ACTL 1101 Introduction To Actuarial Studies R Software Tutorial Series

Week 3: Basic concepts II: data structures
ACTL 1101 Introduction to Actuarial Studies

R software tutorial series
Xinda Yang 1
1
The material is adapted from earlier slides created by Pierre Lafaye

de Micheaux
Week 3:
Basic concepts II: data structures 1
1/29
Reference: LaDroLi 3.2.2
1 Goals
2 Data type and data structure
3 Vectors
4 Matrices and arrays
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
2/29

Goals
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
3/29

Goals
Goals of this tutorial
By the end of this tutorial, you should be able to

recognise and create different data structures in
understand the features of each data structure
4/29

Data type and data structure
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
5/29

Data type and data structure
The various data types in - page 50

Last week we discussed different data types (of a single data point)
in
Data type
real number (integer or not)
complex number
logical (true/false)
missing
text (string)
binary
Type in
numeric 2
complex
logical
logical
character
raw
Display
3.27
3+2i
TRUE or FALSE
NA
"text"
1c
This week, we will discuss how to structure data (of multiple data
points) in .
6/29
the numeric type is the same as the double type

Vectors
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
7/29

Vectors
Vectors - page 51
Vector represents a sequence of data points of the same type. You
can create a vector in different ways
by using the function c().
by using the function seq()
by using a colon :
Run the following codes and see what you get
>
>
>
>
8/29
c(3,1,7)
seq(from=0,to=1,by=0.1)
seq(from=0,to=20,length=5)
(vec <- 2:33)

Vectors
Vectors - page 51
Results
> c(3,1,7)
[1] 3 1 7
> seq(from=0,to=0.9,by=0.1)
[1] 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
> seq(from=0,to=20,length=5)
[1] 0 5 10 15 20
> (vec <- 2:15) # [12]=rank of the next element.
[1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[12] 13 14 15
9/29

Vectors
Vectors - page 51
Note:
Despite that you can mix data of different types,
implicitly convert them into a single data type
will
You can also name" the elements of a vector using the

function names()
Run the following codes and see what you get
> c(3,TRUE,7)
> vec <- 1:10
> names(vec) <- letters[1:10]
10/29

Vectors
Vectors - page 51
Results
> c(3,TRUE,7) #
[1] 3 1 7
> vec <- 1:10 #
> names(vec) <a b c d e
1 2 3 4 5
Automatic conversion occurs.

Stored as integers.
letters[1:10]
f g h i j
6 7 8 9 10
Here, the built-in constants letters[1:10] return the first 10 letters of the alphabet.
11/29

Matrices and arrays
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
12/29

Matrices and arrays
Matrices and arrays- page 52

Matrices and arrays are generalisation of vectors
there are two dimensions in a matrix (hence you need two
indices to access a data point)
an array allows for multiple dimensions (so you need multiple
indices)
Try the following codes
>
>
>
>
13/29
(X <- matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE))
(X <- matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3,byrow=FALSE))
class(X)
(X <- array(1:12,dim=c(2,2,3)))

Matrices and arrays
Matrices and arrays - page 52
14/29
> (X <- matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE))

[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]
1
2
3
[2,]
4
5
6
[3,]
7
8
9
[4,]
10
11
12
> (X <- matrix(1:12,nrow=4,ncol=3,byrow=FALSE))
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]
1
5
9
[2,]
2
6
10
[3,]
3
7
11
[4,]
4
8
12
> class(X)
[1] "matrix"

Matrices and arrays

> (X <- array(1:12,dim=c(2,2,3)))
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,]
1
3
[2,]
2
4
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,]
5
7
[2,]
6
8
, , 3
[,1] [,2]
[1,]
9
11
[2,]
10
12
15/29

Matrices and arrays

How do you interpret a three-dimensional array?
16/29

Lists
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
17/29

Lists
Lists - page 53
Lists can group together in one structure data of different types without altering them.
>
+
A <- list(TRUE,-1:3,my.matrix=matrix(1:4,
nrow=2),c(1+2i,3),"A character string")
Run the codes and answer the following questions

How many elements do we have in the object A?
Does each element have its own name?
Do all elements have the same data types?
18/29

Lists
Lists - page 53
> A
[[1]]
[1] TRUE
[[2]]
[1] -1 0 1 2 3
$my.matrix
[,1] [,2]
[1,]
1
3
[2,]
2
4
[[4]]
[1] 1+2i 3+0i
[[5]]
[1] "A character string"
19/29

Lists
Lists - page 54
Results
There are 5 elements.
The third elements name is my.matrix. The rest have default
names that show their positions in the list.
No - this is one advantage of using the list. In fact, each
element can be a vector, a matrix, an array or even a list.
Note: naming element will make it easier to read the data from a list
- we will discuss this further in later sessions.
20/29

Data frames
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
21/29

Data frames
Data frames
A data.frame in
is a table where
each row represents a single observation (e.g. an individual)

each column represents a single variable, which must be of
the same data type across all rows
Data frames are very widely used in
flexibility of having multiple data types
in many cases, a dataset can be formulated as a data.frame
22/29

Data frames
Data frames
> (BMI <- data.frame(
+
Gender=c("M","F","M","F"),
+
Height=c(1.83,1.76,1.82,1.60),
+
Weight=c(67,58,66,48),
+
row.names=c("Jack","Julia","Henry"
+
,"Emma")))
Gender Height Weight
Jack
M
1.83
67
Julia
F
1.76
58
Henry
M
1.82
66
Emma
F
1.60
48
23/29

Data frames
Data frames
> str(BMI) # Structure of each column.

'data.frame': 4 obs. of 3 variables:
$ Gender: Factor w/ 2 levels "F","M": 2 1 2 1
$ Height: num 1.83 1.76 1.82 1.6
$ Weight: num 67 58 66 48
24/29

Factors
1 Goals
3 Vectors
5 Lists
6 Data frames
7 Factors
25/29

Factors
Factors
A factor can be used to store character strings
each element is treated as a factor (even if the input is a real
number)
some functions require data structured as a factor
Try the following example
>x <- factor(c("blue","green","blue","red",

+
"blue","green","green"))
> levels(x)
> class(x)
26/29

Factors
Factors
> x <- factor(c("blue","green","blue","red",

+
"blue","green","green"))
> x
[1] blue green blue red
blue green green
Levels: blue green red
> levels(x)
[1] "blue" "green" "red"
> class(x)
[1] "factor"
Note: you do not need to count how many unique factors there are
by yourself.
27/29

Factors
Other structures
You can use the as.Date function for dates
> dates<-c("92/27/02","92/02/27")
> as.Date(dates,"%y/%m/%d")
[1] NA
"1992-02-27"
You can also create a time series structure
> ts(1:10,frequency=4,start=c(1959,2))
Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4
1959
1
2
3
1960
4
5
6
7
1961
8
9
10
28/29

Factors
Summary: the various data structures in

Data structure
Instruction
in
vector
matrix
c()
matrix()
array
list
data frame
factor
dates
time series
29/29
Description
Sequence of elements of the same nature.

Two-dimensional table of elements of the
same nature.
array()
More general than a matrix; table with several dimensions.
list()
Sequence of structures of any (and possibly different) nature.
data.frame() Two-dimensional table. The columns can be
of different natures, but must have the same
length.
factor()
Vector of character strings associated with a
modality table.
as.Date()
Vector of dates.
ts()
Values of a variable observed at several time
points.

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Week 3: Basic concepts II: data structures