The Smith Chart

The Smith Chart

The Smith Chart is a graphical technique, which avoids virtually
all tedious complex number operations:
We know that

(35)

If we divide the numerator and the denominator by Zo ( i.,e.

normalize w.r.t. to the characteristic impedance we get)

(36)

Let

(37)
(38)

From equation (36) we get that:

(39)

Since
becomes:

we can show that equation (39)

(40)

Equation (40) has complex numbers on both sides. By

manipulating equation (40) and separating the real parts and the
imaginary parts yields:
(First the real part)

Circle equation !!!!

Center at:

Radius:

Typical r-circles for r=0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5,

Also, we can show that the imaginary parts of equation (40)

yield:

Center at:

|| = 0.5

= .5/0

180

Another
circle

towards generator

Short

towards load

lines of constant
inductive reactance
circles of constant
resistance
Open

lines of constant
capacitive reactance

The Quarter transformer

A g / 4
section matches the impedance between two lines as shown. As
the name implies the length of the line is a quarter wavelength, l=g / 4
The input impedance can be written as:
If the length of the matching line l
is quarter wavelength ie g / 4 then:

(41)
Thus equation (41) reduces to:

Example

Another example

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Transmission Line Terminated with Zo

Zs = Zo
Zo

V inc
Vreflected = 0! (i.e., all incident
power is absorbed by the load)
For reflection, a matched transmission line behaves like an
infinitely long transmission line

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Transmission Line Terminated with

Short, Open
Zs = Zo

V inc
Vreflected

In phase (0o ) for open

Out of phase (180 o) for short

A T.L. terminated in a short or open reflects all power back to

source

Transmission Line Terminated with 25 W

Zs = Zo
ZL = 25

V inc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does not go to
zero as with short or open

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Transients on Transmission Lines

When we replace the harmonic sinusoidal voltage source with a
pulse or a voltage step function we have transients. Consider a
lossless line terminated by pure resistive load, as shown below

When the switch is closed we have for the initial situation, the
current and voltage given as:

where 0+ refers to the time immediately after the switch is closed

and the initial current
propagate with velocity:
Since the velocity vp is finite, it takes time to reach the load. So,
initially the presence of the load has no effect on the waves till
time t1 given as:
Thus at t1,

And

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Where
and
the reflected voltage and current waves after 2t1 will be
and

Thus instead of tracing the voltage and current after every time
interval, it is easier to plot the same through what is called the
bounce (matrix, reflex ion ) diagram as shown:

Bounce Diagram

source

load

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