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CHAPTER 3
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
9/9/2014
Prepared By :
AMALINA AMIRAH ABU BAKAR
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understand the concept and equations in open channel flow
To determine the velocity and discharge using Chezys equation
To resolve velocity and discharge problems using Mannings equation
Able to solve problems related to optimum cross section in both conduits
and open channel
Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in
the effect of change in bed level Broad Crested Weir
Able to relate the concept of specific energy and momentum equations in
the effect of lateral contraction of channel - Venturi Flume
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CHAPTER 3
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
3.3
3.4
ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS
3.5
3.6
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LECTURE 3.1
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Flow in open channel is different in many ways
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LECTURE 3.2
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
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CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
Flow in open channels deals with flowing water
Most practical purposes flowing liquids in
open channel are considered incompressible.
E.g.: density within the flow remains constant
This simplifies the analysis
Flow in channels can be classified in several
ways
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CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW
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TURBULENT FLOW
Flow can be classified based on motion of the
fluid particles
Fluid motion characterised by the random and
irregular movement of fluid particles
TURBULENT FLOW
Movement of fluid particles in turbulent flow is
accompanied by small fluctuations in pressure
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TURBULENT FLOW
Flows in open channel are mainly turbulent
Examples of turbulent flows in open channel
Hydraulic jump from spillway
Flow in fast flowing river
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LAMINAR FLOW
Flow characterised by orderly movement of fluid
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UNIFORM FLOW
Flow in which the parameters (velocity and
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STEADY FLOW
Flow where the parameters remain constant
over a specified time interval
UNSTEADY FLOW
Flow where the parameters vary over time
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space
Flow in a natural channel with changing cross
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D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
D2
z2
D2
B2
Datum
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- CONTINUITY EQUATION
- MOMENTUM EQUATION
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D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
D2
z2
Datum
D2
B2
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CONTINUITY EQUATION
The continuity equation can be applied at
sections 1 and 2
In order for continuity to be satisfied, flow rate
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MOMENTUM EQUATION
As flow in one channel is likely to experience a
change in velocity, then the momentum of
flowing fluid will also change
This change in momentum will result in forces
being present in the flow system
Analysis of these forces can be done using the
Momentum Equation
The general Momentum Equation can be given
as follows
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ENERGY EQUATION
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Head, h
v12/2g
D1
B1
D1
z1
v2/2g
D
D2
D2
z
z2
B2
Datum
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LECTURE 3.3
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES
OF OPEN CHANNEL
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GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF
OPEN CHANNEL
There are several important geometrical of open
channels that need to be understood before
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place.
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RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
For rectangular channel in Figure 3.4, the flow
cross sectional area, A is,
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wetted perimeter, P
Hydraulic Mean Depth, m
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EXAMPLE 3.1
(TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL)
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EXERCISE 1
Answer: m=0.516m
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LECTURE 3.4
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS
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CHEZY EQUATION
Where;
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CHEZY EQUATION
For steady uniform flow,
The Total Energy = The Gradient of Channel
Line, i
Bed, s
h
D1
B1
v12/2g
v2/2g
D1
z1
D2
z2
Datum
D2
B2
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CHEZY EQUATION
Prevoiusly,
Since i = s
Hence the equation can be also written as
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ROUGHNESS EQUATIONS
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2. MANNINGS EQUATION
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2. MANNINGS EQUATION
Essentially Manning used Chezy equation with
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3. BAZINS EQUATION
Bazin proposed an equation to evaluate C
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EXAMPLE 3.2
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EXERCISE 2
Answer:
C= 28.97m0.5 /s, v=0.77m/s
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EXAMPLE 3.3
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EXERCISE 3
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EXERCISE 4
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0.5m
0.25m
1.2m
Answer: Q= 9.53m3/s
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LECTURE 3.5
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPTIMUM CROSS SECTIONS
FOR OPEN CHANNEL
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For Qmax,
Qmax =Av = A C(mi)0.5
m=A/P
A will be in max, while P will be in min.
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EXAMPLE 3.4
(OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION)
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*Refer eqn. 1
2
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n)
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EXAMPLE 3.5
(OPTIMUM CROSS SECTION)
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EXERCISE 5
Prove that for a rectangular channel, the
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EXERCISE 6
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a rate of
20m3/s. If the velocity of flow is 2.0m/s, and
Chezy Coefficient is 60,
i) Determine the depth and width of the channel
given that flow is maximum
ii) Calculate the bed slope of the channel
(Answer: D= 50.5 m, B=2(5)0.5 m, i= 1/1006)
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LECTURE 3.6
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPTIMUM DEPTH FOR NON-FULL FLOW
IN CLOSED CONDUIT
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CHAPTER 3.6
OPTIMUM DEPTH NON FULL FLOW
FOR CLOSED CONDUIT
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cos
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EXAMPLE 3.6
Determine the maximum discharge from a
circular stoneware sewer, 2.0m diameter, having
a fall of 1 in 1500. What is the discharge if the
sewer is running full? Take C=65.
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EXERCISE 1
A =0.098m2
P = 0.785m
i = 0.007786 = 1/128
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EXCERCISE 2
A sewer pipe, for which Mannings
roughness is 0.014, is laid on a slope
of 1:5500 and is to carry a discharge
of 2.76m3/s when the pipe flows at
80% of full depth. Determine the
required diameter of pipe.
D = 2.317m
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EXERCISE 3
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