, K. (1996) gender bashing: sexuality, gender, and the regulation of public space,

environment and planning D: Society and space 14, 221-40.

A.N. Singh, Research Methodology, New Royal Book Co., 2012, Page no. 1-2
The Indian Journal of criminology and criminalists (Jan-June 1999).
Eve teasing against girls, By Awadhesh Kumar Singh and Jayanta Chaudhary, New Delhi,

Serials Publications, 2012, p. 1.

India, Ministry of statistics and programme Implementation, women in India, 2012, 14 th

Issue, p. 13
India; Ministry of Home Affairs, National Eve-teasing Records Bureau, India, 2011, p. 79
http://aawazagainsteveteasing.webs.com
Daily times (2012) women commuters feel push off seats, 11/05/2012.
Sunday observer (2011) stop female harassment in public transport, 24/07/2011.

94